Bortezomib-based induction followed by stem cell transplantation in light chain amyloidosis: results of the multicenter HOVON 104 trial.

This prospective, multicenter, phase II study investigated the use of four cycles of bortezomib-dexamethasone induction treatment, followed by high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) in patients with newly diagnosed light chain amyloidosis. The aim of the study was to improve the hematologic complete remission (CR) rate 6 months after SCT from 30% to 50%. Fifty patients were enrolled and 72% had two or more organs involved. The overall hematologic response rate after induction treatment was 80% including 20% CR and 38% very good partial remissions (VGPR). Fifteen patients did not proceed to SCT for various reasons but mostly treatment-related toxicity and disease-related organ damage and death (2 patients). Thirty-one patients received melphalan 200 mg/m2 and four patients a reduced dose because of renal function impairment. There were no deaths related to the transplantation procedure. Hematologic responses improved at 6 months after SCT to 86% with 46% CR and 26% VGPR. However, due to the high treatment discontinuation rate before transplantation the primary endpoint of the study was not met and the CR rate in the intention-to-treat analysis was 32%. Organ responses continued to improve after SCT. We confirm the high efficacy of bortezomib-dexamethasone treatment in patients with AL amyloidosis. However, because of both treatment-related toxicity and disease characteristics, 30% of the patients could not proceed to SCT after induction treatment. (Trial registered at Dutch Trial Register identifier NTR3220).

Evaluation of a new free light chain ELISA assay: bringing coherence with electrophoretic methods.

BACKGROUND: Serum free light chain (sFLC) measurements are increasingly important in the context of screening for monoclonal gammopathies, prognostic stratification, and monitoring of therapy responses. At the same time, analytical limitations have been reported with the currently available nephelometric and turbidimetric sFLC assays. We have evaluated a new quantitative sFLC ELISA for its suitability in routine clinical use. METHODS: Reference ranges of the Sebia FLC assay were calculated from 208 controls. Assay interference, reproducibility, lot-to-lot variability, and linearity were assessed. Method comparison to the Freelite assay (Binding Site) was conducted by retrospective analysis of 501 patient sera. RESULTS: Reference ranges of the Sebia κ/λFLC-ratio were 0.37-1.44. We observed good sensitivity (1.5 mg/L) and linearity in both polyclonal and monoclonal sFLC samples and never experienced antigen excess. Sebia FLC reproducibility varied between 6.7% and 8.1% with good lot-to-lot consistency. Method comparison with Freelite showed the following correlations: κFLC R=0.94, λFLC R=0.92 and κ/λFLC-ratio R=0.96. The clinical concordance of the κ/λFLC-ratio of both methods was 94%. Significant quantitative differences were observed between both methods, mainly in sera with high FLC concentrations. The Sebia monoclonal FLC concentrations were coherent with those obtained by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE). Freelite monoclonal FLC concentrations were consistently higher, with a mean 12-fold overestimation compared to SPE. CONCLUSIONS: The Sebia FLC assay provides a novel platform for sensitive and accurate sFLC measurements. The Sebia FLC showed good clinical concordance with Freelite. Further studies are warranted to confirm the clinical value of this assay.

Analytical validation of the Hevylite assays for M-protein quantification.

BACKGROUND: The heavy/light chain (HLC) immunoassay quantifies the different heavy chain/light chain combinations of each immunoglobulin (Ig) class. This makes the HLC assay suited to quantify monoclonal immunoglobulins (M-protein) and for monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. This method is particularly advantageous for those samples in which electrophoretic quantification of the M-protein is not possible. METHODS: In this study we tested the analytical performance of the HLC assay in 166 routine clinical samples and in 27 samples derived from the Dutch external quality assessment (EQA) for M-protein diagnostics (74 participating laboratories). Analytical accuracy was assessed by verification that the sum of the HLC-pairs equaled total Ig concentration. Sensitivity of the HLC assay was determined in a direct method comparison with immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). RESULTS: Comparison of HLC data with routine Ig diagnostics in 27 EQA samples showed very good correlation for both the quantification of polyclonal and monoclonal IgG, IgA and IgM (Pearson correlations [r] were 0.94, 0.99 and 0.99, respectively; slopes were 0.94, 1.07 and 0.98, respectively). The overall concordance between IFE and the HLC ratio was high (93%) with a Cohen κ coefficient of 0.84. Discrepancies between both assays were mainly caused by the higher sensitivity of IFE to detect monoclonality. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the HLC assay is an accurate method to quantify M-proteins that can improve monitoring of M-proteins in the beta fraction that cannot be quantified using electrophoretic techniques.

Predictors for successful PBSC collection on the fourth day of G-CSF-induced mobilization in allogeneic stem cell donors.

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) used for allogeneic transplantation are collected by apheresis after pre-treatment of donors with G-CSF. Using modern apheresis devices stem cells can be collected more efficiently. It was studied whether collection on the 4th instead of the 5th day after initiation of G-CSF treatment might be feasible. Stem cell yields that could have been collected on day 4 were calculated in two cohorts treated with 10 µg/kg G-CSF once daily (n = 106, cohort I) or 5 µg/kg twice daily schedule (n = 85, cohort II). Harvests were predicted using the median collection efficiency (CE) of the apheresis machine and regarded successful when > 5.0 x106 CD34+/ kg recipient body weight. Successful harvests at day 4 could have been obtained in only 22.6% and 41.2% of donors in cohort I and II respectively, while the expected successful collections on day 5 were 55.7% and 76.5%. Individual donor factors that correlated with a successful harvest on day 4 were weight, BMI, age, ratio donor/recipient weight and total G-CSF dose in cohort I, whereas ratio donor/recipient weight was the only significant predictor in cohort II. Donor weight, BMI and total G-CSF dose correlated positively with CD34+ values in the blood on day 4 in all donors. However, donor characteristics were not able to be used as strong predictors in daily practice. In conclusion, PBSC collection on day 4 will not result in a successful harvest in most stem cell donors, however using a twice daily G-CSF scheme increases the yield.

Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity.

Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is explored worldwide in cancer patients, predominantly with DC matured with pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2. We studied the safety and efficacy of vaccination with monocyte-derived DC matured with a cocktail of prophylactic vaccines that contain clinical-grade Toll-like receptor ligands (BCG, Typhim, Act-HIB) and prostaglandin E2 (VAC-DC). Stage III and IV melanoma patients were vaccinated via intranodal injection (12 patients) or combined intradermal/intravenous injection (16 patients) with VAC-DC loaded with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and mRNA encoding tumor antigens gp100 and tyrosinase. Tumor antigen-specific T cell responses were monitored in blood and skin-test infiltrating-lymphocyte cultures. Almost all patients mounted prophylactic vaccine- or KLH-specific immune responses. Both after intranodal injection and after intradermal/intravenous injection, tumor antigen-specific immune responses were detected, which coincide with longer overall survival in stage IV melanoma patients. VAC-DC induce local and systemic CTC grade 2 and 3 toxicity, which is most likely caused by BCG in the maturation cocktail. The side effects were self-limiting or resolved upon a short period of systemic steroid therapy. We conclude that VAC-DC can induce functional tumor-specific responses. Unfortunately, toxicity observed after vaccination precludes the general application of VAC-DC, since in DC maturated with prophylactic vaccines BCG appears to be essential in the maturation cocktail.

Interference of daratumumab in monitoring multiple myeloma patients using serum immunofixation electrophoresis can be abrogated using the daratumumab IFE reflex assay (DIRA).

Daratumumab is a fully human anti-CD38 IgG1-κ monoclonal antibody (mAb) currently being evaluated in several Phase 2 and 3 clinical studies for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In this clinical case study we demonstrate that daratumumab can be detected as an individual monoclonal band in serum immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). M-protein follow-up by IFE is part of the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria to assess treatment response. Therefore, it is crucial that the daratumumab band is not confused with the endogenous M-protein of the patient during IFE interpretation. Moreover, a significant number of IgG-κ M-proteins co-migrate with daratumumab. Co-migration introduces a bias in the M-protein quantification since pharmacokinetic studies show that daratumumab peak plasma concentrations reach up to 1 g/L. More importantly, co-migration can mask clearance of the M-protein by IFE which is necessary for classification of complete response by IMWG criteria (negative serum IFE). For optimal M-protein monitoring the laboratory specialist needs to be informed when patients receive daratumumab, and it is essential that the laboratory specialist is aware that a slow migrating band in the γ-region in those patients may be derived from the daratumumab. A daratumumab specific IFE reflex assay (DIRA) has been developed and can be utilized to abrogate interference. The here described mAb interference is not limited to daratumumab, and as therapeutic antibodies gain approval and enter into common clinical practice, laboratory specialists will need additional processes to characterize IFE interference and distinguish endogenous M-protein from therapeutic antibodies.

High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses.

Histiocytoses are rare disorders of unknown origin with highly heterogeneous prognosis. BRAF mutations have been observed in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). We investigated the frequency of BRAF mutations in several types of histiocytoses. Histology from 127 patients with histiocytoses were reviewed. Detection of BRAF(V600) mutations was performed by pyrosequencing of DNA extracted from paraffin embedded samples. Diagnoses of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), LCH, Rosai-Dorfman disease, juvenile xanthogranuloma, histiocytic sarcoma, xanthoma disseminatum, interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma, and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma were performed in 46, 39, 23, 12, 3, 2, 1, and 1 patients, respectively. BRAF status was obtained in 93 cases. BRAF(V600E) mutations were detected in 13 of 24 (54%) ECD, 11 of 29 (38%) LCH, and none of the other histiocytoses. Four patients with ECD died of disease. The high frequency of BRAF(V600E) in LCH and ECD suggests a common origin of these diseases. Treatment with vemurafenib should be investigated in patients with malignant BRAF(V600E) histiocytosis.

Bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation overcomes the negative prognostic impact of renal impairment in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a subgroup analysis from the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial.

Renal impairment is frequent in patients with multiple myeloma and is correlated with an inferior prognosis. This analysis evaluates the prognostic role of renal impairment in patients with myeloma treated with bortezomib before and after autologous stem cell transplantation within a prospective randomized phase III trial. Eight hundred and twenty-seven newly diagnosed myeloma patients in the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 trial were randomized to receive three cycles of vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone (VAD) or bortezomib, adriamycin, dexamethasone (PAD) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation and maintenance with thalidomide 50 mg daily (VAD-arm) or bortezomib 1.3 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks (PAD-arm). Baseline serum creatinine was less than 2 mg/dL (Durie-Salmon-stage A) in 746 patients and 2 mg/dL or higher (stage B) in 81. In myeloma patients with a baseline creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL the renal response rate was 63% in the VAD-arm and 81% in the PAD-arm (P=0.31). The overall myeloma response rate was 64% in the VAD-arm versus 89% in the PAD-arm with 13% complete responses in the VAD-arm versus 36% in the PAD-arm (P=0.01). Overall survival at 3 years for patients with a baseline creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL was 34% in the VAD-arm versus 74% in the PAD-arm (P<0.001) with a progression-free survival rate at 3 years of 16% in the VAD-arm versus 48% in the PAD-arm (P=0.004). Overall and progression-free survival rates in the PAD-arm were similar in patients with a baseline creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL or <2 mg/dL. We conclude that a bortezomib-containing treatment before and after autologous stem cell transplantation overcomes the negative prognostic impact of renal impairment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. The trial was registered at www.trialregister.nl as NTR213 and at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN 64455289.

HOVON 104, long-term follow-up of bortezomib-dexamethasone induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients.

The HOVON 104 studied bortezomib-dexamethasone induction therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in 50 patients, of whom 35 received an autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). We demonstrate a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 73% and progression-free survival (PFS) of 52% for all 50 patients with a median follow-up of 61.3 months. For the 35 transplanted patients, calculated from the date of ASCT, the 5-year OS and PFS were 91% and 68%, respectively. After ASCT, the rate of organ response improved over time but stabilized around 3 years. A complete cardiac response was seen in around 60% of patients and remained stable from 2 years onward. Reaching complete renal response was slower over time and achieved by 61% of the renal-affected patients at 5 years. We confirm the excellent outcomes after ASCT and demonstrate a 60% complete organ response with longer follow-up.

Adjuvant dendritic cell therapy in stage IIIB/C melanoma: the MIND-DC randomized phase III trial.

Autologous natural dendritic cells (nDCs) treatment can induce tumor-specific immune responses and clinical responses in cancer patients. In this phase III clinical trial (NCT02993315), 148 patients with resected stage IIIB/C melanoma were randomized to adjuvant treatment with nDCs (n = 99) or placebo (n = 49). Active treatment consisted of intranodally injected autologous CD1c+ conventional and plasmacytoid DCs loaded with tumor antigens. The primary endpoint was the 2-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate, whereas the secondary endpoints included median RFS, 2-year and median overall survival, adverse event profile, and immunological response The 2-year RFS rate was 36.8% in the nDC treatment group and 46.9% in the control group (p = 0.31). Median RFS was 12.7 months vs 19.9 months, respectively (hazard ratio 1.25; 90% CI: 0.88-1.79; p = 0.29). Median overall survival was not reached in both treatment groups (hazard ratio 1.32; 90% CI: 0.73-2.38; p = 0.44). Grade 3-4 study-related adverse events occurred in 5% and 6% of patients. Functional antigen-specific T cell responses could be detected in 67.1% of patients tested in the nDC treatment group vs 3.8% of patients tested in the control group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, while adjuvant nDC treatment in stage IIIB/C melanoma patients generated specific immune responses and was well tolerated, no benefit in RFS was observed.

High detection rate of clinically relevant genomic abnormalities in plasma cells enriched from patients with multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is a heterogeneous disease, which is characterized by the occurrence of specific genomic abnormalities that are both of diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Since the detection of these abnormalities through molecular-genetic techniques is hampered by the overall low percentage of plasma cells present in primary bone marrow aspirates, we assessed the efficacy of these techniques in enriched plasma cell fractions from 61 multiple myeloma patients. Using interphase FISH, genomic abnormalities could be detected in 96% of the enriched samples as compared to 61% in the cultured whole bone marrow samples. We also found that microarray-based genomic profiling of enriched plasma samples facilitates the detection of additional, possibly clinically relevant, genomic abnormalities. We conclude that the genomic delineation of enriched plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients results in a significantly increased detection rate of clinically relevant genomic abnormalities. In order to facilitate molecular-genetic data interpretation, we recommend morphological assessment of plasma cell purity after enrichment.

Clonal Relationship and Mutation Analysis in Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma/Waldenström Macroglobulinemia Associated With Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.

Patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM) occasionally develop diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This mostly results from LPL/WM transformation, although clonally unrelated DLBCL can also arise. LPL/WM is characterized by activating MYD88L265P (>95%) and CXCR4 mutations (~30%), but the genetic drivers of transformation remain to be identified. Here, in thirteen LPL/WM patients who developed DLBCL, the clonal relationship of LPL and DLBCL together with mutations contributing to transformation were investigated. In 2 LPL/WM patients (15%), high-throughput sequencing of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements showed evidence of >1 clonal B-cell population in LPL tissue biopsies. In the majority of LPL/WM patients, DLBCL presentations were clonally related to the dominant clone in LPL, providing evidence of transformation. However, in 3 patients (23%), DLBCL was clonally unrelated to the major malignant B-cell clone in LPL, of which 2 patients developed de novo DLBCL. In this study cohort, LPL displayed MYD88L265P mutation in 8 out of eleven patients analyzed (73%), while CXCR4 mutations were observed in 6 cases (55%). MYD88WT LPL biopsies present in 3 patients (27%) were characterized by CD79B and TNFAIP3 mutations. Upon transformation, DLBCL acquired novel mutations targeting BTG1, BTG2, CD79B, CARD11, TP53, and PIM1. Together, we demonstrate variable clonal B-cell dynamics in LPL/WM patients developing DLBCL, and the occurrence of clonally unrelated DLBCL in about one-quarter of LPL/WM patients. Moreover, we identified commonly mutated genes upon DLBCL transformation, which together with preserved mutations already present in LPL characterize the mutational landscape of DLBCL occurrences in LPL/WM patients.

A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma.

The phase 3 trial HOVON-50 was designed to evaluate the effect of thalidomide during induction treatment and as maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma who were transplant candidates. A total of 556 patients was randomly assigned to arm A: 3 cycles of vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone, or to arm B: thalidomide 200 mg orally, days 1 to 28 plus adriamycin and dexamethasone. After induction therapy and stem cell mobilization, patients were to receive high-dose melphalan, 200 mg/m(2), followed by maintenance with alpha-interferon (arm A) or thalidomide 50 mg daily (arm B). Thalidomide significantly improved overall response rate as well as quality of the response before and after high dose melphalan. Best overall response rate on protocol was 88% and 79% (P = .005), at least very good partial remission 66% and 54% (P = .005), and complete remission 31% and 23% (P = .04), respectively, in favor of the thalidomide arm. Thalidomide also significantly improved event-free survival from median 22 months to 34 months (P < .001), and prolonged progression free from median 25 months to 34 months (P < .001). Median survival was longer in the thalidomide arm, 73 versus 60 months; however, this difference was not significant (P = .77). Patients randomized to thalidomide had strongly reduced survival after relapse. This trial was registered on www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN06413384.

Pomalidomide in Patients With Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Prospective Study Within the Nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry.

Patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) generally have limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. Previous trials demonstrated that pomalidomide combined with low-dose dexamethasone (Pd) is effective in these patients with significant responses and improved progression-free survival (PFS). Pd has been approved in RRMM patients who received ≥2 prior lines of therapy. Here, we present the results of a population-based study of patients with RRMM treated with Pd in The Netherlands from time of pomalidomide approval. Using the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry, data from all nontrial patients with RRMM treated with Pd were collected. Data were analyzed of response, PFS, and overall survival (OS). A total of 237 patients were included in this analysis. Previous treatment consisted of a proteasome inhibitor in 227 patients (96%) and/or an immune-modulating agent in 235 patients (99%). One hundred forty patients (59%) were refractory to an immune-modulating agent in their last line of therapy. Median time from diagnosis to treatment with Pd was 4.9 years (interquartile range, 2.7-7.9), and the median number of prior treatments was 4 (interquartile range, 3-5). Median PFS and OS for all patients were 3.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-3.8) and 7.7 months (95% CI, 5.7-9.7), respectively. For patients achieving ≥PR, median PFS and OS were 10.6 months (95% CI, 8.3-12.9) and 16.3 months (95% CI, 13.6-23.2), respectively. This nationwide, population-based registry study confirms data shown in pivotal clinical trials on Pd. PFS in this analysis is comparable to PFS observed in those clinical trials.

Immunological responses to adjuvant vaccination with combined CD1c+ myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in stage III melanoma patients.

We evaluated the immunological responses of lymph-node involved (stage III) melanoma patients to adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination with subsets of naturally occurring dendritic cells (nDCs). Fifteen patients with completely resected stage III melanoma were randomized to receive adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination with CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells (cDC2s), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) or the combination. Immunological response was the primary endpoint and secondary endpoints included safety and survival. In 80% of the patients, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in skin test-derived T cells and in 55% of patients, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were detectable in peripheral blood. Functional interferon-γ-producing T cells were found in the skin test of 64% of the patients. Production of nDC vaccines meeting release criteria was feasible for all patients. Vaccination only induced grade 1-2 adverse events, mainly consisting of fatigue. In conclusion, adjuvant dendritic cell vaccination with cDC2s and/or pDCs is feasible, safe and induced immunological responses in the majority of stage III melanoma patients.

Carfilzomib, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone As Second-line Therapy for Lenalidomide-refractory Multiple Myeloma.

This phase 2 trial investigated reinduction with carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (KPd) and continuous pomalidomide/dexamethasone in patients at first progression during lenalidomide maintenance. The second objective was to evaluate high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDM/ASCT) at first progression. Patients were eligible who had progressive disease according to International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) criteria. Treatment consisted of 8 cycles carfilzomib (20/36 mg/m2), pomalidomide (4 mg) and dexamethasone. Patients without prior transplant received HDM/ASCT. Pomalidomide 4 mg w/o dexamethasone was given until progression. One hundred twelve patients were registered of whom 86 (77%) completed 8 cycles of KPd. Thirty-five (85%) eligible patients received HDM/ASCT. The median time to discontinuation of pomalidomide w/o dexamethasone was 17 months. Best response was 37% ≥ complete response, 75% ≥ very good partial response, 92% ≥ partial response, respectively. At a follow-up of 40 months median PFS was 26 and 32 months for patients who received KPd plus HDM/ASCT and 17 months for patients on KPd (hazard ratio [HR] 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-1.00, P = 0.051). PFS was better after longer duration of prior lenalidomide (HR 3.56, 95% CI 1.42-8.96, P = 0.035). Median overall survival (OS) was 67 months. KPd-emerging grade 3 and 4 adverse events included hematologic (41%), cardiovascular (6%), respiratory (3%), infections (17%), and neuropathy (2%). KPd followed by continuous pomalidomide is an effective and safe triple drug regimen in second-line for patients previously exposed to bortezomib and/or refractory to lenalidomide.

Wild-type and modified gp100 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination of advanced melanoma patients can lead to long-term clinical responses independent of the peptide used.

Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is explored worldwide in cancer patients. Several strategies have been employed to load DC with antigen, including peptide loading. To increase immunogenicity of peptides, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding affinity and stability of peptide-MHC complexes at the cell surface may be improved by modification of the amino acid sequence. In this study, we compared the capacity of DC loaded with wild-type versus modified gp100 peptides with higher binding affinities to induce an immune and clinical response in advanced melanoma patients. Metastatic HLA-A2.1(+) melanoma patients were vaccinated intravenously (on average 25 × 10(6) DC) and intradermally (on average 11 × 10(6) DC) with mature DC loaded with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) together with tyrosinase peptide and either wild-type (15 patients) or modified (12 patients) gp100 peptides. All vaccinated patients showed a pronounced proliferative T cell or humoral response against KLH. Gp100-specific T cell responses were monitored in post-treatment delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin biopsies by tetramer and functional analysis. Antigen-specific T cells were found in 2 of 15 patients vaccinated with wild-type gp100-loaded DC, versus 1 of 12 patients vaccinated with modified peptide-loaded DC. These three patients also had the best clinical response, with long-term (>8 years) complete responses in two patients, one in each group. We conclude that vaccination with peptide-loaded DC can result in long-term clinical responses in a minority of metastatic melanoma patients, and that the use of modified as compared to wild-type gp100 peptides for DC loading does not result in a relevant enhanced immune responses.

Role of radiography, MRI and FDG-PET/CT in diagnosing, staging and therapeutical evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is a malignant B-cell neoplasm that involves the skeleton in approximately 80% of the patients. With an average age of 60 years and a 5-years survival of nearly 45% Brenner et al. (Blood 111:2516-2520,35) the onset is to be classified as occurring still early in life while the disease can be very aggressive and debilitating. In the last decades, several new imaging techniques were introduced.The aim of this review is to compare the different techniques such as radiographic survey, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-(FDG-PET) with or without computed tomography(CT), and 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) scintigraphy. We conclude that both FDG-PET in combination with low-dose CT and whole-body MRI are more sensitive than skeleton X-ray in screening and diagnosing multiple myeloma. WB-MRI allows assessment of bone marrow involvement but cannot detect bone destruction, which might result in overstaging. Moreover,WB-MRI is less suitable in assessing response to the rapythan FDG-PET. The combination of PET with low-dose CT can replace the golden standard, conventional skeletal survey. In the clinical practise, this will result in upstaging,due to the higher sensitivity.

Thalidomide in induction treatment increases the very good partial response rate before and after high-dose therapy in previously untreated multiple myeloma.

In the prospective phase 3 HOVON-50/GMMG-HD3 trial, patients randomized to TAD (thalidomide, doxorubicin, dexamethasone) had a significantly higher response rate (at least PR) after induction compared with patients randomized to VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone, 72% vs. 54%, p<0.001). Complete remission (CR) and very good partial remission (VGPR) were also higher after TAD. After High Dose melphalan 200mg/m(2) response was comparable in both arms, 76% and 79% respectively. However, CR plus VGPR were significantly higher in the patients randomized to TAD (49% vs. 32%, p<0.001). CTC grade 3-4 adverse events were similar in both arms.