Smoking and lower urinary tract symptoms in Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events Trial.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is common in older men, with many developing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that impair quality of life. Smoking has many well-established adverse effects, but its effects on benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and associated LUTS are unclear. We sought to determine if smoking is a risk factor for the incidence of LUTS in asymptomatic men and for the progression of LUTS in symptomatic men. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events in 3060 "asymptomatic" men with baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) < 8 and in 2198 symptomatic men with baseline IPSS ≥ 8 not taking 5α-reductase inhibitors or α-blockers. We used multivariable Cox regression models to assess associations between smoking status at baseline and LUTS incidence and progression. Among asymptomatic men, incident LUTS was defined as the first report of medical or surgical treatment for BPH, or sustained clinically significant LUTS (two reports of IPSS > 14). Among symptomatic men, LUTS progression was defined as IPSS increase of ≥4 points from baseline, surgical intervention for BPH, or starting a new BPH drug. RESULTS: Of 3060 asymptomatic men, 15% (n = 467) were current, 40% (n = 1231) former, and 45% (n = 1362) never-smokers. Of 2198 symptomatic men, 14% (n = 320) were current, 39% (n = 850) former, and 47% (n = 1028) never-smokers. In asymptomatic men, compared with never-smokers, current and former smoking at baseline were not associated with LUTS incidence (adjusted hazard ratio [adj-HR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.78-1.48 and adj-HR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.80-1.30). In symptomatic men, compared with never-smokers, current and former smoking at baseline were not associated with the progression of LUTS (adj-HR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.92-1.33 and adj-HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.90-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: In REDUCE, smoking status was not associated with either incident LUTS in asymptomatic men or progression of LUTS in symptomatic men.

Time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy by race in an equal-access healthcare system: Results from the SEARCH cohort.

BACKGROUND: We previously showed that within an equal-access health system, race was not associated with the time between prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis and radical prostatectomy (RP). However, in the more recent time-period of the study (2003-2007), Black men had significantly longer times to RP. We sought to revisit the question in a larger study population with more contemporary patients. We hypothesized that time from diagnosis to treatment would not differ by race, even after accounting for active surveillance (AS) and the exclusion of men at very low to low risk of PC progression. METHODS: We analyzed data from 5885 men undergoing RP from 1988 to 2017 at eight Veterans Affairs Hospitals from SEARCH. Multiple linear regression was used to compare time from biopsy to RP and to examine the risk of delays (>90 and >180 days) between races. In sensitivity analyses we excluded men deemed to have initially chosen AS based on having >365 days from biopsy to RP and men at very low to low PC risk for progression according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines. RESULTS: At biopsy, Black men (n = 1959) were younger, had lower body mass index, and higher prostate specific antigen levels, (all p < 0.02), compared to White men (n = 3926). Time from biopsy to RP was longer in Black men (mean days: 98 vs. 92; adjusted ratio of mean number of days, 1.07 [95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.11], p < 0.001); however, there were no differences in delays >90 or >180 days after adjusting for confounders (all p ≥ 0.286). Results were similar following the exclusion of men potentially under on AS and at very low and low risk. CONCLUSIONS: In an equal-access healthcare system, we did not find evidence of clinically relevant differences in time from biopsy to RP in Black versus White men.

Are associations between obesity and prostate cancer outcomes following radical prostatectomy the same in smokers and non-smokers? Results from the SEARCH Cohort.

PURPOSE: Obesity and smoking have been associated with poor prostate cancer (PC) outcomes. We investigated associations between obesity and biochemical recurrence (BCR), metastasis, castrate resistant-PC (CRPC), PC-specific mortality (PCSM), and all-cause mortality (ACM) and examined if smoking modified these associations. METHODS: We analyzed SEARCH Cohort data from men undergoing RP between 1990 and 2020. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between body mass index (BMI) as a continuous variable and weight status classifications (normal: 18.5 ≤ 25 kg/m2; overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese: ≥ 30 kg/m2) and PC outcomes. RESULTS: Among 6,241 men, 1,326 (21%) were normal weight, 2,756 (44%) overweight and 2159 (35%) obese; 1,841 (30%) were never-smokers, 2,768 (44%) former and 1,632 (26%) current-smokers. Among all men, obesity was associated with non-significant increased risk of PCSM, adj-HR = 1.71; 0.98-2.98, P = 0.057, while overweight and obesity were inversely associated with ACM, adj-HR = 0.75; 0.66-0.84, P < 0.001 and adj-HR = 0.86; 0.75-0.99, P = 0.033, respectively. Other associations were null. BCR and ACM were stratified for smoking status given evidence for interactions (P = 0.048 and P = 0.054, respectively). Among current-smokers, overweight was associated with an increase in BCR (adj-HR = 1.30; 1.07-1.60, P = 0.011) and a decrease in ACM (adj-HR = 0.70; 0.58-0.84, P < 0.001). Among never-smokers, BMI (continuous) was associated with an increase in ACM (adj-HR = 1.03; 1.00-1.06, P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: While our results are consistent with obesity as a risk factor for PCSM, we present evidence of effect modification by smoking for BCR and ACM highlighting the importance of stratifying by smoking status to better understand associations with body weight.

Prostate weight and prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy: Results from the SEARCH cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Smaller prostates have been linked to unfavorable clinical characteristics and poor short-term outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP). We examined the relation between prostate weight at RP and prostate cancer (PC) outcomes post-RP. METHODS: Men in the SEARCH cohort undergoing RP between 1988 and 2017 (N = 6242) were studied for PC-specific mortality (PCSM) as the primary outcome, and for biochemical recurrence (BCR), castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and metastasis as secondary outcomes. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined for associations between prostate weight and outcomes using Fine-Gray competing risk regression multivariable analyses. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out following exclusion of: (i) men with extreme prostate weights (<20 g and ≥100 g); and (ii) men with elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. RESULTS: Median values for age, pre-RP PSA and prostate weight were 63 years, 6.6 ng/ml, and 42.0 g, respectively. During a median follow-up of 7.9 years, 153 (3%) died from PC, 2103 (34%) had BCR, 203 (3%) developed CRPC, and 289 (5%) developed metastases. Prostate weight was not associated with PCSM in the main analyses (multivariable HR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.87-2.34) or in sensitivity analyses. Prostate weight was inversely associated with BCR in the main analyses (multivariable HR = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.61-0.79) which was unchanged in sensitivity analyses. HRs for prostate weight and CRPC and metastasis were elevated but statistical significance was not attained. Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Inconsistent results for prostate weight and short-term vs longer-term outcomes highlight the need to better understand the complex biology leading to prostate size and the relevance of prostate size as a predictor of PC outcomes.

Statin Use and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Incidence and Progression in Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) Trial.

PURPOSE: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease often manifested by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We previously found statins were associated with modest attenuations in prostate growth over time in REDUCE. We tested whether statins were associated with LUTS incidence in asymptomatic men and LUTS progression in symptomatic men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of REDUCE in 3,060 "asymptomatic" men with baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) <8 and in 2,198 symptomatic men with baseline IPSS ≥8 not taking α-blockers or 5α-reductase inhibitors. We used multivariable Cox regression models to assess associations between statin use at baseline and LUTS incidence and progression. Among asymptomatic men, incident LUTS was defined as the first reported medical or surgical treatment for BPH or sustained clinically significant LUTS (2 reports of IPSS >14). Among symptomatic men, LUTS progression was defined as IPSS increase ≥4 points from baseline, any surgical procedure for BPH, or initiation of a BPH drug. RESULTS: Among asymptomatic and symptomatic men, 550 (18%) and 392 (18%) used statins at baseline, respectively. On multivariable analysis, statin use was not associated with LUTS incidence (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.78-1.41, p=0.74) in asymptomatic men, or with LUTS progression (HR 1.13; 95% CI 0.96-1.33, p=0.15) in symptomatic men. Similar results were seen in the dutasteride and placebo arms when stratified by treatment assignment. CONCLUSIONS: In REDUCE, statin use was not associated with either incident LUTS in asymptomatic men or LUTS progression in symptomatic men. These data do not support a role for statins in LUTS prevention or management.

Low Carbohydrate Diets and Estimated Cardiovascular and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: A low carbohydrate diet (LCD) was shown to suggestively slow prostate cancer (PC) growth. In noncancer patients, LCDs improve metabolic syndrome (MetS) without weight loss. However, concerns about negative impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remain. The objective of this secondary analysis is to determine the impact of an LCD on risk of MetS and estimated CVD risk in patients with PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pooled data were analyzed from 2 randomized trials testing LCD vs control on 1) preventing insulin resistance after starting hormone therapy (CAPS1) and 2) slowing PC growth in recurrent PC after failed primary treatment (CAPS2). Both trials included a usual care control vs LCD intervention in which patients were instructed to limit carbohydrate intake to ≤20 gm/day, and in CAPS1 only, to walk for ≥30 minutes/day for ≥5 days/week. MetS components (hypertension, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, central obesity and diabetes), 10-year CVD risk estimated using the Framingham Score with either body mass index (BMI) or lipids, and remnant cholesterol were compared between arms using mixed models adjusting for trial. RESULTS: LCD resulted in a significantly reduced risk of MetS (p=0.004) and remnant cholesterol (p <0.001). Moreover, LCD resulted in significantly lower estimated CVD risk using BMI (p=0.002) over the study with no difference in estimated CVD risk using lipids (p=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: LCD resulted in a significantly reduced risk of MetS and remnant cholesterol, and a significantly lower estimated CVD risk using BMI. By comparison, there was no difference in estimated CVD risk using lipids. Study limitations include small sample size, short followup, and inability to distinguish effects of carbohydrate restriction and weight loss. Long-term studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Statin use and longitudinal changes in prostate volume; results from the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the association between statin use and prostate volume (PV) change over time using data from the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial, a 4-year randomised controlled trial testing dutasteride for prostate cancer chemoprevention. SUBJECTS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified men with a baseline negative prostate biopsy from REDUCE who did not undergo prostate surgery or develop prostate cancer over the trial period. Men reported statin use at baseline. PV was determined from transrectal ultrasonography performed to guide prostate biopsy at baseline, and 2- and 4-years after randomisation. Multivariable generalised estimating equations tested differences in PV change over time by statin use, overall and stratified by treatment arm. We tested for interactions between statins and time in association with PV using the Wald test. RESULTS: Of 4106 men, 17% used statins at baseline. Baseline PV did not differ by statin use. Relative to non-users, statin users had decreasing PVs over the trial period (P = 0.027). Similar patterns were seen in the dutasteride and placebo arms, although neither reached statistical significance. The mean estimated PV was modestly but significantly lower in statin users relative to non-users in the dutasteride arm at 2-years (4.5%, P = 0.032) and 4-years (4.0%, P = 0.033), with similar (3-3.3%) but non-significant effects in the placebo arm. CONCLUSION: If confirmed, our present findings support a role for statins in modestly attenuating PV growth, with a magnitude of effect in line with previously reported prostate-specific antigen-lowering effects of statins (~4%). Future studies are needed to assess whether this putative role for statins in PV growth could impact lower urinary tract symptom development or progression.

First-year weight loss with androgen-deprivation therapy increases risks of prostate cancer progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality: results from SEARCH.

PURPOSE: We aimed to study the associations between androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)-induced weight changes and prostate cancer (PC) progression and mortality in men who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: Data from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) cohort were used to study the associations between weight change approximately 1-year post-ADT initiation and metastases, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), all-cause mortality (ACM), and PC-specific mortality (PCSM) in 357 patients who had undergone RP between 1988 and 2014. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using covariate-adjusted Cox regression models for associations between weight loss, and weight gains of 2.3 kg or more, and PC progression and mortality post-ADT. RESULTS: During a median (IQR) follow-up of 81 (46-119) months, 55 men were diagnosed with metastases, 61 with CRPC, 36 died of PC, and 122 died of any cause. In multivariable analysis, weight loss was associated with increases in risks of metastases (HR 3.13; 95% CI 1.40-6.97), PCSM (HR 4.73; 95% CI 1.59-14.0), and ACM (HR 2.16; 95% CI 1.25-3.74) compared with mild weight gains of ≤ 2.2. Results were slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant in analyses that accounted for competing risks of non-PC death. Estimates for the associations between weight gains of ≥ 2.3 kg and metastases (HR 1.58; 95% CI 0.73-3.42), CRPC (HR 1.33; 95% CI 0.66-2.66), and PCSM (HR 2.44; 95% CI 0.84-7.11) were elevated, but not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that weight loss following ADT initiation in men who have undergone RP is a poor prognostic sign. If confirmed in future studies, testing ways to mitigate weight loss post-ADT may be warranted.

Diet quality is associated with reduced incidence of cancer and self-reported chronic disease: Observations from Alberta's Tomorrow Project.

The objective of this study was to assess diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 Canada (HEI-2005-Canada) and its association with risk of cancer and chronic disease in a sample of Alberta's Tomorrow Project (ATP) participants. Food frequency questionnaires completed by 25,169 participants (38% men; mean age 50.3 (9.2)) enrolled between 2000 and 2008 were used to calculate HEI-2005-Canada scores. Data from a subset of participants (n=10,735) who reported no chronic disease at enrollment were used to investigate the association between HEI-2005-Canada score and development of self-reported chronic disease at follow-up (2008). Participants were divided into HEI-2005-Canada score quartiles. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cancer and chronic disease incidence. In this cohort, mean HEI-2005-Canada scores for men and women were 50.9 and 55.5 (maximum range 0-100), respectively. In men, higher HEI-2005-Canada score (Q4 vs. Q1) was associated with lower cancer risk (HR (95% CI) 0.63 (0.49-0.83)) over the course of follow-up (mean (SD)=10.4 (2.3) years); the same was not observed in women. In contrast, higher overall HEI-2005-Canada score (Q4 vs. Q1) was associated with lower risk of self-reported chronic disease (0.85 (0.75-0.97)) in both men and women over follow-up (4.2 (2.3) years). In conclusion, in this cohort better diet quality was associated with a lower risk of cancer in men and lower risk of chronic disease in both sexes. Future studies with longer follow-up and repeated measures of diet may be helpful to elucidate sex-specific associations between dietary quality and disease outcomes.

Using national dietary intake data to evaluate and adapt the US Diet History Questionnaire: the stepwise tailoring of an FFQ for Canadian use.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Canadian Diet History Questionnaire I (C-DHQ I) food list and to adapt the US DHQ II for Canada using Canadian dietary survey data. DESIGN: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls reported by adults in a national Canadian survey were analysed to create a food list corresponding to C-DHQ I food questions. The percentage contribution of the food list to the total survey intake of seventeen nutrients was used as the criterion to evaluate the suitability of the C-DHQ I to capture food intake in Canadian populations. The data were also analysed to identify foods and to modify portion sizes for the C-DHQ II. SETTING: The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) - Cycle 2.2 Nutrition (2004). SUBJECTS: Adults (n 20 159) who completed 24 h dietary recalls during in-person interviews. RESULTS: Four thousand five hundred and thirty-three foods and recipes were grouped into 268 Food Groups, of which 212 corresponded to questions on the C-DHQ I. Nutrient intakes captured by the C-DHQ I ranged from 79 % for fat to 100 % for alcohol. For the new C-DHQ II, some food questions were retained from the original US DHQ II while others were added based on foods reported in CCHS and foods available on the Canadian market since 2004. Of 153 questions, 143 were associated with portion sizes of which fifty-three were modified from US values. Sex-specific nutrient profiles for the C-DHQ II nutrient database were derived using CCHS data. CONCLUSIONS: The C-DHQ I and II are designed to optimize the capture of foods consumed by Canadian populations.

Associations between the neighbourhood food environment, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, and diet quality: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: The neighbourhood environment may play an important role in diet quality. Most previous research has examined the associations between neighbourhood food environment and diet quality, and neighbourhood socioeconomic status and diet quality separately. This study investigated the independent and joint effects of neighbourhood food environment and neighbourhood socioeconomic status in relation to diet quality in Canadian adults. METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional study with n = 446 adults in Calgary, Alberta (Canada). Individual-level data on diet and socio-demographic and health-related characteristics were captured from two self-report internet-based questionnaires, the Canadian Diet History Questionnaire II (C-DHQ II) and the Past Year Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ). Neighbourhood environment data were derived from dissemination area level Canadian Census data, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) databases. Neighbourhood was defined as a 400 m network-based 'walkshed' around each participant's household. Using GIS we objectively-assessed the density, diversity, and presence of specific food destination types within the participant's walkshed. A seven variable socioeconomic deprivation index was derived from Canadian Census variables and estimated for each walkshed. The Canadian adapted Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI), used to assess diet quality was estimated from food intakes reported on C-DHQ II. Multivariable linear regression was used to test for associations between walkshed food environment variables, walkshed socioeconomic status, and diet quality (C-HEI), adjusting for individual level socio-demographic and health-related covariates. Interaction effects between walkshed socioeconomic status and walkshed food environment variables on diet quality (C-HEI) were also tested. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, food destination density was positively associated with the C-HEI (ß 0.06, 95 % CI 0.01-0.12, p = 0.04) though the magnitude of the association was small. Walkshed socioeconomic status was not significantly associated with the C-HEI. We found no statistically significant interactions between walkshed food environment variables and socioeconomic status in relation to the C-HEI. Self-reported physical and mental health, time spent in neighbourhood, and dog ownership were also significantly (p < .05) associated with diet quality. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that larger density of local food destinations may is associated with better diet quality in adults.

The Sedentary Time and Activity Reporting Questionnaire (STAR-Q): reliability and validity against doubly labeled water and 7-day activity diaries.

We determined measurement properties of the Sedentary Time and Activity Reporting Questionnaire (STAR-Q), which was designed to estimate past-month activity energy expenditure (AEE). STAR-Q validity and reliability were assessed in 102 adults in Alberta, Canada (2009-2011), who completed 14-day doubly labeled water (DLW) protocols, 7-day activity diaries on day 15, and the STAR-Q on day 14 and again at 3 and 6 months. Three-month reliability was substantial for total energy expenditure (TEE) and AEE (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.73, respectively), while 6-month reliability was moderate. STAR-Q-derived TEE and AEE were moderately correlated with DLW estimates (Spearman's ρs of 0.53 and 0.40, respectively; P < 0.001), and on average, the STAR-Q overestimated TEE and AEE (median differences were 367 kcal/day and 293 kcal/day, respectively). Body mass index-, age-, sex-, and season-adjusted concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) were 0.24 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07, 0.36) and 0.21 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.32) for STAR-Q-derived versus DLW-derived TEE and AEE, respectively. Agreement between the diaries and STAR-Q (metabolic equivalent-hours/day) was strongest for occupational sedentary time (adjusted CCC = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.85) and overall strenuous activity (adjusted CCC = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.76). The STAR-Q demonstrated substantial validity for estimating occupational sedentary time and strenuous activity and fair validity for ranking individuals by AEE.

Are physical activity levels linked to nutrient adequacy? Implications for cancer risk.

Cancer prevention guidelines recommend a healthy body mass index, physical activity, and nutrient intake from food rather than supplements. Sedentary individuals may restrict energy intake to prevent weight gain and in so doing may compromise nutritional intake. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine if adequacy of micronutrients is linked to physical activity levels (PALs) in healthy-weight adults. Tomorrow Project participants in Alberta, Canada (n = 5333), completed past-year diet and physical activity questionnaires. The percent meeting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) was reported across low and high PAL groups, and the relation between PAL and percent achieved DRI was determined using multiple linear regression analyses. Overall, <50% of healthy-weight participants met DRIs for folate, calcium, and vitamin D. Percent achieved DRI increased linearly with increasing PAL in both genders (P < 0.01). A hypothetical increase in PAL from 1.4 to 1.9 was associated with a DRI that was 8%-13% higher for folate and vitamin C (men) and 5%-15% higher for calcium and iron (women). Healthy-weight adults at higher PALs appear more likely to meet DRIs for potential cancer-preventing nutrients. The benefits of higher PALs may extend beyond the usual benefits attributed to physical activity to include having a more favorable impact on nutrient adequacy.

Development and testing of a past year measure of sedentary behavior: the SIT-Q.

BACKGROUND: Most sedentary behavior measures focus on occupational or leisure-time sitting. Our aim was to develop a comprehensive measure of adult sedentary behavior and establish its measurement properties. METHOD: The SIT-Q was developed through expert review (n = 7), cognitive interviewing (n = 11) and pilot testing (n = 34). A convenience sample of 82 adults from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, participated in the measurement property study. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) comparing two administrations of the SIT-Q conducted one month apart. Convergent validity was established using Spearman's rho, by comparing the SIT-Q estimates of sedentary behaviour with values derived from a 7-Day Activity Diary. RESULTS: The SIT-Q exhibited good face validity and acceptability during pilot testing. Within the measurement property study, the ICCs for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.31 for leisure-time computer use to 0.86 for occupational sitting. Total daily sitting demonstrated substantial correlation (ICC = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.78). In terms of convergent validity, correlations varied from 0.19 for sitting during meals to 0.76 for occupational sitting. For total daily sitting, estimates derived from the SIT-Q and 7 Day Activity Diaries were moderately correlated (ρ = 0.53, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The SIT-Q has acceptable measurement properties for use in epidemiologic studies.

Cohort profile: the CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study (Quebec, Canada).

PURPOSE: To address emerging nutritional epidemiological research questions, data from contemporary cohorts are needed. CARTaGENE is the largest ongoing prospective cohort study of men and women in Québec, Canada. Dietary information was collected making it a rich resource for the exploration of diet in the aetiology of many health outcomes. PARTICIPANTS: CARTaGENE recruited over 43 000 men and women aged 40-69 in two phases (A and B). In phase A, a total of 19 784 men and women were enrolled between 2009 and 2010. In 2011-2012, phase A participants of CARTaGENE were recontacted and invited to complete the self-administered Canadian Diet History Questionnaire II, which assessed usual intake over the past 12 months of a comprehensive array of foods, beverages and supplements; 9379 participants with non-missing age and sex data and with plausible total energy intake comprise the CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study (4212 men; 5167 women). FINDINGS TO DATE: Available dietary data include intake of total energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, food group equivalents and a measure of diet quality based on the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2005 (C-HEI 2005). Intake and diet quality varied among participants though they generally met the recommended dietary reference intakes for most nutrients. The mean C-HEI 2005 score was 61.5 (SD=14.0; max score=100), comparable to the general Canadian population. The mean (SD) scores for men and women separately were 57.0 (14.1) and 65.2 (12.8), respectively. C-HEI scores were higher for never smokers (61.6), those who had attained more than a high school education (61.4) and those with high physical activity (60.4) compared with current smokers (55.8), less than high school education level (56.2) and low physical activity (57.6), respectively (p values<0.01). FUTURE PLANS: The CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study is an additional resource of the CARTaGENE platform and is available internationally to examine research questions related to diet and health among contemporary populations. Starting in 2024, annual diet assessments using two 24-hour dietary recalls over a 30-day period will take place, further expanding the cohort as a resource for dietary research.

Diabetes and Prostate Cancer Outcomes in Men with Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Results from the SEARCH Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of diabetic men with advanced prostate cancer is poorly understood and understudied. Hence, we studied associations between diabetes and progression to metastases, prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) in men with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). METHODS: Data from men diagnosed with nmCRPC between 2000 and 2017 at 8 Veterans Affairs Health Care Centers were analyzed using Cox regression to determine HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between diabetes and outcomes. Men with diabetes were classified according to: (i) ICD-9/10 codes only, (ii) two HbA1c values > 6.4% (missing ICD-9/10 codes), and (iii) all diabetic men [(i) and (ii) combined]. RESULTS: Of 976 men (median age: 76 years), 304 (31%) had diabetes at nmCRPC diagnosis, of whom 51% had ICD-9/10 codes. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 613 men were diagnosed with metastases, and 482 PCSM and 741 ACM events occurred. In multivariable-adjusted models, ICD-9/10 code-identified diabetes was inversely associated with PCSM (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48-0.92) while diabetes identified by high HbA1c values (no ICD-9/10 codes) was associated with an increase in ACM (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.72). Duration of diabetes, prior to CRPC diagnosis was inversely associated with PCSM among men identified by ICD-9/10 codes and/or HbA1c values (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: In men with late-stage prostate cancer, ICD-9/10 'code-identified' diabetes is associated with better overall survival than 'undiagnosed' diabetes identified by high HbA1c values only. IMPACT: Our data suggest that better diabetes detection and management may improve survival in late-stage prostate cancer.

Lifestyle and sociodemographic factors associated with treatment choice of clinically localized prostate cancer in an equal access healthcare system.

Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors may play a role in determining whether patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (PC) are managed with active surveillance (AS), radical prostatectomy (RP), or radiation therapy (RT); however, these relationships have not been well examined. In a cross-sectional study conducted within an equal access healthcare system, multivariable adjusted regression analysis revealed that living with a spouse or partner was associated with a 65% lower chance of being managed by RT (P = 0.001) and 57% lower risk of being managed by AS (P = 0.042) compared with RP. No other sociodemographic or lifestyle factors were independently associated with treatment modality.

Exploring statistical approaches to diminish subjectivity of cluster analysis to derive dietary patterns: The Tomorrow Project.

Dietary patterns derived by cluster analysis are commonly reported with little information describing how decisions are made at each step of the analytical process. Using food frequency questionnaire data obtained in 2001-2007 on Albertan men (n = 6,445) and women (n = 10,299) aged 35-69 years, the authors explored the use of statistical approaches to diminish the subjectivity inherent in cluster analysis. Reproducibility of cluster solutions, defined as agreement between 2 cluster assignments, by 3 clustering methods (Ward's minimum variance, flexible beta, K means) was evaluated. Ratios of between- versus within-cluster variances were examined, and health-related variables across clusters in the final solution were described. K means produced cluster solutions with the highest reproducibility. For men, 4 clusters were chosen on the basis of ratios of between- versus within-cluster variances, but for women, 3 clusters were chosen on the basis of interpretability of cluster labels and descriptive statistics. In comparison with those in other clusters, men and women in the "healthy" clusters by greater proportions reported normal body mass index, smaller waist circumference, and lower energy intakes. The authors' approach appeared helpful when choosing the clustering method for both sexes and the optimal number of clusters for men, but additional analyses are required to understand why it performed differently for women.

Cohorts and consortia conference: a summary report (Banff, Canada, June 17-19, 2009).

Epidemiologic studies have adapted to the genomics era by forming large international consortia to overcome issues of large data volume and small sample size. Whereas both cohort and well-conducted case-control studies can inform disease risk from genetic susceptibility, cohort studies offer the additional advantages of assessing lifestyle and environmental exposure-disease time sequences often over a life course. Consortium involvement poses several logistical and ethical issues to investigators, some of which are unique to cohort studies, including the challenge to harmonize prospectively collected lifestyle and environmental exposures validly across individual studies. An open forum to discuss the opportunities and challenges of large-scale cohorts and their consortia was held in June 2009 in Banff, Canada, and is summarized in this report.