On living in an ableist city: before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. / Sobre o viver em uma cidade capacitista: antes, durante e depois da pandemia da COVID-19.

The images of cities before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic represent a contemporary challenge. During this period, thinking about being a person, being there and living in an ableist city/society brings to light the loss of rights and the demands of population segments, particularly in the face of architectural, communicational, attitudinal, sensory and sociocultural barriers. To thematize about experiencing the different types of daily inaccessibility in the cities come into contact with and raise discussions about the ethical-aesthetic level of the existential territories of people with disabilities and mental suffering. To what extent do urban planners maintain concepts that support invisibility constructs, which reflect segregations generated by macropolitics? Would they be imagining the cities without thinking about the people who inhabit them? The present essay collaborates with the debate on the need for actions aimed at overcoming capacitism. Based on critical science theories and the concept of the health subject's right, the "topic landscape" is explored with a view to implementing accessible and inclusive public policies.

As imagens das cidades antes, durante e depois da pandemia de COVID-19 representam um desafio contemporâneo. Nesse período, pensar sobre o ser, o estar e o habitar em uma cidade/sociedade capacitista traz à tona a perda de direitos e as demandas de segmentos populacionais particularmente diante das barreiras arquitetônicas, comunicacionais, atitudinais, sensoriais e socioculturais. Tematizar sobre o viver as diferentes inacessibilidades cotidianas nas cidades tangenciam e suscitam discussões no plano ético-estético dos territórios existenciais das pessoas com deficiência e sofrimento psíquico. Em que medida, urbanistas mantém conceitos que sustentam constructos de invisibilidade, que refletem segregações geradas pela macropolítica? Estariam pensando as cidades sem pensar nas pessoas que nelas habitam? O ensaio colabora com o debate sobre a necessidade de ações que visam superar o capacitismo. Partindo de teorias das ciências críticas e da noção de direito do sujeito sanitário, sobrevoa-se a "paisagem do tema" com vistas à efetivação de políticas públicas acessíveis e inclusivas.

[Financialization of the health sector in Brazil: theoretical and methodological challenges to the investigation of companies and business groups]. / Financeirização do setor saúde no Brasil: desafios teóricos e metodológicos à investigação de empresas e grupos empresariais.

The article describes the history of the response to the theoretical and methodological challenges in research on companies and corporate groups in the Brazilian health sector that reorganized their shareholding structures, diversified their activities, and expanded their financial operations. Such movements in corporate concentration and expansion were analyzed with an approach to the frame of reference for financialization in contemporary capitalism in the analysis of selected companies and corporate groups. Corporate strategies were classified in three dimensions: shareholding, financial, and accounting structure and influence on the public agenda and the respective indicators orienting the organization of information from diverse sources for companies and corporate groups from 2008 and 2017. The study provides a profile of the intense and complex process of corporate reorganization in the health sector. Still, the study's exploratory design and difficulties in access to information and selection of companies and corporate groups mean that the observations are necessarily preliminary.

O artigo descreve a trajetória percorrida para responder aos desafios teóricos e metodológicos da pesquisa sobre empresas e grupos empresariais do setor saúde no Brasil que reorganizaram suas estruturas societárias, diversificaram atividades e ampliaram operações financeiras. Tais movimentos de concentração e expansão empresarial foram analisados mediante a aproximação do referencial da financeirização do capitalismo contemporâneo à análise de empresas e grupos empresariais selecionados. As estratégias empresariais foram classificadas em três dimensões: estrutura patrimonial societária, financeira contábil e influência na agenda pública. Seus respectivos indicadores orientam a organização de informações de distintas fontes para empresas e grupos empresariais no período de 2008 a 2017. O estudo traça um perfil do intenso e complexo processo de reorganização empresarial do setor saúde. Contudo, a natureza exploratória da investigação, bem como as dificuldades de acesso a informações e seleção de empresas e grupos empresariais tornam suas constatações necessariamente provisórias.

El artículo describe la trayectoria recorrida para responder a los desafios teóricos y metodológicos de la investigación sobre empresas y grupos empresariales del sector de salud en Brasil, que reorganizaron sus estructuras societarias, diversificaron actividades y ampliaron operaciones financieras. Tales movimientos de concentración y expansión empresarial fueron analizados mediante la aproximación al marco de referencia de la financiarización del capitalismo contemporáneao, así como al análisis de empresas y grupos empresariales seleccionados. Las estrategias empresariales fueron clasificadas en tres dimensiones: estructura patrimonial societaria, financiera contable e influencia en la agenda pública, así como sus respectivos indicadores que orientan la organización de la información de las distintas fuentes en empresas y grupos empresariales durante el período 2008 a 2017. El estudio traza un perfil del intenso y complejo proceso de reorganización empresarial del sector de salud. No obstante, la naturaleza exploratoria de la investigación, así como las dificultades de acesso a la información, selección de empresas y grupos empresariales convierten sus constataciones en necesariamente provisionales.

Healthcare and development: a dialog with the thinking of Celso Furtado. / Saúde e desenvolvimento: um diálogo com o pensamento de Celso Furtado Healthcare and development: a dialog with the thinking of Celso Furtado.

Understanding that conditions of health are dependent on more general nationwide factors relating to the level of development means admitting that 'sectorization' of health service is something that tends to limit the formation of knowledge. It also points to the importance of investigating the relationship between health and development, including issues about the processes that feed the persistence of the polarization between modernization and exclusion which has been a history of Brazil's contemporary development. This paper, based on a review of the literature, aims to look more deeply at the structural conditioning factors of the relationship between health and development, and their reproduction in the formation of contemporary knowledge, based on a dialog with the ideas of Celso Furtado. It concludes that a 'virtuous' articulation between health and development calls for policies that are able to reconcile the antagonistic factors represented by the interests of capitalism, and the interests of social wellbeing, in a harmonious co-existence. In Furtado's conception, this would be possible, if the process of social homogenization is correlated with an efficient production system that has a degree of technological autonomy.

Sobre o viver em uma cidade capacitista: antes, durante e depois da pandemia da COVID-19 / On living in an ableist city: before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo As imagens das cidades antes, durante e depois da pandemia de COVID-19 representam um desafio contemporâneo. Nesse período, pensar sobre o ser, o estar e o habitar em uma cidade/sociedade capacitista traz à tona a perda de direitos e as demandas de segmentos populacionais particularmente diante das barreiras arquitetônicas, comunicacionais, atitudinais, sensoriais e socioculturais. Tematizar sobre o viver as diferentes inacessibilidades cotidianas nas cidades tangenciam e suscitam discussões no plano ético-estético dos territórios existenciais das pessoas com deficiência e sofrimento psíquico. Em que medida, urbanistas mantém conceitos que sustentam constructos de invisibilidade, que refletem segregações geradas pela macropolítica? Estariam pensando as cidades sem pensar nas pessoas que nelas habitam? O ensaio colabora com o debate sobre a necessidade de ações que visam superar o capacitismo. Partindo de teorias das ciências críticas e da noção de direito do sujeito sanitário, sobrevoa-se a "paisagem do tema" com vistas à efetivação de políticas públicas acessíveis e inclusivas.

Abstract The images of cities before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic represent a contemporary challenge. During this period, thinking about being a person, being there and living in an ableist city/society brings to light the loss of rights and the demands of population segments, particularly in the face of architectural, communicational, attitudinal, sensory and sociocultural barriers. To thematize about experiencing the different types of daily inaccessibility in the cities come into contact with and raise discussions about the ethical-aesthetic level of the existential territories of people with disabilities and mental suffering. To what extent do urban planners maintain concepts that support invisibility constructs, which reflect segregations generated by macropolitics? Would they be imagining the cities without thinking about the people who inhabit them? The present essay collaborates with the debate on the need for actions aimed at overcoming capacitism. Based on critical science theories and the concept of the health subject's right, the "topic landscape" is explored with a view to implementing accessible and inclusive public policies.

Financeirização do setor saúde no Brasil: desafios teóricos e metodológicos à investigação de empresas e grupos empresariais / Financialization of the health sector in Brazil: theoretical and methodological challenges to the investigation of companies and business groups / Financiarización del sector de salud en Brasil: desafíos teóricos y metodológicos para la investigación de empresas y grupos empresariales

O artigo descreve a trajetória percorrida para responder aos desafios teóricos e metodológicos da pesquisa sobre empresas e grupos empresariais do setor saúde no Brasil que reorganizaram suas estruturas societárias, diversificaram atividades e ampliaram operações financeiras. Tais movimentos de concentração e expansão empresarial foram analisados mediante a aproximação do referencial da financeirização do capitalismo contemporâneo à análise de empresas e grupos empresariais selecionados. As estratégias empresariais foram classificadas em três dimensões: estrutura patrimonial societária, financeira contábil e influência na agenda pública. Seus respectivos indicadores orientam a organização de informações de distintas fontes para empresas e grupos empresariais no período de 2008 a 2017. O estudo traça um perfil do intenso e complexo processo de reorganização empresarial do setor saúde. Contudo, a natureza exploratória da investigação, bem como as dificuldades de acesso a informações e seleção de empresas e grupos empresariais tornam suas constatações necessariamente provisórias.

The article describes the history of the response to the theoretical and methodological challenges in research on companies and corporate groups in the Brazilian health sector that reorganized their shareholding structures, diversified their activities, and expanded their financial operations. Such movements in corporate concentration and expansion were analyzed with an approach to the frame of reference for financialization in contemporary capitalism in the analysis of selected companies and corporate groups. Corporate strategies were classified in three dimensions: shareholding, financial, and accounting structure and influence on the public agenda and the respective indicators orienting the organization of information from diverse sources for companies and corporate groups from 2008 and 2017. The study provides a profile of the intense and complex process of corporate reorganization in the health sector. Still, the study's exploratory design and difficulties in access to information and selection of companies and corporate groups mean that the observations are necessarily preliminary.

El artículo describe la trayectoria recorrida para responder a los desafios teóricos y metodológicos de la investigación sobre empresas y grupos empresariales del sector de salud en Brasil, que reorganizaron sus estructuras societarias, diversificaron actividades y ampliaron operaciones financieras. Tales movimientos de concentración y expansión empresarial fueron analizados mediante la aproximación al marco de referencia de la financiarización del capitalismo contemporáneao, así como al análisis de empresas y grupos empresariales seleccionados. Las estrategias empresariales fueron clasificadas en tres dimensiones: estructura patrimonial societaria, financiera contable e influencia en la agenda pública, así como sus respectivos indicadores que orientan la organización de la información de las distintas fuentes en empresas y grupos empresariales durante el período 2008 a 2017. El estudio traza un perfil del intenso y complejo proceso de reorganización empresarial del sector de salud. No obstante, la naturaleza exploratoria de la investigación, así como las dificultades de acesso a la información, selección de empresas y grupos empresariales convierten sus constataciones en necesariamente provisionales.

Innovation in healthcare services: notes on the limits of field research.

The contemporary context of population aging, itsthe population's different health and disease characteristics, and the growing incorporation of technologies by healthcare systems have highlighted the need to adjust the healthcare structure as a whole. The defense of a democratic and sustainable system reveals the importance of understanding how changes in healthcare take place. The current article aims to contribute to the understanding of innovation in healthcare services. The study's results indicate that the existence of certain knowledge gaps means that public policies tend to overlook a whole rangeseries of innovations normally associated with social changes, with a consequentwith an impact on human development, social cohesion, equality, and equity, allcentral issues that are central toin the field of collective public healthcare field. The article concludes that the lack of a mature theoretical framework negatively impacts the formulation of such policies, further aggravated in Brazil by growing differences in quality and access between population segments that depend on the public and private healthcare systems. Resumo: O contexto contemporâneo de envelhecimento e as características de saúde e doença da população, aliados à crescente incorporação tecnológica nos sistemas de saúde têm pontuado a necessidade de adequação da estrutura de atenção. A defesa de um sistema democrático e sustentável evidencia a importância de entender como são estabelecidos os processos relacionados às mudanças na saúde. Neste cenário, o presente artigo visa aprofundar o entendimento sobre inovação nos serviços de saúde. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que lacunas no conhecimento levam políticas públicas a negligenciarem uma série de inovações normalmente associadas a mudanças sociais com impacto no desenvolvimento humano, coesão social, igualdade e equidade, temas centrais ao campo da saúde coletiva. E conclui que a falta de um referencial teórico maduro tem impactos deletérios para a formulação dessas políticas, quadro agravado no Brasil, onde são observadas diferenças crescentes na qualidade e disponibilidade de acesso entre os segmentos populacionais dependentes dos sistemas públicos e privados.

Windows of opportunities and technological innovation in the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry.

The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry is heavily dependent on external sources of inputs, capital, and technology. However, the emergence of technological opportunities and the development of biotechnology and the decline of the patent boom and resulting advances by generic drugs have opened windows of opportunities for the local industry. The article examines the Brazilian industry's innovative behavior vis-à-vis these opportunities, showing that although the industry as a whole invests little in innovation, a few large Brazilian companies have expanded their market share and stepped up their investments in research and development, supported by public policies for innovation. Resumo: A indústria farmacêutica brasileira caracteriza-se pela grande dependência de fontes externas de insumos, capital e tecnologia. O surgimento de oportunidades tecnológicas, associadas ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e ao fim do boom das patentes com o consequente avanço dos medicamentos genéricos, entretanto, vem abrindo janelas de oportunidades para a indústria local. Este artigo examina o comportamento inovador da indústria brasileira à luz dessas oportunidades, revelando que, embora o conjunto da indústria mantenha baixos níveis de investimentos em inovação, um pequeno grupo de grandes empresas nacionais vem ampliando sua participação no mercado e intensificando seus investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, apoiados por políticas públicas de inovação.

Aportes da teoria crítica da tecnologia à análise da inovação nos serviços de saúde / Aportes de la teoría crítica de la tecnología al análisis de la innovación en los servicios de salud / Contributions from the critical theory of technology to the analysis of innovation in health services

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os limites do campo da inovação nos serviços de saúde à luz da teoria crítica da tecnologia (TCT). Ao considerar o potencial da inovação social para o entendimento de como as mudanças poderiam atender públicos menos restritos - e, portanto, mais condizentes com o campo da Saúde Coletiva -, o estudo problematiza a validade da resistência proposta por este instrumental teórico no contexto brasileiro. Desenvolvido a partir da revisão de literatura, o trabalho aporta uma releitura dos limites teóricos do campo e inova ao avaliar a validade dos canais de resistência propostos pela TCT no contexto brasileiro. A conclusão da presente análise reafirma o diagnóstico das relações de influência e valores da TCT, mas identifica adequações necessárias à aplicação dessas soluções nos países menos desenvolvidos.(AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los límites del campo de la innovación en los servicios de salud a la luz de la teoría crítica de la tecnología (TCT). Al considerar el potencial de la innovación social para el entendimiento de cómo los cambios podrían atender públicos menos reducidos - y, por lo tanto, más de acuerdo con el campo de la salud colectiva - el estudio problematiza la validez de la resistencia propuesta por este instrumental teórico en el contexto brasileño. Desarrollado a partir de la revisión de la literatura, el trabajo aporta una relectura de los límites teóricos del campo e innova al evaluar la validez de los canales de resistencia propuestos por la TCT en el contexto brasileño. La conclusión del presenta análisis reafirma el diagnóstico de las relaciones de influencia y valores de la TCT, pero identifica adecuaciones necesarias para la aplicación de esas soluciones en los países menos desarrollados.(AU)

This article aims to reflect on the limits of the field of innovation in health services in the light of the Critical Theory of Technology (CTT). Considering the potential of social innovation for understanding how changes could serve less restricted audiences, and, therefore, more consistent with the field of collective health, the study problematizes the validity of the resistance proposed by this theoretical framework in the Brazilian context. Developed from the literature review, the study provides a re-reading of the theoretical limits of the field and innovates by evaluating the validity of resistance channels proposed by CTT in the Brazilian context. The conclusion of the present analysis reaffirms the diagnosis of the influence and values of the CTT, but identifies the necessary adjustments for the application of these solutions in less developed countries.(AU)

[Health and development in Brazil: progress and challenges]. / Saúde e desenvolvimento no Brasil: avanços e desafios.

The structural sustainability of the Brazilian health system refers to the country's pattern of development according to how this pattern is expressed and reproduced in the Brazilian population. This derives not only from its social dimension, but also from the economic one, as it accounts for a significant part of the gross domestic product and of job creation, and produces a great impact on the generation of innovation and national competitiveness. The federal government has institutionalized the role of health in the national development agenda due to its strategic aspect. Despite this, the fragility of its productive base continues to be a major vulnerability for the National Health System and for Brazil's competitiveness in a global environment. This signals that the virtuous establishment of the relation between health and development involves the rupture of cognitive and political paradigms that separate, in an impermeable way, the economic from the social order.

[The economic-industrial health care complex and the social and economic dimension of development]. / O complexo econômico-industrial da saúde e a dimensão social e econômica do desenvolvimento.

The strategic role of health care in the national development agenda has been increasingly recognized and institutionalized. In addition to its importance as a structuring element of the Social Welfare State, health care plays a leading role in the generation of innovation - an essential element for competitiveness in knowledge society. However, health care's productive basis is still fragile, and this negatively affects both the universal provision of health care services and Brazil's competitive inclusion in the globalized environment. This situation suggests the need of a more systematic analysis of the complex relationships among productive, technological and social interests in the scope of health care. Consequently, it is necessary to produce further knowledge about the Economic-Industrial Health Care Complex due to its potential for contributing to a socially inclusive development model. This means reversing the hierarchy between economic and social interests in the sanitary field, thus minimizing the vulnerability of the Brazilian health care policy.

[Health care innovation from a territorial perspective: a call for a new approach]. / A perspectiva territorial da inovação em saúde: a necessidade de um novo enfoque.

Innovation plays an increasingly important role in health care, partly because it is responsible for a significant share of national investment in research and development, and partly because of its industrial and service provision base, which provides a conduit to future technology. The relationship between health care and development is also strengthened as a result of the leading role of health care in generating innovation. Nevertheless, Brazil's health care production base is persistently weak, hindering both universal provision of health care services and international competitiveness. This article, based on the theoretical framework of Political Economy and innovation systems, has sought to identify variables in subnational contexts that influence the dynamic of innovation generation in health care. To this end, the theoretical approach used lies on the assumption that innovation is a contextualized social process and that the production base in healthcare will remain weak if new variables involved in the dynamic of innovation are not taken into account.

Saúde e desenvolvimento: um diálogo com o pensamento de Celso Furtado Healthcare and development: a dialog with the thinking of Celso Furtado / Healthcare and development: a dialog with the thinking of Celso Furtado / Salud y desarrollo: un diálogo con el pensamiento de Celso Furtado

Resumo A compreensão de que condições de saúde são dependentes de fatores nacionais mais gerais, relacionados ao padrão de desenvolvimento, implica admitir que a setorização da saúde é um limitante para a formação de conhecimento. Aponta também a relevância de investigar a relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento contemplando interrogações sobre os processos que alimentam a persistência da polaridade modernização-marginalização, que marcou a história do desenvolvimento contemporâneo brasileiro. A partir de uma revisão da literatura, este ensaio objetiva aprofundar o conhecimento dos condicionantes estruturais da relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento e sua reprodução na formação de conhecimento contemporâneo, com base no diálogo com as ideias do Celso Furtado. Conclui que uma articulação virtuosa entre saúde e desenvolvimento demandaria políticas capazes de conciliar a coexistência harmoniosa dos antagonismos representados pelos interesses do capitalismo e do bem-estar social. Na concepção de Furtado, isto seria possível ao correlacionar o processo de homogeneização social com um sistema produtivo eficiente dotado de certa autonomia tecnológica.

Abstract Understanding that conditions of health are dependent on more general nationwide factors relating to the level of development means admitting that 'sectorization' of health service is something that tends to limit the formation of knowledge. It also points to the importance of investigating the relationship between health and development, including issues about the processes that feed the persistence of the polarization between modernization and exclusion which has been a history of Brazil's contemporary development. This paper, based on a review of the literature, aims to look more deeply at the structural conditioning factors of the relationship between health and development, and their reproduction in the formation of contemporary knowledge, based on a dialog with the ideas of Celso Furtado. It concludes that a 'virtuous' articulation between health and development calls for policies that are able to reconcile the antagonistic factors represented by the interests of capitalism, and the interests of social wellbeing, in a harmonious co-existence. In Furtado's conception, this would be possible, if the process of social homogenization is correlated with an efficient production system that has a degree of technological autonomy.

Resumen La comprensión de que las condiciones de salud dependen de factores nacionales más generales relacionados con el patrón de desarrollo significa admitir que la sectorización de la salud es un factor limitante para la formación del conocimiento. También señala la importancia de investigar la relación entre la salud y el desarrollo contemplando interrogaciones acerca de los procesos que alimentan la persistencia de la polaridad modernización versus marginación, que marcó la historia del desarrollo contemporáneo brasileño. A partir de una revisión de la literatura, este ensayo tiene como objetivo profundizar la comprensión de las condiciones estructurales de la relación entre la salud y el desarrollo y su reproducción en la formación de conocimiento contemporáneo, con base en el diálogo con las ideas de Celso Furtado. Concluye que una articulación virtuosa entre la salud y el desarrollo requeriría políticas capaces de conciliar la coexistencia armoniosa de los antagonismos representados por los intereses del capitalismo y del bienestar social. En la concepción de Furtado, esto sería posible al correlacionar el proceso de homogeneización social con un sistema de producción eficiente dotado de una cierta autonomía tecnológica.

Saúde e desenvolvimento: um diálogo com o pensamento de Celso Furtado / Healthcare and development: a dialog with the thinking of Celso Furtado

A compreensão de que condições de saúde são dependentes de fatores nacionais mais gerais, relacionados ao padrão de desenvolvimento, implica admitir que a setorização da saúde é um limitante para a formação de conhecimento. Aponta também a relevância de investigar a relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento contemplando interrogações sobre os processos que alimentam a persistência da polaridade modernização-marginalização, que marcou a história do desenvolvimento contemporâneo brasileiro. A partir de uma revisão da literatura, este ensaio objetiva aprofundar o conhecimento dos condicionantes estruturais da relação entre saúde e desenvolvimento e sua reprodução na formação de conhecimento contemporâneo, com base no diálogo com as ideias do Celso Furtado. Conclui que uma articulação virtuosa entre saúde e desenvolvimento demandaria políticas capazes de conciliar a coexistência harmoniosa dos antagonismos representados pelos interesses do capitalismo e do bem-estar social. Na concepção de Furtado, isto seria possível ao correlacionar o processo de homogeneização social com um sistema produtivo eficiente dotado de certa autonomia tecnológica.

[The innovative dynamic of the mechanics, electronics and materials subsystem]. / A dinâmica inovativa do subsistema de base mecânica, eletrônica e de materiais.

The mechanics, electronics and materials subsystem, one of the subsystems of the health care productive complex, encompasses different activities, usually clustered in what is called the medical, hospital and dental equipment and materials industry. This is a strategic area for health care, since it represents a continuous source of changes in care practices, and influences the provision of health care services. It has, moreover, potential for promoting the progress of Brazil's system of innovation and for increasing the competitiveness of the industry as a whole, given that it articulates future technologies. Despite the significant growth of this industry in Brazil in recent years, such equipment and materials have been presenting a growing deficit in the balance of trade. This incompatibility between national health care needs and the productive and innovative basis of the industry points to structural fragilities in the system. Using the framework of political economy, the article aims to discuss the development of this industry in Brazil and its challenges.

[Innovation in pharmaceutical and health biotechnology industries: challenges for a virtuous agenda]. / Inovação na indústria química e biotecnológica em saúde: em busca de uma agenda virtuosa.

Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries comprise a major production subsystem of the health industrial complex in Brazil. It stands out for both its economic importance and its prominent role in developing new technologies in strategic areas. Strengthening the local production of generic drugs in the last decade has significantly increased the number of Brazilian companies in the local pharmaceutical market and has been an important turning point for this industry's growth. However, there remain major structural bottlenecks both in terms of production and continuous innovation. These bottlenecks reveal the high vulnerability of the Brazilian National Health System and point to the need of public policies that promote strengthening the production base and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and that at the same time meet health-related social demands in health in Brazil.

[Health-related scientific and technological capabilities and university-industry research collaboration]. / Competências científico-tecnológicas e cooperação universidade-empresa na saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To examine recent developments in health-related scientific capabilities, the impact of lines of incentives on reducing regional scientific imbalances, and university-industry research collaboration in Brazil. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) databases for the years 2000 to 2010. There were assessed indicators of resource mobilization, research network structuring, and knowledge transfer between science and industry initiatives. RESULTS: Based on the regional distribution map of health-related scientific and technological capabilities there were identified patterns of scientific capabilities and science-industry collaboration. There was relative spatial deconcentration of health research groups and more than 6% of them worked in six areas of knowledge areas: medicine, collective health, dentistry, veterinary medicine, ecology and physical education. Lines of incentives that were adopted from 2000 to 2009 contributed to reducing regional scientific imbalances and improving preexisting capabilities or, alternatively, encouraging spatial decentralization of these capabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related scientific and technological capabilities remain highly spatially concentrated in Brazil and incentive policies have contributed to reduce to some extent these imbalances.

[The innovative dynamics for the restructuring of the health services]. / A dinâmica inovativa para a reestruturação dos serviços de saúde.

Challenges posed by demographic and epidemiological changes and by the need to reduce costs have required the restructuring of the health services. Health innovations play a major role in this process, as technologies are fundamental both to expand the access and to adapt the system to the population's needs. However, the generation of health innovation is not based solely on sanitary demands and conditioning factors; on the contrary, it often reflects a trajectory of development and the interests of restricted groups in society. These issues need to be taken into consideration both in the analysis of the complexity of the health dimensions and in the investigation of the potential and challenges for the establishment of a virtuous innovative dynamics for the restructuring of the health services.

Vulnerabilidade do SUS em relação à variação cambial: análise da dinâmica de importações de medicamentos e equipamentos de saúde entre 1996 e 2014 / SUS vulnerability regarding exchange rate variation: Analysis of the dynamics of drugs and health equipment import between 1996 and 2014

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo verificar a vulnerabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde ante a influência das variações cambiais sobre a dinâmica de importação de medicamentos e equipamentos médicos de 1996 a 2014. A hipótese que orientou o trabalho é que as condições externas e a política econômica, expressas nas taxas de câmbio, afetam a dinâmica de produção e inovação do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde. Conclui que a elasticidade da relação entre variação cambial e importação dos segmentos estudados foi relativizada no período, consideradas as mudanças ocorridas. Este resultado sugere a importância de desenhar modelos econômicos que incorporem essas variáveis.

ABSTRACT This article is aimed at determining the vulnerability of the Unified Health System when subject to the influence of exchange rates variations on the dynamics of drugs and medical equipment import from 1996 to 2014. The hypothesis that guided this work is that external conditions and economics policies expressed in exchange rates do affect the dynamics of both production and innovation of the Economic-Industrial Complex of Health. It comes to the conclusion that, considering changes that took place, the elasticity of the relationship between import and exchange rate of the segments analyzed herein was not so heavily affected over the period. This result suggests the importance of designing economic models that incorporate those variables.