Sunscreens can preserve human skin microbiome upon erythemal UV exposure.

OBJECTIVE: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a known environmental key factor for premature skin ageing. Only few scientific evidence is available to support the effects of UVR on the skin microbiome. This in vivo pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact on the skin microbiome upon erythemal UV exposure and the protection of UV-exposed skin microbiome by UV filters. METHODS: Ten female volunteers were treated with an sun protection factor (SPF) 20 sunscreen and placebo formulation (without UV filters) on their upper middle backs and irradiated with an erythemal dose (2 MED) by a solar simulator. Skin swabbing samples from four zones (i.e., unexposed, exposed, sunscreen- and placebo-treated on exposed skin) were collected for the microbiome analysis before and 2 h after UV exposure, respectively, and processed via shallow 16S rRNA Amplicon and Shotgun metagenomic sequencing. An in vitro UV method was developed to confirm the protection of isolated bacterial strains by single UV filters and combinations. RESULTS: Alpha diversity was impacted by significant inter-individual differences and by treatment rather than by irradiation. Cutibacterium acnes was found to be the most abundant and a confounding factor for diversity. On a species level, Lactobacillus crispatus was negatively associated with UVR and placebo treatment, whereas there was a positive association with sunscreen treatment. The sunscreen treatment also favoured an interaction network with central Micrococcus genus. The in vitro results showed that both single UV filters and combinations had specific effects on the survival rates of L. crispatus, C. acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. CONCLUSION: We identified potential microorganisms and bacterial interactions that were associated with an SPF 20 sunscreen treatment. The specific protection of L. crispatus as a key player in the UV-exposed skin microbiome and reduction of C. acnes population by UV filters might lead to new cosmetic concepts for photoprotection.

OBJECTIF: Le rayonnement ultraviolet (RUV) est un facteur environnemental clé connu du vieillissement prématuré de la peau. Peu de preuves scientifiques sont disponibles pour étayer les effets des RUV sur le microbiome cutané. Cette étude pilote in vivo visait à évaluer l'impact sur le microbiome cutané d'une exposition érythèmateuse aux UV et la protection du microbiome cutané exposé aux UV par des filtres UV. MÉTHODES: Dix volontaires de sexe féminin ont été traitées avec une crème solaire SPF 20 et une formulation placebo (sans filtres UV) sur la partie supérieure du centre du dos et irradiées avec une dose érythémateuse (2 MED) par un simulateur solaire. Des échantillons de peau prélevés par écouvillonnage dans quatre zones (c.-à-d., zone non exposée, zone exposée, zone traitée avec un écran solaire et zone traitée avec un placebo sur la peau exposée) ont été prélevés pour l'analyse du microbiome avant et 2 heures après l'exposition aux UV, respectivement, et traités par séquençage superficiel d'amplicon de l'ARN 16S et métagénomique shotgun. Une méthode UV in vitro a été développée pour confirmer la protection des souches bactériennes isolées par des filtres UV individuels et des combinaisons de filtres. RÉSULTATS: La diversité alpha a été affectée par des différences interindividuelles significatives et par le traitement plutôt que par l'irradiation. Le cutibacterium acnes s'est avéré être le facteur le plus abondant et confondant pour la diversité. Au niveau de l'espèce, le Lactobacillus crispatus était négativement associé au traitement par RUV et placebo, tandis qu'on observait une association positive avec le traitement par écran solaire. Le traitement par crème solaire favorisait également un réseau d'interactions avec le genre Micrococcus central. Les résultats in vitro ont montré que les filtres UV individuels et les associations de filtres avaient des effets spécifiques sur les taux de survie de L. crispatus, C. acnes, et S. epidermidis. CONCLUSION: Nous avons identifié des micro-organismes et des interactions bactériennes potentiels qui étaient associés à un traitement par crème solaire SPF 20. La protection spécifique de L. crispatus en tant qu'acteur clé dans le microbiome cutané exposé aux UV et la réduction de la population de C. acnes par des filtres UV pourraient conduire à de nouveaux concepts cosmétiques de photoprotection.

5-α reductase inhibition by Epilobioum fleischeri extract modulates facial microbiota structure.

BACKGROUND: Facial skin is a particularly complex environment made of different skin types such as sebaceous (forehead) and dry (cheeks). The skin microbiota composition on different facial sites has not yet been addressed. METHODS: We conducted a 4-week-long, single-centre, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical study involving 23 Caucasian females. We assessed both bacterial composition on five different facial areas and the microbiome modulatory effects resulting from the topical application of a plant extract (Epilobium fleischeri). Skin microbiome samples were collected before and after 4 weeks of product application. Microbiota profiling was performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and relative abundance data were used to calculate differentials via a multinomial regression model. RESULTS: Via 'reference frames', we observed shifts in microbial composition after 4 weeks of twice-daily product application and identify certain microbiota species, which were positively associated with the application of the product containing the Epilobium fleischeri extract. Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus yunnanensis appeared to be significantly enriched in the final microbiota composition of the active treatment group. CONCLUSION: Facial skin was found to be colonized by an heterogenous microbiota, and the Epilobium fleischeri extract had a modulatory effect on commensal bacteria on the different facial sites.

CONTEXTE: la peau du visage est un environnement particulièrement complexe où l'on trouve des peaux de plusieurs types, par exemple grasse (sur le front) et sèche (sur les joues). La composition du microbiote cutané sur différentes zones du visage n'a pas encore été abordée. MÉTHODES: nous avons mené une étude clinique de 4 semaines monocentrique, randomisée et contrôlée par placebo sur 23 femmes de type caucasien. Nous avons évalué à la fois la composition bactérienne sur cinq zones différentes du visage et les effets modulateurs du microbiome résultant de l'application topique d'un extrait de plante (Epilobium fleischeri). Des échantillons de microbiome cutané ont été prélevés avant et après 4 semaines d'application du produit. Un profilage du microbiote a été mené par séquençage du gène de l'ARNr 16S, des données d'abondance relative ont été utilisées pour calculer les différentiels via un modèle de régression multinomiale. RÉSULTATS: nos cadres de référence nous ont permis d'observer des changements de composition microbienne après 4 semaines d'application deux fois par jour du produit et nous avons identifié certaines espèces de microbiote qui ont été positivement associées à l'application du produit contenant l'extrait d'Epilobium fleischeri. Les taux de Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis et Micrococcus yunnanensis semblaient significativement plus élevés dans la composition finale du microbiote du groupe de traitement actif. CONCLUSION: la peau du visage s'est avérée colonisée par un microbiote hétérogène, et l'extrait d'Epilobium fleischeri a eu un effet modulateur sur les bactéries commensales des différentes zones du visage.

Technoeconomic evaluation of bio-based styrene production by engineered Escherichia coli.

Styrene is an important commodity chemical used in polymers and resins, and is typically produced from the petrochemical feedstocks benzene and ethylene. Styrene has recently been produced biosynthetically for the first time using engineered Escherichia coli, and this bio-based route may represent a lower energy and renewable alternative to petroleum-derived styrene. However, the economics of such an approach has not yet been investigated. Using an early-stage technoeconomic evaluation tool, a preliminary economic analysis of bio-based styrene from C(6)-sugar feedstock has been conducted. Owing to styrene's limited water solubility, it was assumed that the resulting fermentation broth would spontaneously form two immiscible liquid phases that could subsequently be decanted. Assuming current C(6) sugar prices and industrially achievable biokinetic parameter values (e.g., product yield, specific growth rate), commercial-scale bio-based styrene has a minimum estimated selling price (MESP) of 1.90 USD kg(-1) which is in the range of current styrene prices. A Monte Carlo analysis revealed a potentially large (0.45 USD kg(-1)) standard deviation in the MESP, while a sensitivity analysis showed feedstock price and overall yield as primary drivers of MESP.

Evaluation of a Precision Biotic on the Growth Performance, Welfare Indicators, Ammonia Output, and Litter Quality of Broiler Chickens.

A dietary glycan-based precision biotic (Glycan PB) was evaluated on the performance, welfare indicators, and litter characteristics of broiler chickens. In Trial 1, the main effects of Glycan PB dose (0, 250 and 500 g/metric ton (MT)) and xylanase supplementation (0 or 100 g/MT) were tested, as was their interaction. In Trial 2, pens located inside a commercial house were used to test the effect of Glycan PB supplementation (500 g/MT) versus a control diet. In Trial 1, Glycan PB supplementation at 250 and 500 g/MT improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 7 and 11 points when compared to diets without Glycan PB (p < 0.001). At 35 d, Glycan PB reduced the pH and ammonia concentration in diets with xylanase. In Trial 1, the supplementation with 500 g of Glycan PB/MT of feed reduced litter scores (p < 0.05). In both trials, 500 g of Glycan PB/MT of feed increased the proportions of birds without footpad lesions (Trial 1: 72.2% vs. 82.7%; p < 0.001; Trial 2: 14 to 27.3% (p = 0.05) or gait defects (Trial 1: 96.1% vs. 98.4%; p < 0.001) and decreased the proportion of birds with footpad lesions (Trial 2: 86% vs. 72.7%; p = 0.05).

Microbial Reference Frames Reveal Distinct Shifts in the Skin Microbiota after Cleansing.

Skin cleansing represents a process of mechanical and chemical removal of dirt, pollutants as well as microbiota from the skin. While skin cleansing can help maintain good health, protect us from infections, illnesses and ailments, skin cleansing can also strip away lipids and moisture from the skin, leading to irritation, barrier impairment and disturbance of the delicate cutaneous microbiome. This study investigated how skin cleansing impacts skin's microbial composition. Thirty Caucasian women were enrolled in a placebo controlled clinical study where participants applied on their volar forearms a liquid body wash twice daily for 1 week in order to mimic frequent showering. Skin microbiome samples were collected by swabbing at defined timepoints and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Using "reference frames", we could identify shifts in the microbial composition and several microbiota were identified as being characteristically associated with the presence of saccharide isomerate, a well-known skin moisturizer. The microbial shift was quite immediate, and we could observe it already at 1 h post cleansing. Interestingly, the new microbial composition reached a certain dynamic equilibrium at day 1 which was then maintained until the end of the study. Paracoccus marcusii, a potentially beneficial carotenoid-producer microorganism, was enriched by the active treatment and, at the same time, the abundance of several potential pathogenic taxa, Brevibacterium casei and Rothia mucilaginosa, diminished.

Assessment of tomato and wine processing solid wastes as soil amendments for biosolarization.

Pomaces from tomato paste and wine production are the most abundant fruit processing residues in California. These residues were examined as soil amendments for solarization to promote conditions conducive to soil disinfestation (biosolarization). Simulated biosolarization studies were performed in both aerobic and anaerobic soil environments and soil temperature elevation, pH, and evolution of CO2, H2 and CH4 gases were measured as metrics of soil microbial activity. Tomato pomace amendment induced conditions associated with soil pest inactivation, including elevation of soil temperature by up to 2°C for a duration of 4days under aerobic conditions and a reduction of soil pH from 6.5 to 4.68 under anaerobic conditions. White wine grape pomace amendment showed similar trends but to a lesser extent. Red wine grape pomace was generally less suitable for biosolarization due to significantly lower soil temperature elevations, reduced acidification relative to the other pomaces and induction of methanogenesis in the soil.

Development and validation of a technoeconomic analysis tool for early-stage evaluation of bio-based chemical production processes.

By using cost correlations and standard scale-factors, a spreadsheet-based early-stage cost estimation tool was developed. Named BioPET (Biorenewables Process Evaluation Tool), this tool allows users to specify up to seven primary unit operations--fermentation, separation, three catalytic stages, and purification--along with key parameters for each. BioPET then computes an estimated minimum selling price for the pathway. Model validation was conducted by selecting three molecules (ethanol, succinic acid, and adipic acid), and comparing BioPET's results to literature values and to results from a commercial process design tool. BioPET produced virtually identical prices to the process design tool, although the costs were not identically distributed amongst the categories. BioPET produced estimates that were within 40% of other literature values at low feedstock costs, and within 5% at high feedstock costs.

Managing compost stability and amendment to soil to enhance soil heating during soil solarization.

Soil solarization is a method of soil heating used to eradicate plant pathogens and weeds that involves passive solar heating of moist soil mulched (covered) with clear plastic tarp. Various types of organic matter may be incorporated into soil prior to solarization to increase biocidal activity of the treatment process. Microbial activity associated with the decomposition of soil organic matter may increase temperatures during solarization, potentially enhancing solarization efficacy. However, the level of organic matter decomposition (stability) necessary for increasing soil temperature is not well characterized, nor is it known if various amendments render the soil phytotoxic to crops following solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays. Amendment of soil with 10%(g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/gdry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2-4 °C higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization.