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1.
Can Pharm J (Ott) ; 156(1): 42-47, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36686314

RESUMO

Background: Drug-drug interactions are preventable medication errors that can lead to serious negative outcomes for patients. Community pharmacists are uniquely positioned with their medication knowledge and role in prescription clinical assessment. However, workplace pressures and limitations related to computer systems can lead to drug-drug interactions being missed. There is a lack of information as to how community pharmacists assess drug interactions. Methods: A qualitative study using key informant interviews of community pharmacists was conducted. Pharmacists were questioned on their perceptions and views of drug interactions. Results: Eight community pharmacists participated. Four main themes were identified from the interviews: 1) pharmacist process of identifying drug interactions, 2) tools that help pharmacists assess and respond to drug interactions, 3) challenges in identifying and responding to clinically important drug interactions and 4) measures to avoid missing interactions. Discussion: Community pharmacists experience challenges around their lack of access to patient information, which limits their ability to properly assess drug-drug interactions. In addition, increasing workload pressures have affected their ability to ensure their patients receive optimal pharmaceutical care. There is also a disconnect between the community pharmacy computer systems' alerts and their clinical relevancy to their specific patients. The overall burdens can lead to professional abstinence in the assessment of drug-drug interactions. Conclusion: Community pharmacists are in an ideal position to prevent patients from experiencing drug-drug interactions. However, to further enable them to fulfill this role, increased access to patients' health records, decreased workload and better customization of computer alerts need to occur.

2.
BMC Health Serv Res ; 20(1): 401, 2020 May 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32393241

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Patients with low health literacy experience difficulty in understanding their medications leading to worse health outcomes. Pharmacists need to use formal assessment tools to be able to identify these patients, so they can better tailor their patient education. The objective of the study was to characterize hospital pharmacists understanding of health literacy and their use of screening and counselling strategies before and after completion of an educational module and to identify barriers that hospital pharmacists perceive to exist that prevent them from using health literacy tools. METHODS: Pharmacists in three health authorities were administered a pre-survey and then given access to an online 11 min educational video. The post-survey was distributed 1 month later. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify survey responses with comparisons made between pre and post responses. The main outcome measure was pharmacists' understanding of health literacy and their current practice related to health literacy. RESULTS: There were 131 respondents for the pre-survey and 39 for the post-survey. In the pre-module survey, 84% of pharmacists felt they understood what health literacy was, but only 53% currently assessed patients for their health literacy status and 40% were aware of what strategies to use in low health literacy patients. Lack of time (74%) was the biggest barrier in assessing patients' health literacy. In the post-module survey, 87% felt they understood what health literacy was and 64% incorporated health literacy status evaluation into their clinical practice. The educational module was helpful to the clinical practice of 74% of respondents. CONCLUSION: As health literacy can affect a patient's ability to adhere to their medications it is important for pharmacists to assess this in their patients. While pharmacists self-reported a high degree of understanding of health literacy, they are not regularly assessing their patients' health literacy status and are unaware of what strategies to use for low literacy patients.


Assuntos
Letramento em Saúde , Adesão à Medicação , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Farmacêuticos , Compreensão , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários
3.
J Pharm Technol ; 36(1): 28-40, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34752514

RESUMO

Objective: To characterize the literature describing the therapeutic use of opioids in the elderly. Data Sources: Two electronic databases, EMBASE and MEDLINE, were searched from years 1990 to September 5, 2018. Relevant reference lists were reviewed. Searches were restricted to English language. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently screened 827 citations to identify observational studies, population-based cohort studies, retrospective analyses, and control trials looking at the management of persistent pain in patients aged ≥65 years and/or frail patients. Data Synthesis: Thirty-nine articles were included in the systematic review. More specifically, 17 observational studies, 7 population-based cohort studies, 10 retrospective analyses, and 4 controlled trials. The most common etiology of persistent pain was musculoskeletal (50%), and the most often adverse effects reported were central nervous system related (41%) and falls/fractures (39%). Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: As there is a lack of strong evidence-based recommendations for opioid use in the elderly, this review aims to evaluate opioid use in the elderly and compare their efficacy and safety among this population. Conclusions: Overall, central nervous system adverse effects were most commonly seen in the elderly. However, higher quality evidence is required to further appreciate the dose-related effects on efficacy and safety of opioids in the elderly.

4.
J Pharm Technol ; 36(5): 187-195, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34752527

RESUMO

Background: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are estimated to cost $1.5 billion annually in Canada. Previous studies have shown that barely half of all patients receive ideal care in hospitals. Deviations from guideline-defined optimal care lead to longer hospital stays, readmissions, and increased mortality. Objective: To determine the proportion of patients admitted to hospital for AECOPD who received treatment adherent to guidelines. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with ethics approval from the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board. Patients hospitalized for ≥24 hours with an AECOPD at a tertiary care center and a community hospital were assessed. Guideline-adherent treatment was defined as appropriate use of supplemental oxygen, inhaled bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, initiation/continuation of nicotine replacement therapy for current smokers, and vaccination optimization, reflecting international standards of care. Outcomes were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results: A random sample of 210 patients were selected of which 99 met inclusion criteria. Only 4% received therapy that met all recommendations. Differences in management were found between sites, specifically the appropriate use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and supplemental oxygen. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and smoking cessation rates were 97% and 94%, respectively, at the tertiary care center, compared with 73% and 100% at the community hospital. Additionally, less than half of all patients had their immunization history verified. Conclusion: Gaps in the inpatient management of AECOPD continue to exist. Initiatives must be targeted to optimize management and reduce the burden of the disease.

5.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev ; (1): CD011721, 2016 Jan 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26798035

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Maintenance treatment with long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) can relieve asthma symptoms and reduce the frequency of exacerbations, but there are limited treatment options for people who do not gain control on combination LABA/ICS. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) are a class of inhaled drug which have been effective for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are now becoming available for people with asthma to take alongside their LABA/ICS inhaler. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of adding a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) to combination long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in adults whose asthma is not well controlled by LABA/ICS. SEARCH METHODS: We identified trials from the Cochrane Airways Review Group Specialised Register (CAGR) up to January 2016. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO trials portal, and reference lists of other reviews, and we contacted trial authors for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks' duration. Studies met the inclusion criteria if they compared LAMA as an add-on to LABA/ICS versus LABA/ICS alone for adults with asthma. We included studies reported as full text, those published as abstract only, and unpublished data. Primary outcomes were exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (OCS), validated measures of asthma control, and serious adverse events (including mortality). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors screened searches and independently extracted details on risk of bias and numerical data. We analysed dichotomous data as odds ratios (ORs) and continuous data as mean differences (MD) using a random-effects model. We rated all outcomes using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We found four double-blind, double-dummy trials comparing LAMA to placebo, including 1197 people with asthma taking combination LABA/ICS. One of the trials was designed to study glycopyrronium bromide but was withdrawn prior to enrolment, and the other three all studied tiotropium bromide (mostly 5 µg once daily via Respimat) over 48 to 52 weeks. People in the trials had a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 55% of their predicted value, indicating severe asthma.People randomised to take tiotropium add-on had fewer exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids than those continuing to take LABA/ICS alone, but the confidence intervals did not rule out no difference (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.02; moderate quality evidence). Over 48 weeks, 328 out of 1000 people taking their usual LABA/ICS would have to take oral corticosteroids for an exacerbation compared with 271 if they took tiotropium as well (95% CI 218 to 333 per 1000). Analyses comparing the number of exacerbations per patient in each group (rate ratio) and the time until first exacerbation (hazard ratio) were in keeping with the main result. Quality of life, as measured by the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) was no better for those taking tiotropium add-on than for those taking LABA/ICS alone when considered in light of the 0.5 minimal clinically important difference on the scale (MD 0.09, 95% CI - 0.03 to 0.20), and evidence for whether tiotropium increased or decreased serious adverse events in this population was inconsistent (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.47; I(2) = 76%).Within the secondary outcomes, exacerbations requiring hospital admission were too rare to tell whether tiotropium was beneficial over LABA/ICS alone. There was high quality evidence showing benefits to lung function (trough FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC)) and potentially small benefits to asthma control. People taking tiotropium add-on were less likely to experience non-serious adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Tiotropium add-on may have additional benefits over LABA/ICS alone in reducing the need for rescue oral steroids in people with severe asthma. The effect was imprecise, and there was no evidence for other LAMA preparations. Possible benefits on quality of life were negligible, and evidence for the effect on serious adverse events was inconsistent. There are likely to be small added benefits for tiotropium Respimat 5 µg daily on lung function and asthma control over LABA/ICS alone and fewer non-serious adverse events. The benefit of tiotropium add-on on the frequency of hospital admission is still unknown, despite year-long trials.Ongoing and future trials should clearly describe participants' background medications to help clinicians judge how the findings relate to stepwise care. If studies test LAMAs other than tiotropium Respimat for asthma, they should be at least six months long and use accepted and validated outcomes to allow comparisons of the safety and effectiveness between different preparations.


Assuntos
Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/uso terapêutico , Brometo de Tiotrópio/uso terapêutico , Administração por Inalação , Adulto , Idoso , Progressão da Doença , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas Muscarínicos/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Brometo de Tiotrópio/efeitos adversos
8.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(3): e3562, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39144573

RESUMO

Background: Currently in Canada there are limited opportunities for advanced clinical pharmacy training after a year 1 residency. Advanced training programs currently in existence are year 2 residencies, clinical Master's degrees, and Fellowships. Objectives: To characterize the perceived need for advanced clinical pharmacy training in British Columbia and to determine the desired educational competencies to be gained through advanced training. Methods: Current pharmacy residents (academic year 2021/22) and residency graduates of the past 5 years (2017-2021), together referred to as early career pharmacists or ECPs, were surveyed. Provincial health authority pharmacy leaders who hire clinical pharmacists were also surveyed and invited to participate in key informant interviews. Results: Eighty-four ECPs and 22 pharmacy leaders participated in the surveys (estimated response rates 26% and 35%, respectively). Eleven (13%) of the ECPs had already completed advanced clinical training, and an additional 24 (29%) planned to pursue such training within 5 years. Sixteen (73%) of the pharmacy leaders had experienced difficulties in filling advanced practice positions over the previous 3 years due to a lack of qualified applicants, and 21 (95%) believed that more advanced training positions should be offered. The majority of ECPs interested in advanced training (39/60, 65%) chose year 2 residency as their preferred program, and 20 (91%) of the pharmacy leaders agreed that British Columbia should offer year 2 residencies. Both ECPs and leaders rated clinical skills and knowledge as the most important educational competencies. Conclusions: Pharmacy leaders expressed a need for more pharmacists with advanced clinical pharmacy training, and many ECPs were interested in pursuing such advanced training. Most respondents preferred the year 2 residency, with the most common goal being to improve clinical competencies.


Contexte: Actuellement au Canada, les possibilités de formation avancée en pharmacie clinique après une première année de résidence sont limitées. Les programmes de formation avancée qui existent actuellement sont les résidences de deuxième année, les maîtrises cliniques et les programmes de bourses. Objectifs: Caractériser le besoin perçu de formation avancée en pharmacie clinique en Colombie-Britannique et déterminer les compétences pédagogiques souhaitées qui doivent être acquises grâce à la formation avancée. Méthodologie: Les résidents actuels en pharmacie (année universitaire 2021­2022) et les diplômés en résidence des 5 dernières années (2017­2021), appelés ensemble « pharmaciens en début de carrière ¼ (« PDC ¼), ont été interrogés. Les responsables de pharmacie des autorités sanitaires provinciales qui embauchent des pharmaciens cliniciens ont également été interrogés et invités à participer à des entrevues à titre d'informateurs clés. Résultats: Quatre-vingt-quatre PDC et 22 responsables de pharmacie ont participé aux sondages (taux de réponse estimés à 26 % et 35 %, respectivement). Onze PDC (13 %) avaient déjà suivi une formation clinique avancée et 24 autres (29 %) prévoyaient de le faire dans les cinq ans. Seize responsables de pharmacie (73 %) ont éprouvé des difficultés à pourvoir des postes de pratique avancée au cours des trois années précédentes en raison d'un manque de candidats qualifiés, et 21 (95 %) d'entre eux étaient d'avis que des postes de formation plus avancée devraient être offerts. La majorité des PDC intéressés par une formation avancée (39/60, 65 %) ont choisi la résidence de deuxième année comme programme de premier choix, et 20 responsables de pharmacie (91 %) convenaient que la Colombie-Britannique devrait offrir des résidences de deuxième année. Les PDC et les responsables ont évalué les compétences et les connaissances cliniques comme étant les compétences théoriques les plus importantes. Conclusions: Les chefs de file des pharmacies ont exprimé le besoin de disposer d'un plus grand nombre de pharmaciens ayant une formation avancée en pharmacie clinique, et de nombreux PDC souhaitaient poursuivre une telle formation. La plupart des répondants préféraient la résidence de deuxième année, l'objectif le plus couramment cité étant l'amélioration des compétences cliniques.

9.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(1): e3433, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38204508

RESUMO

Background: Transitions of care represent a vulnerable time when patients are at increased risk of medication errors. Medication-related problems constitute one of the main contributors to hospital readmissions. Discharge interventions carried out by pharmacists have been shown to reduce hospital readmissions. Although clinical pharmacists in British Columbia are involved in discharges, their degree of involvement and the interventions they prioritize in practice have not been fully elucidated. Objectives: To characterize the current involvement of BC hospital pharmacists at the time of discharge, to identify which discharge interventions they believe should be prioritized, and who they feel should be responsible for these interventions, as well as to identify strategies to optimize the discharge process. Methods: A survey of BC hospital pharmacists was conducted in January and February 2022. The survey included questions about pharmacists' current involvement at the time of discharge, interventions required for a successful discharge, solutions for optimizing the patient discharge process, and participants' baseline characteristics. Results: The survey response rate was 20% (101/500). Pharmacists reported performing all interventions for less than 60% of their patients. Interventions such as medication reconciliation on discharge, medication education, and ensuring adherence were considered very important for a successful discharge and were considered to be best performed by pharmacists. Solutions for optimizing the discharge process included improved staffing, weekend coverage, timely notification of discharge, and prescribing by pharmacists. Conclusions: Despite the belief that most interventions listed in the survey are necessary for successful discharge, various barriers prevented pharmacists from providing them to all patients. Increased resources and expanded scope of practice for pharmacists could reduce hospital readmissions and enable broader implementation of discharge interventions.


Contexte: Les transitions de soins sont une période vulnérable pendant laquelle les patients courent un risque accru d'erreurs médicamenteuses. Les problèmes liés aux médicaments constituent l'un des principaux contributeurs aux réadmissions à l'hôpital. Il a été démontré que les interventions au moment du congé effectuées par les pharmaciens réduisent les réadmissions à l'hôpital. Même si les pharmaciens cliniciens de la Colombie-Britannique participent aux congés, leur degré de participation et les interventions qu'ils privilégient dans la pratique n'ont pas été entièrement élucidés. Objectifs: Caractériser l'implication actuelle des pharmaciens des hôpitaux de la Colombie-Britannique au moment du congé; recenser les interventions à ce moment qui, selon eux, devraient être prioritaires et quel praticien, selon eux encore, devrait être responsable de ces interventions; enfin, déterminer des stratégies pour optimiser le processus de congé de l'hôpital. Méthodes: Une enquête auprès des pharmaciens hospitaliers de la Colombie-Britannique a été menée en janvier et février 2022. L'enquête comprenait des questions sur l'implication actuelle des pharmaciens au moment du congé du patient, les interventions requises pour sa réussite, les solutions pour optimiser son processus ainsi que les caractéristiques de base des participants. Résultats: Le taux de réponse à l'enquête était de 20 % (101/500). Les pharmaciens ont déclaré avoir effectué toutes les interventions auprès de moins de 60 % de leurs patients. Les interventions telles que le bilan comparatif des médicaments à la sortie, l'éducation sur les médicaments et l'assurance de l'observance étaient considérées comme très importantes pour la réussite du congé et les pharmaciens étaient considérés comme étant les mieux placés pour effectuer ces interventions. Les solutions suggérées pour optimiser le processus comprenaient un meilleur personnel, une couverture le week-end, une notification en temps opportun du congé et des prescriptions par les pharmaciens. Conclusions: Même si l'on croit que la plupart des interventions énumérées dans l'enquête sont nécessaires pour la réussite du congé hospitalier, divers obstacles ont empêché les pharmaciens de les proposer à tous les patients. Des ressources accrues et un champ d'exercice élargi pour les pharmaciens pourraient réduire les réadmissions à l'hôpital et permettre une mise en oeuvre élargie des interventions au moment du congé.

10.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(1): e3419, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38204498

RESUMO

Background: Pharmacists lack a cohesive professional identity, with only limited previous research on the formation of a professional identity for pharmacy. In particular, there is sparse information on the professional identity of pharmacists who practise in hospital settings. Objectives: To determine hospital pharmacists' professional identity and the characteristics of an ideal pharmacist and ideal practice setting. Methods: This qualitative study used key informant interviews with semistructured questions. A maximum variation sampling strategy was used to recruit a cross-section of pharmacists from different geographic areas of British Columbia who were practising in a variety of roles. The interviews were transcribed and then analyzed thematically. Results: Nineteen pharmacists participated in the study. Seven themes pertaining to hospital pharmacists' professional identity were generated, specifically medication expert, therapy optimizer, collaborator, educator, researcher, patient advocate, and unknown professional. Similarities were found with personas previously identified in a population of primarily community pharmacists. The ideal pharmacist was described as being a medication expert, a collaborator, and a leader. The ideal practice setting was characterized as being adequately funded and allowing pharmacists to practise to their full scope. Conclusions: Hospital pharmacists' professional identity is based on being a medication expert who is seen as an essential member of a collaborative team.


Contexte: Les pharmaciens manquent d'une identité professionnelle cohérente et les recherches antérieures portant sur la formation d'une identité professionnelle de la profession sont limitées. En particulier, les informations sur l'identité professionnelle des pharmaciens exerçant en milieu hospitalier sont rares. Objectif: Déterminer l'identité professionnelle des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux ainsi que les caractéristiques d'un pharmacien idéal et d'un milieu d'exercice idéal. Méthodes: Pour cette étude qualitative, des questions d'entretien semi-structurées ont été utilisées auprès d'informateurs clés. Une stratégie d'échantillonnage à variation maximale a été utilisée pour recruter un échantillon représentatif de pharmaciens de différentes régions géographiques de la Colombie-Britannique pratiquant divers rôles. Les entretiens ont ensuite été retranscrits puis analysés par thème. Résultats: Dix-neuf pharmaciens ont participé à l'étude. Sept thèmes relatifs à l'identité professionnelle des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux se sont dessinés: expert en médicaments, optimisateur thérapeutique, collaborateur, éducateur, chercheur, défenseur des patients et professionnel méconnu. Des similitudes se sont dégagées avec des identités précédemment cernées dans une population constituée principalement de pharmaciens communautaires. Le pharmacien idéal a été décrit comme étant un expert en médicaments, un collaborateur et un leader. Le milieu de pratique idéal a quant à lui été décrit comme un milieu adéquatement financé permettant aux pharmaciens d'exercer pleinement leurs compétences. Conclusions: L'identité professionnelle du pharmacien hospitalier repose sur le fait d'être un expert en médicaments. Cet expert est considéré comme membre essentiel d'une équipe collaborative.

11.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(1): e3437, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38204503

RESUMO

Background: The expanding scope of practice of hospital pharmacists has contributed to improvements in patient care; however, workload remains a barrier to the provision of optimal pharmaceutical care. Established ratios to guide clinical pharmacy staffing on medical and surgical units are lacking in Canada. Objectives: To determine the pharmacist-to-patient ratio that allows for provision of comprehensive pharmaceutical care to each patient on a medical or surgical unit and to determine which comprehensive care tasks can be delivered in settings where staffing is limited. Methods: A multiphase study was conducted in 6 hospitals. First, a modified Delphi study was conducted to define and prioritize the elements of comprehensive pharmaceutical care. Next, a work sampling study was conducted to establish the frequency of each task and the time required for completion. Finally, a workforce calculator was used to determine pharmacy staffing ratios. Results: Ten pharmacists participated in the modified Delphi study, and 31 participated in the work sampling study. A total of 15 comprehensive care tasks were identified, 7 of which were categorized as tasks to prioritize in settings where staffing is limited. The optimal staffing ratios were 1 pharmacist to 13 patients in internal medicine teaching units, 1 pharmacist to 26 patients in hospitalist or internal medicine nonteaching units, and 1 pharmacist to 14 patients in surgical units. Conclusions: The optimal staffing ratios determined in this study should enable pharmacists to provide comprehensive care to each patient. Implementing these staffing ratios could increase the consistency of clinical pharmacy services, improve patient outcomes, and improve pharmacists' work satisfaction. Further research is required to validate these ratios in a variety of settings.


Contexte: L'élargissement du champ d'exercice des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux a contribué à l'amélioration des soins aux patients; cependant, la charge de travail reste un obstacle à la prestation de soins pharmaceutiques optimaux. Il n'existe pas de ratios établis pour guider la dotation en pharmacie clinique dans les unités médicales et chirurgicales au Canada. Objectifs: Déterminer le ratio pharmacien-patient permettant de fournir des soins pharmaceutiques complets à chaque patient dans une unité médicale ou chirurgicale donnée et déterminer quelles tâches de soins complets peuvent être dispensées dans des contextes où le personnel est limité. Méthodes: Une étude multiphase a été menée dans 6 hôpitaux. Tout d'abord, une étude Delphi modifiée a été menée pour définir et hiérarchiser les éléments d'une prise en charge pharmaceutique générale. Ensuite, une étude par échantillonnage de travaux a été menée afin d'établir la fréquence de chaque tâche et le temps nécessaire pour l'accomplir. Enfin, un calculateur d'effectifs a été utilisé pour déterminer les ratios de dotation en pharmacie. Résultats: Dix pharmaciens ont participé à l'étude Delphi modifiée et 31 ont participé à l'étude par échantillonnage de travail. Au total, 15 tâches de soins complets ont été identifiées, dont 7 ont été classées comme des tâches à prioriser dans des contextes où le personnel est limité. Les ratios d'effectifs optimaux étaient de 1 pharmacien pour 13 patients dans les unités d'enseignement de médecine interne, de 1 pharmacien pour 26 patients dans les unités non pédagogiques hospitalières ou de médecine interne et de 1 pharmacien pour 14 patients dans les unités chirurgicales. Conclusions: Les ratios d'effectifs optimaux déterminés dans cette étude devraient permettre aux pharmaciens de prodiguer des soins complets à chaque patient. Les mettre en œuvre pourrait accroître la cohérence des services de pharmacie clinique, améliorer les résultats pour les patients ainsi que la satisfaction au travail des pharmaciens. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour valider ces ratios dans divers contextes.

12.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(2): e3544, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38720914

RESUMO

Background: Prior research capturing pharmacists' perspectives on the discharge process has shown that their involvement is essential. Given the multidisciplinary nature of the hospital environment, it is important to understand the perspectives of nonpharmacist health care providers. Objectives: To explore the perspectives of nonpharmacist health care providers concerning current discharge practices, components of an effective discharge plan, and perceived barriers to an optimal discharge, and to explore their expectations of pharmacists at discharge. Methods: This qualitative study used key informant interviews of allied health professionals and prescribers at Vancouver General Hospital and North Island Hospital Comox Valley (British Columbia). Participants primarily working on general medicine, family practice, or hospitalist wards were invited to participate. Results: A total of 16 health care providers participated, consisting of 12 allied health professionals and 4 prescribers. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed 5 themes for each group. The following 3 themes were common to both groups: systems-related barriers to an optimal discharge; patient- and community-related barriers to an optimal discharge; and patient involvement and education. For allied health professionals, themes of prioritization of patients for discharge and direct communication/teamwork were also key for an optimal discharge. Prescriber-specific themes were limitations related to technology infrastructure and inefficiency of existing collaborative processes. Key responsibilities expected of the pharmacist at discharge included preparing the discharge medication reconciliation and prescriptions, addressing medication-related cost concerns, organizing adherence aids/tools, and providing medication counselling. Conclusions: Further studies are warranted to investigate optimization of the discharge process through implementation of standardized discharge protocols and electronic health record-related tools. The primary responsibilities of the pharmacist at discharge, as perceived by study participants, were consistent with previous literature.


Contexte: Des recherches antérieures recueillant le point de vue de pharmaciens sur le processus associé au congé de l'hôpital ont démontré que leur implication est essentielle. Compte tenu de la nature multidisciplinaire du milieu hospitalier, il est important de comprendre les perspectives des prestataires de soins de santé non pharmaciens. Objectifs: Étudier les points de vue des prestataires de soins de santé non pharmaciens au sujet des pratiques actuelles relatives au congé, des éléments d'un plan de congé efficace et des obstacles perçus à un congé optimal, et, enfin, prendre connaissance des attentes des prestataires à l'égard des pharmaciens au moment du congé. Méthodologie: Cette étude qualitative a utilisé des entretiens avec des informateurs clés, des professionnels paramédicaux et des prescripteurs au Vancouver General Hospital et au North Island Hospital Comox Valley (en Colombie-Britannique). Les participants travaillant principalement dans les services de médecine générale, de médecine familiale ou d'hospitalisation ont été invités à participer. Résultats: Au total, 16 prestataires de soins de santé ont participé, 12 professionnels paramédicaux et 4 prescripteurs. L'analyse thématique des transcriptions des entretiens a permis d'identifier 5 thèmes pour chaque groupe. Les 3 thèmes suivants étaient communs aux deux groupes: obstacles au congé optimal liés aux systèmes; obstacles au congé optimal liés aux patients et à la communauté; et participation et sensibilisation des patients. Pour les professionnels paramédicaux, les thèmes de la priorisation des patients pour le congé et de la communication directe/du travail d'équipe étaient essentiels pour un congé optimal. Les thèmes spécifiques aux prescripteurs étaient les limitations liées à l'infrastructure technologique et l'inefficacité des processus de collaboration existants. Les principales responsabilités attendues du pharmacien à la sortie comprenaient la préparation du bilan comparatif des médicaments et des ordonnances au moment du congé, la résolution des problèmes de coûts liés aux médicaments, l'organisation des aides/outils à l'observance et la fourniture de conseils en matière de médication. Conclusions: D'autres études sont nécessaires pour étudier l'optimisation du processus associé au congé grâce à la mise en œuvre de protocoles standardisés et d'outils liés aux dossiers de santé électroniques. Les principales responsabilités du pharmacien au moment du congé, telles que perçues par les participants à l'étude, correspondaient à la littérature antérieure.

13.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 77(2): e3545, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38720916

RESUMO

Background: Poor discharge planning can lead to increases in adverse drug events, hospital readmissions, and costs. Prior research has identified the pharmacist as an integral part of the discharge process. Objectives: To gain patients' perspectives on the discharge process and what they would like pharmacists to do to ensure a successful discharge. Methods: Twenty patients discharged from tertiary care hospitals were interviewed after discharge. A phenomenological approach was used to conduct this qualitative study. Results: Five main themes were identified from the patient interviews: interactions with health care professionals, importance of discharge documentation, importance of seamless care, comprehensive and patient-specific medication counselling, and patients' preference for involvement and communication at all stages of hospital stay. Conclusions: Although participants generally reported positive interactions with health care providers at discharge, several areas for improvement were identified, particularly in terms of communication, discharge documentation, and continuity of care. A list of recommendations aligning with patient preferences is provided for clinicians.


Contexte: Une mauvaise planification du congé hospitalier peut entraîner une augmentation des événements indésirables liés aux médicaments, des réadmissions et des coûts. Des recherches antérieures ont reconnu le pharmacien comme faisant partie intégrante du processus associé au congé de l'hôpital. Objectifs: Recueillir le point de vue des patients sur le processus relatif au congé et sur ce qu'ils aimeraient que les pharmaciens fassent pour assurer la réussite de celui-ci. Méthodologie: Vingt patients d'hôpitaux de soins tertiaires ont été interrogés après leur congé. Cette étude qualitative a été menée en adoptant une approche phénoménologique. Résultats: Cinq thèmes principaux ont émergé à partir des entretiens avec les patients: les interactions avec les professionnels de la santé, l'importance de la documentation au moment du congé, l'importance de soins continus, des conseils complets et spécifiques au patient en matière de médication, et la préférence des patients pour l'implication et la communication à toutes les étapes de leur séjour à l'hôpital. Conclusions: Bien que les participants aient généralement signalé des interactions positives avec les prestataires de soins de santé au moment de leur congé, plusieurs domaines d'amélioration ont été dépistés, notamment sur les plans de la communication, de la documentation au moment du congé et de la continuité des soins. Une liste de recommandations alignées sur les préférences des patients est fournie aux cliniciens.

14.
Curr Pharm Teach Learn ; 15(9): 836-842, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37537006

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment is an important role that pharmacists have in practice. Students often struggle with this complex clinical reasoning skill. TLC-Act is a tool that was created to mirror the steps and clinical checkpoints that pharmacists complete when assessing DDIs. Through integration of TLC-Act in the pharmacy curriculum, students will be better prepared for assessing and evaluating DDIs when in practice. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: For the 2021-2022 academic year, an asynchronous educational activity to teach students how to use TLC-Act was created and implemented. Five videos that encompassed multiple facets of TLC-Act including an introduction to the tool and how to use it, an example application of the tool to a patient case, and the clinical utility of using TLC-Act in the hospital and community settings. Students were instructed to view all five videos and then complete a patient case that focused on the DDI between ciprofloxacin and metformin. FINDINGS: A pre- and post-activity survey was disseminated to 640 students across the first three years of the program to gather students' perspectives on the educational activity. Overall, survey response rates were 32% for the pre- and 23% for the post-activity surveys. SUMMARY: The TLC-Act educational activity improved students' skills with managing DDIs.


Assuntos
Interações Medicamentosas , Educação em Farmácia , Farmacêuticos , Papel Profissional , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários
15.
Curr Pharm Teach Learn ; 15(7): 680-685, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37357129

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increasing interest in embedding patients' voices in the education of healthcare professionals. The purpose of this study was to conduct an environmental scan of entry to practice doctor of pharmacy (E2P PharmD) programs in Canada to determine to what extent pharmacy educators in Canada incorporate real patient voices in course delivery. METHODS: A web-based survey was distributed to an estimated total number of 750 pharmacy educators at eight Canadian English-speaking E2P PharmD programs. Respondents answered questions related to their experience incorporating patients' voices into their teaching, the value of patients' voices, and their perceived barriers. Aggregate data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Fifty-three pharmacy educators (7%) responded. Most respondents (93%) agreed that patients' voices are indispensable in pharmacy education, while only 32% reported that they had involved real patient voices in their courses in the past three years. Patient speech or presentation was reported as the most used method to involve real patient voices in their courses (39%), followed by question-and-answer sessions (17%). The top barriers perceived by pharmacy educators for involving real patients were insufficient teaching time (33%) and difficulty in recruiting patients (27%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' voices were used by one-third of the E2P PharmD educators who participated, though over 90% recognized its value. Where deployed, patients were invited to speak on a variety of topics relevant to their personal experiences. More research is needed to determine what benefits can result from patient voices and how to improve its sustainability.


Assuntos
Educação em Farmácia , Assistência Farmacêutica , Humanos , Canadá , Faculdades de Farmácia , Currículo
16.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 76(4): 302-308, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37767392

RESUMO

Background: Clinical Pharmacist Practitioners (CPPs) are independent care providers who practise to their full scope and have a positive impact on the quality of patient care. Ideally, all pharmacists in Canada would perform at this level. However, there is significant diversity in pharmacy practice across the country and among practice settings. It would be valuable to better understand how pharmacists attain CPP-level practice and what strategies might enable more pharmacists to practise at this level. Objectives: To understand the perceptions of current CPPs and stakeholders in the health care system regarding the status of the CPP role in Canada and to propose pathways that would facilitate the attainment and recognition of CPP-level practice. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews of peer-nominated CPPs and health care system stakeholders. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Interviews involving 13 CPPs and 6 health care system stakeholders, conducted between March and July 2020, yielded 3 theme categories related to CPP roles, each containing subthemes, and 3 distinct themes relating to pathways forward. The 3 pathway themes were the following: that a legislative solution for expanded pharmacist scope is needed, that a new degree program is not required for pharmacy in Canada, and that a unified national credential signifying high-level practice might allow for better recognition of CPPs. Conclusions: The full potential of pharmacists practising with advanced scope of practice in Canada has yet to be realized. Although significant external challenges exist, pharmacists must reframe the narrative by clearly articulating and defining their role within the Canadian health care system to increase CPP-level practice.


Contexte: Les praticiens cliniciens sont des prestataires de soins indépendants qui exercent toutes leurs compétences et ont une incidence positive sur la qualité des soins aux patients. Idéalement, tous les pharmaciens au Canada devraient exercer à ce niveau. Cependant, la pratique de la pharmacie diffère grandement au pays et selon le milieu d'exercice. Il serait utile de mieux comprendre comment les pharmaciens atteignent le niveau de pratique de praticiens clinicien et quelles stratégies pourraient permettre à davantage d'entre eux d'exercer à ce niveau. Objectifs: Comprendre les perceptions des praticiens cliniciens actuels et des parties prenantes du système de soins de santé concernant le statut du rôle des praticiens cliniciens au Canada et proposer des voies visant à faciliter la réalisation de la pratique au niveau de praticien clinicien et la reconnaissance de celle-ci. Méthodes: Une étude qualitative a été menée à l'aide d'entretiens semi-structurés avec des praticiens cliniciens désignés par leurs pairs et des parties prenantes du système de soins de santé. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés, retranscrits, puis analysés à l'aide d'une analyse thématique. Résultats: Des entretiens impliquant 13 praticiens cliniciens et 6 parties prenantes du système de soins de santé, menés entre mars et juillet 2020, ont permis de distinguer trois catégories thématiques liées aux rôles des praticiens cliniciens, chacune contenant des sous-thèmes, ainsi que trois thèmes distincts concernant les voies à suivre. Ces trois derniers thèmes étaient les suivants : la nécessité d'une solution législative pour l'élargissement du champ des compétences des pharmaciens; le fait qu'un nouveau programme diplômant ne soit pas requis pour la pharmacie au Canada; et l'idée qu'une accréditation nationale unifiée signifiant une pratique de haut niveau pourrait permettre de mieux reconnaître les praticiens cliniciens. Conclusions: Le plein potentiel des pharmaciens exerçant avec une portée de pratique avancée au Canada reste encore à réaliser. Malgré l'existence de défis externes importants, les pharmaciens doivent reformuler le récit en articulant et en définissant clairement leur rôle au sein du système de soins de santé canadien afin d'accroître la pratique au niveau de praticien clinicien.

17.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm ; 9: 100249, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37025942

RESUMO

Background: Quality Improvement (QI) is any systematic process that seeks to improve patient safety or clinical effectiveness in healthcare. Although hospital pharmacists positively contribute to QI initiatives, there is no information available regarding Canadian hospital pharmacists' involvement and perspectives with QI. Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to describe the QI experiences (including attitudes, enablers and barriers) of hospital pharmacists employed by the Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services (LMPS) in British Columbia. Methods: This research study used an exploratory cross-sectional survey. A 30-item survey was developed to measure QI experiences of hospital pharmacists including prior QI experiences, their attitudes towards pursuing QI initiatives, and their perceived enablers and barriers to participating in QI initiatives in hospital settings. Results: Forty-one pharmacists responded (response rate of 14%). Thirty-eight participants (93%) indicated that they were familiar with the concept of QI. All participants (100%) reported that it was important for pharmacists to be involved with QI despite the general lack of formal QI training among the participants, and 40 participants (98%) agreed that QI was necessary to advance patient care. Moreover, 21 participants (51%) showed interest in leading QI initiatives, while 29 (71%) would participate in QI initiatives. Participants identified several individual and organizational barriers that hindered hospital pharmacists from pursuing QI initiatives. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that hospital pharmacists in LMPS would like to be actively involved with QI initiatives; however, individual and organizational barriers must be addressed in order to facilitate widespread adoption of QI practices.

18.
Can Geriatr J ; 25(1): 32-39, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35310475

RESUMO

Background: We evaluated the prescribing practices of anticonvulsant (AC) adjuncts to benzodiazepines in managing Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS). We also examined the prescription of relapse prevention agents for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), and adverse events related to AWS treatment. Methods: Records were reviewed retrospectively pertaining to medically ill adults aged 60 and above with AWS and admitted to a medicine or hospitalist unit of a Canadian centre between June 2013 and June 2018. Duration and dosing of benzodiazepine, dosing and type of AC and AUD agent, and adverse events were collected. A multivariable regression model was employed. Results: 83 encounters were included in the study and 28 were prescribed an AC. The amount and duration of benzodiazepine administered were not statistically different between the benzodiazepine only and the AC adjunct groups, once severe AWS complications were accounted for. Five new prescriptions of traditional AUD agents were provided on discharge. No AC-associated adverse events occurred. Conclusions: AC adjuncts for AWS did not decrease the amount of benzodiazepine administered nor shorten the duration of treatment. Their routine use is not supported by our findings. Our study highlights a missed opportunity for AUD agents to be prescribed during hospitalization.

19.
Can J Hosp Pharm ; 75(2): 71-78, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35387374

RESUMO

Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can cause adverse drug events, leading to hospitalizations and an increase in the risk of morbidity and mortality. Until now, patients' perceptions of DDIs have represented an understudied area of research. Objectives: To explore patients' perceptions of DDIs and identify factors important to patients' understanding of their medications. Methods: Participants were recruited from 2 ambulatory clinics (heart function and transplant) in Vancouver, British Columbia. Participants engaged in key informant interviews and were asked to provide their demographic information, rate their understanding of their own medications, and define a DDI. Afterward, participants were interviewed to gather their perceptions of DDIs and factors important to their understanding of their medications. Results: A total of 7 patients were recruited. Participants struggled to define a DDI and were unsure if they had ever experienced a DDI. There was a reliance on health care professionals to help manage DDIs. Participants did not identify barriers preventing them from accessing medication information from health care professionals; however, they independently sought medication information found on the internet. Conclusions: Patients in this study had an incomplete understanding of DDIs and had difficulties differentiating DDIs from side effects of medications. As a result of their limited understanding of DDIs, patients relied on health care professionals to inform and manage their DDIs. Although patients did not identify barriers to accessing medication information, their pervasive use of the internet suggests that there are unidentified barriers preventing patients from speaking directly to their health care professionals regarding their medication therapy.


Contexte: Les interactions médicamenteuses (IM) peuvent provoquer des événements indésirables, entraínant des hospitalisations et une augmentation du risque de morbidité et de mortalité. Jusqu'à présent, les perceptions des patients concernant les IM représentaient un domaine de recherche sous-étudié. Objectifs: Explorer les perceptions des patients à l'égard des IM et recenser les facteurs importants pour qu'ils comprennent leurs médicaments. Méthodes: Les participants ont été recrutés dans deux cliniques ambulatoires (de la fonction cardiaque et de transplantation) à Vancouver, en Colombie-Britannique. Ils ont participé à des entretiens à titre d'informateurs clés et ont été invités à fournir leurs informations démographiques, à évaluer leur niveau de compréhension de leurs médicaments et à définir ce qu'on entend par « IM ¼. Par la suite, les participants ont été interrogés pour savoir comment ils percevaient les IM et pour recenser des facteurs importants leur permettant de comprendre leurs médicaments. Résultats: Au total, 7 patients ont été recrutés. Les patients avaient du mal à définir une IM et ne savaient pas s'ils avaient déjà vécu une IM. Ils comptaient ainsi sur les professionnels de la santé pour les aider à les gérer. Les patients n'ont identifié aucun obstacle les empêchant d'accéder aux informations sur les médicaments fournis par les professionnels de la santé; cependant, ils ont, de manière indépendante, cherché des informations sur les médicaments sur Internet. Conclusions: Les patients de cette étude avaient une compréhension limitée des IM et avaient des difficultés à faire la différence entre les IM et les effets secondaires des médicaments. En raison de cette compréhension limitée, les patients comptaient sur les professionnels de la santé pour les informer et gérer leurs IM. Bien que les patients n'aient pas signalé d'obstacles les empêchant d'accéder aux informations sur les médicaments, leur utilisation systématique d'Internet suggère que des obstacles non identifiés les empêchaient de parler directement à leurs professionnels de la santé au sujet de leur traitement médicamenteux.

20.
Clin Pharmacokinet ; 61(10): 1345-1363, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36040614

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend therapeutic drug monitoring as a critical component of valproic acid (VPA) therapy. Due to high protein binding, the active unbound (free) portion of VPA can be misrepresented by total VPA serum levels in certain clinical scenarios. Monitoring free VPA serum levels may be warranted when assessing the clinical response to VPA therapy. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to conduct a systematic review to identify a therapeutic range for free VPA serum levels; to explore the correlation of free VPA serum levels with clinical toxicity and therapeutic benefit; and to examine predictors of discordance between free and total VPA levels. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PsycINFO, BIOSIS Previews, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched from the time of database inception to June 20, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies that evaluated any patient receiving VPA with free VPA level monitoring were included. RESULTS: Of 189 citations, we identified 27 relevant studies, which included 14 observational studies, two case series, and 11 case reports. Three studies provided a therapeutic range for free VPA levels between 20 and 410 µmol/L. Two studies suggested the occurrence of hyperammonemia and thrombocytopenia at free VPA serum levels above 60 µmol/L and 103.3 µmol/L, respectively. Two studies suggested an upper limit for neurotoxicity at free VPA serum levels of 70 µmol/L and 207.9 µmol/L. Hypoalbuminemia was identified as a predictor of therapeutic discordance. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates a paucity of data informing the clinical utility of free VPA serum levels. Further high-quality trials are needed to validate an optimal therapeutic range for free VPA levels.


Assuntos
Hipoalbuminemia , Ácido Valproico , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Humanos , Ligação Proteica , Ácido Valproico/farmacocinética
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