[70-year history of studying the effectiveness of therapy of patients with depression with antidepressants - irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors]. / Semidesyatiletnyaya istoriya izucheniya effektivnosti terapii depressii neobratimymi neselektivnymi ingibitorami monoaminoksidazy.

The history of studying the effectiveness of therapy of patients with depression by irreversible non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is analyzed and systematized. Authors describe the stages of the appearance of the first data on the effectiveness of treatment by the first representatives (the 50s of the XX century), the targeted study of the effectiveness of the use of numerous «new¼ representatives and the emergence of disagreements in assessing the power of therapy (the end of the 50s-60s of the XX century), continuing to study the effectiveness of treatment by representatives who remained in clinical practice, and establishing its clinical predictors (80s-90s of the XX century), the appearance of the first data on the effectiveness of therapy for «atypical depression¼ (1959-1960) and further development of this issue (80s-90s of the XX century). The stage of formation and development of the idea of the effectiveness of treatment for resistant depression (late 70s-90s of the XX century) is characterized. Separately, the history of studying the effectiveness of application in the USSR and Russia (late 50s- 90s of the XX century) is outlined. The current state of the issue of assessing the effectiveness of therapy (the end of the 90s of the XX century - 2022) is shown.

[Antidepressants - stimulators for the release of norepinephrine and serotonin (history of creation, study of neurochemical effects and classification)]. / Antidepressanty ­ stimulyatory vysvobozhdeniya noradrenalina i serotonina (istoriya sozdaniya, izucheniya neirokhimicheskikh effektov i klassifikatsii).

The history of the creation and putting into practice of antidepressants and experimental agents - blockers of α2-adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT2-receptors is described. The author analyzes the history of development of mianserin, mirtazapine and other drugs and their position in the classification of antidepressants. On the basis of a generalization of historical facts, the rationality of assigning mianserin, mirtazapine, and possibly other compounds similar in chemical structure and mechanism of action to one neurochemical group and its designation by the term 'stimulators of the release of norepinephrine and (presumably) serotonin' is determined.

[A 70-year history of tricyclic antidepressants]. / 70-letniaia istoriia tritsiklicheskikh antidepressantov.

For the first time the facts from the history of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) are systematized in Russian psychiatric literature. The authors describe the history of first TCA agents, analyze the history of TCA group development based on the increase of new agents, present the history of original TCA creation in the USSR and the Eastern block countries, systemize the history of TCA classification development and review the studies on TCA neurochemical activity. An impact of TCA history on formulation of hypotheses of the pathogenesis of depression and some forms of neuroses is demonstrated. It is shown that the history of TCA creation urged the development of new groups of antidepressants.

[Multimodal serotonergic antidepressants]. / Mul'timodal'nye serotoninergicheskie antidepressanty.

Based on the original literature, the author for the first time describes a history of selective serotonergic antidepressants simultaneously inhibiting the serotonin reuptake and directly interacting with serotonin receptors. A history of creation and introduction of their main representatives is presented. A history of investigation of their neurochemical activity is analyzed in details. The history of the evolution of their classifications is systemized. The data presented suggest the rationale for unifying all selective serotonergic antidepressants, simultaneously inhibiting the serotonin reuptake and directly interacting with serotonin receptors (trazodone, etoperidone, nefazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine), in one group of 'multimodal serotonergic antidepressants'. The expediency to include this group in the modern neurochemical classification of nootropic drugs is substantiated.

[The efficacy and tolerability of pericyazine in the treatment of patients with schizotypal disorder, organic personality disorders and pathocharacterological changes within personality disorders]. / Éffektivnost' i perenosimost' terapii peritsiazinom bol'nykh shizotipicheskim rasstroistvom, organicheskim rasstroistvom lichnosti i patsientov s patokharakterologicheskimi narusheniiami v ramkakh rasstroistv lichnosti.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of pericyazine in the treatment of patients with mental disorders manifesting with psychopathic-like symptoms and correction of pathocharacterological disorders in patients with personality disorders during the short-term admission to the hospital or the long-term outpatient treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients with schizotypal personality disorder and organic personality disorder with psychopathic-like symptoms and pathocharacterological changes within the diagnosis of dissocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder were examined. Patients received pericyazine during the short-term admission to the hospital (6 weeks) or the long-term outpatient treatment (6 month). Efficacy, tolerability and compliance were assessed in the study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Treatment with pricyazine was effective in all patients. The improvement was seen in patients with organic personality disorders and patients with personality disorders (psychopathy). The maximal effect was observed in inpatients and this effect remained during outpatient treatment. The improvement of mental state of patients with schizotypal personality disorder achieved during inpatient treatment with pericyazine continued during the long-term outpatient treatment. Side-effects were restricted to extrapyramidal symptoms, the frequency of metabolic syndrome was low. During outpatient treatment, the compliance was higher if the patient was managed by the same psychiatrist during inpatient- and outpatient treatment.

[A current view on the history of atypical antipsychotics]. / Sovremennyi vzgliad na istoriiu atipichnykh antipsikhoticheskikh sredstv.

Based on the analysis of the original literature, the author for the first time systemizes the data on the story of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The history of introduction of the first atypical neuroleptics - clozapine and sulpiride, which launched the dichotomic development of psychopharmacology of atypical antipsychotics, is described. Historical facts on the introduction into practice of different sulpiride- and clozapine-like neuroleptics as well as the relationship of their history with the elaboration of dopamine and serotonin hypotheses of mechanisms of action of antipsychotics are presented. The author analyzes the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with different atypical neuroleptics. An importance of evidence-based medicine principles in the history of atypical antipsychotics is described. A significance of the history of some atypical and typical (pericyazine) neuroleptics in the evolution of conceptions on the validity of evidence-based medicine in psychiatry is evaluated. Main stages in the history of typical and atypical antipsychotics are determined.

[Antipsychotics of different clinical/pharmacological groups in treatment of negative disorders in schizophrenia].

The possibility of using different anti psychotics in treatment of negative disorders in schizophrenia is considered. Mechanisms of the development of "antinegative" effect during treatment with typical neuroleptics, atypical neuroleptics with dopamine-serotonin activity and atypical neuroleptics (partial dopamine receptor agonists) are analyzed. Their efficacy is discussed in the comparative context. In conclusion, a differential approach to schizophrenia treatment is suggested.

[The use of aripiprazole in the treatment of obesity associated with the administration of neuroleptics of the second generation in patients with schizophrenia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the advisability of using aripiprazole in schizophrenic patients with weight gain associated with treatment with atypical neuroleptics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 62 patients with schizophrenia in therapeutic remission. In all patients, weight gain was associated with the administration of atypical neuroleptics of the second generation. The treatment was stopped in 32 patients and 30 patients continued to receive atypical neuroleptics. RESULTS: Aripiprazole prevented exacerbations of disease and led to the significant reduction of the severity of negative symptoms. Switching patients to aripiprazole resulted in the considerable decrease in body mass up to its normalization. Side-effects included only mild akathisia. CONCLUSION: Comparison of results to literature values revealed that body mass decreased to the same degree as in patients treated with low doses of atypical neuroleptics. However, the use of first generation neuroleptics can not reduce the severity of negative symptoms and tolerability of these drugs is worse.

[Effect of side-effects and complications caused by atypical neuroleptics on the effectiveness of therapy in patients with schizophrenia].

434 patients were treated with clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine or typical neuroleptics. Main types of undesirable effects (side-effects and complications) that affected the effectiveness of treatment were singled out. It has been shown that the reduction of effectiveness may lead to the revision of treatment plan on life-saving indications or due to ethical considerations, the maintenance of therapeutic collaboration or the negative attitude of relatives to treatment. The data obtained suggest a different effect of side-effects on the effectiveness of treatment with atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs.

[Peculiarities of neuroleptic syndrome in women treated with typical and atypical neuroleptics].

Tolerability of haloperidol, clozapine and risperidone has been studied in 60 women with different psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (83,2%) and neurotic disorders (16,7%). A spectrum of neurological, mental and somatic side-effects was different in the treatment with typical (haloperidol) and atypical (clozapine and risperidone) antipsychotics. The treatment with haloperidol more often results in movement disorders, sleepiness, inhibition, sexual dysfunction and cholinolytic effects. Sedative effects, reduced sexual drive, somatic-autonomic symptoms (hypersalivation, constipations, dry mouth, orthostatic symptoms, tachycardia), and metabolic endocrine effects (weight gain) were the most characteristic side-effects for clozapine. Risperidone caused less intensive extrapyramidal and somatic-autonomous symptoms but more expressed metabolic endocrine disturbances (weight gain, galactorrhea, menstrual cycle dysfunction). Comparing to clozapine, side effects of risperidone were represented by the less intensive somatic-autonomous symptoms but more intensive weight gain, menstrual dysfunction and galactorrhea. Based on the previous results of the study of men, the authors conclude that frequency and intensity of neuroleptic side-effects are sex-related that should be taken into account in the choice of antipsychotics.

[Prescription of traditional neuroleptics in the remission period for schizophrenic patients with excess of body mass caused by atypical antipsychotics].

A sample included 61 patients, 53 men and 8 women, with ICD-10 episodic schizophrenia in the remission after treatment with atypical neuroleptics (risperidon, olanzapine, clozapine). All patients were featured by therapeutically caused excess of body mass (obesity of different degrees) that hampered the further treatment. In 31 cases (the main group) atypical neuroleptics were substituted for traditional drugs that exerted lesser influence on body mass. Haloperidol (mean dosage 4,1 mg daily) was administered to 17 patients and trifluoperazine (mean dosage 7,1 mg daily) to 14 patients. Other 30 patients (a control group) continued to receive atypical neuroleptics. Between group differences of patient's mental and somatic state were assessed using quantitative scales. It was shown that the substitution of atypical neuroleptics for traditional neuroleptic drugs allowed to stop further body mass gain and even decreased it without significant influence on psychopathological symptoms and other side-effects in patients with excess of body mass.