Bortezomib inhibits C2C12 growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Proteosome inhibitors such as bortezomib (BTZ) have been used to treat muscle wasting in animal models. However, direct effect of BTZ on skeletal muscle cells has not been reported. In the present study, our data showed that C2C12 cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in response to increasing concentrations of BTZ. Consistent with the results of cell viability, Annexin V/PI analysis showed a significant increase in apoptosis after exposing the cells to BTZ for 24h. The detection of cleaved caspase-3 further confirmed apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by BTZ was associated with reduced expression of p-ERK. Cell cycle analysis revealed that C2C12 cells underwent G2/M cell cycle arrest when incubated with BTZ for 24h. Furthermore, BTZ inhibited formation of multinucleated myotubes. The inhibition of myotube formation was accompanied by decreased expression of Myogenin. Our data suggest that BTZ induces cell death and inhibits differentiation of C2C12 cells at clinically relevant doses.

Angiotensin II causes weight loss and decreases circulating insulin-like growth factor I in rats through a pressor-independent mechanism.

The renin-angiotensin system regulates normal cardiovascular homeostasis and is activated in certain forms of hypertension and in heart failure. Angiotensin II has multiple physiological effects and we have shown recently that its growth-promoting effects on vascular smooth muscle require autocrine activation of the IGF I receptor. To study the effect of angiotensin II on circulating IGF I, we infused rats with 500 ng/kg/min angiotensin II for up to 14 d. Angiotensin II markedly reduced plasma IGF I levels (56 and 41% decrease at 1 and 2 wk, respectively) and IGF binding protein-3 levels, and increased IGF binding protein-2 levels, a pattern suggestive of dietary restriction. Compared with sham, angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats lost 18-26% of body weight by 1 wk, and pair-feeding experiments indicated that 74% of this loss was attributable to a reduction in food intake. The vasodilator hydralazine and the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan had comparable effects to reverse angiotensin II-induced hypertension, but only losartan blocked the changes in body weight and in circulating IGF I and its binding proteins produced by angiotensin II. Moreover, in Dahl rats that were hypertensive in response to a high-salt diet, none of these changes occurred. Thus, angiotensin II produces weight loss through a pressor-independent mechanism that includes a marked anorexigenic effect and an additional (likely metabolic) effect. These findings have profound implications for understanding the pathophysiology of conditions, such as congestive heart failure, in which the renin-angiotensin system is activated.

G-protein coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors: evidence that activation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor is required for thrombin-induced mitogenesis of rat aortic smooth muscle cells.

IGF I is an ubiquitous peptide that activates a membrane tyrosine kinase receptor and has autocrine/paracrine effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Thrombin activates a G-protein coupled receptor and is also a mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells. To assess the potential role of IGF I as a mediator of thrombin's effects, we characterized expression of IGF I and of its receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to thrombin. Thrombin dose-dependently decreased IGF I mRNA levels and caused a delayed decrease in IGF I secretion from vascular smooth muscle cells. This effect was mimicked by the hexapeptide SF-FLRN (that functions as a tethered ligand) and was inhibited by hirudin. In contrast, thrombin doubled IGF I receptor density on vascular smooth muscle cells, without altering binding affinity (Kd). An anti-IGF I antiserum markedly reduced thrombin-induced DNA synthesis, whereas nonimmune serum and an anti-fibroblast growth factor antibody were without effect. Cell counts confirmed these results. Downregulation of IGF I receptors by antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides likewise markedly inhibited thrombin-induced DNA synthesis. These data demonstrate that a functional IGF I-IGF I receptor pathway is essential for thrombin-induced mitogenic signaling and support the concept of cross talk between G-protein coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors.

Thrombin regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor transcription in vascular smooth muscle: characterization of the signaling pathway.

We have previously demonstrated that thrombin upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is essential for thrombin-induced mitogenic signaling. To characterize the mechanisms involved, we studied transcription of the IGF-1R gene in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Thrombin markedly increased IGF-1R mRNA levels, peaking at 3 hours (112+/-7% above control). This effect was mimicked by the hexapeptide SFFLRN (that functions as a tethered ligand) and was blocked by the thrombin inhibitor hirudin. Nuclear run-on assays indicated that thrombin stimulated IGF-1R gene transcription by 2.1-fold, and this was confirmed with the use of actinomycin D. Thrombin-mediated upregulation of IGF-1R mRNA and protein levels was protein kinase C independent but was completely inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and by the antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species. The thrombin-induced increase in IGF-1R mRNA was inhibitable by diphenyleneiodonium chloride but not by other inhibitors of cellular oxidase systems, suggesting that NAD(P)H oxidase was necessary for the increase. Furthermore, inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, Janus kinase-2 kinase, and Src kinase did not block the effect. Thus, thrombin transcriptionally regulates the IGF-1R gene via a redox-sensitive protein tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway that does not require protein kinase C activation. In view of our prior data indicating that IGF-1R density is a critical determinant of vascular smooth muscle cell growth, our findings have particular relevance to understanding mechanisms whereby growth factors such as thrombin regulate vascular proliferation in vivo.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 expression in vascular smooth muscle.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) may change coronary plaque integrity by altering vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) survival and modifying the extracellular matrix. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) prevents apoptosis, promotes matrix formation, and can decrease TNF-alpha or IL-1beta--induced proteoglycan degradation. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine the effects of cytokines on the IGF-1 system, rat aortic VSMCs were exposed to TNF-alpha (10 to 500 ng/mL), IL-1beta (20 pg to 10 ng/mL), IL-6 (100 pg to 15 ng/mL), or IFN-gamma (10 to 600 U/mL). IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma did not regulate IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor (R), or IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). However, TNF-alpha markedly decreased IGF-1 mRNA (85% reduction at 24 hours) and increased IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein (300% increase at 24 hours). These changes were blocked by actinomycin D, consistent with a transcriptional mechanism. Experiments using TNF binding protein-1 indicated that these effects were not attributable to secretion of an autocrine factor. Anti--IGFBP-3 antibodies increased VSMC DNA synthesis 3-fold. In addition, apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and Fas ligand was markedly reduced by desamino-(1-3)-IGF-1. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha, a cytokine that is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques, reduces IGF-1 and increases IGFBP-3 in VSMCs, likely leading to a reduction in bioactive IGF-1. Because IGF-1 is important for growth and survival of VSMCs, its downregulation by TNF-alpha possibly plays a crucial role in acute and chronic coronary syndromes by decreasing VSMC viability and promoting plaque instability.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic plaques.

BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic oxidized LDL (oxLDL) has been shown to promote apoptosis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We investigated the localization of oxLDL and its association with apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Atherosclerotic plaques (n=23) from patients undergoing aortic, carotid, or femoral arterial surgery were studied. In early lesions, oxLDL was located predominantly in the superficial intima and in the media just beneath the internal elastic lamina. Medial VSMCs staining positive for oxLDL showed expression of BAX, a proapoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family. Apoptosis, as detected by DNA in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end-labeling (TUNEL), was not present in these early lesions. In advanced plaques, areas of the intima positive for oxLDL showed lower alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity (P<0.01) and higher BAX immunoreactivity (P<0.05). Furthermore, these areas showed an increased number of apoptotic VSMCs (P<0.01). Western blot analysis revealed that oxLDL increases BAX expression in cultured human coronary VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in early atherosclerotic lesions, oxLDL-positive VSMCs express BAX, which increases the susceptibility of these cells to undergo apoptosis. This could be important in our understanding of the transition of early lesions into advanced atherosclerotic plaques, which are characterized by regions of cell death. In advanced plaques, oxLDL-positive areas of the intima show higher BAX immunoreactivity and TUNEL-positive VSMCs, and this may contribute to plaque instability and rupture.

Angiotensin II Modulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor I Expression in the Cardiovascular System.

The renin-angiotensin system is important in the pathophysiology of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and vascular remodeling. Angiotensin II is a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cells and for cardiac myocytes and non-myocytes. Recently, angiotensin II has been shown to interact at multiple levels with the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) system. IGF-I is a major regulator of developmental growth, and of cellular metabolism and differentiation, acting by endocrine and autocrine/paracrine pathways. Angiotensin II activates IGF-I receptor signaling through multiple mechanisms, and this activation is required for the growth-promoting effects of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle. Angiotensin II also stimulates cardiac IGF-I gene expression. Contrary to its effects on vascular and cardiac IGF-I expression, angiotensin II depresses circulating IGF-I through a pressor-independent anorexigenic effect. The anorexigenic effect of angiotensin II, and an additional metabolic effect, produce marked weight loss in the angiotensin II-infused animal. The alterations in local and circulating IGF-I expression produced by angiotensin II are potentially of importance in understanding the pathophysiology of conditions in which the renin-angiotensin system is activated. (Trends Cardiovascular Med 1996;6:187-193).

Insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins in the cardiovascular system.

A large body of evidence has conclusively shown that IGF I is an essential regulator of developmental growth. Thus mice bearing a null mutation for the IGF IR gene invariably die shortly after birth, and mice bearing a null mutation for the IGF I gene have a high neonatal mortality rate and marked growth retardation [158,159]. The ubiquitous effects of IGF I make it likely that this autocrine/endocrine system plays an important role in cardiovascular development. Its potential role in cardiovascular pathophysiology has raised considerable interest over the last several years. There is strong evidence that IGF I is a critical determinant of vascular growth responses in vitro and in vivo. Regulation of VSMC IGF IR availability appears to be crucial for the control of VSMC growth, and as such is at a convergence point for the effects of multiple growth factors. Clinical studies relating to IGF I in hypertension are extremely limited but significant data from animal studies now suggest a role for IGF I as a mediator of hypertrophic/hyperplastic responses in hypertension. Furthermore, significant animal data now exist implicating IGF I as an important mediator of cardiac hypertrophic responses. The development of a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of the IGF IR should allow rational clinical trials to address the function of IGF I as a mediator of cardiovascular growth responses. Specifically, areas of great interest will include the potential prevention of post-angioplasty restenosis, of atherosclerotic lesion development and progression, and of the complications of hypertensive vascular disease. The use of IGF I to ameliorate myocardial growth and function post infarction, to promote angiogenesis and collateral artery formation in the setting of peripheral vascular disease, are other important directions for future research. The use of IGF I to improve wound healing, improve recovery from acute renal failure and improve glucose control is currently under investigation. Clearly ongoing studies addressing the mechanisms whereby IGF I interacts with its receptor and binding proteins to produce its effects in cardiovascular tissues, will provide a rationale for novel and pertinent clinical research.

Reactive oxygen species stimulate insulin-like growth factor I synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to study potential regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), its binding proteins, and the IGF I receptor by reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS: We used cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells exposed to xanthine (100 microM) and xanthine oxidase (5 microU/ml) or H2O2 (200 microM) and measured IGF I mRNA levels by solution hybridization/RNase protection assays, IGF I protein levels by radioimmunoassay, and IGF binding proteins by Western ligand blotting. Additionally, we measured the effect of anti-IGF I antiserum on xanthine/xanthine oxidase- and H2O2-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS: Xanthine/xanthine oxidase and H2O2 stimulated increases in IGF I mRNA and protein levels and reduced IGF binding protein-4 levels in conditioned medium. The effect of xanthine/xanthine oxidase was inhibited by the scavengers superoxide dismutase and catalase. Xanthine/xanthine oxidase- and H2O2-stimulated DNA synthesis was completely inhibited by a neutralizing anti-IGF I antiserum. CONCLUSION: Reactive oxygen species increased vascular smooth muscle cell synthesis of IGF I and reduced levels of the inhibitory IGF binding protein-4. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species-induced DNA synthesis was inhibited by an anti-IGF I antiserum. These findings suggest that the autocrine IGF I system plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell growth responses to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the findings have important implications for understanding biological responses to changes in redox state.

Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene: evidence for protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways.

An important mechanism whereby growth factors stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is by increasing insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor binding. To characterize the mechanisms involved, we studied transcription of the IGF-I receptor gene in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Angiotensin II (100 nM) and basic fibroblast growth factor (5 ng/ml) caused a marked increase in IGF-I receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, peaking at 3 h (215 +/- 16.8% and 85 +/- 7.4% above control, respectively). Nuclear run-on assays indicated that angiotensin II and fibroblast growth factor stimulated IGF-I receptor gene transcription by 2.1- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Down-regulation of protein kinase C, a serine/threonine kinase that is important in growth factor-activated signal transduction, completely inhibited fibroblast growth factor- but not angiotensin II-mediated up-regulation of IGF-I receptor mRNA. The protein kinase C inhibitors chelerythrine (3 microns), calphostin C (100 nM), and staurosporine (10 nM) also blocked fibroblast growth factor but not angiotensin II induction of IGF-I receptor mRNA. Thus, angiotensin II and fibroblast growth factor transcriptionally regulate the IGF-I receptor gene by protein kinase C-independent and -dependent pathways, respectively. In view of our prior data indicating that IGF-I receptor density is a critical determinant of vascular smooth muscle cell growth, our findings have particular relevance to understanding mechanisms whereby growth factors regulate vascular proliferation in vivo.

Angiotensin II induces skeletal muscle wasting through enhanced protein degradation and down-regulates autocrine insulin-like growth factor I.

We previously showed that angiotensin II (ang II) infusion in the rat produces cachexia and decreases circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The weight loss derives from an anorexigenic response and a catabolic effect of ang II. In these experiments we assessed potential catabolic mechanisms and the involvement of the IGF-I system in these responses to ang II. Ang II infusion caused a significant decrease in body weight compared with that of pair-fed control rats. Kidney and left ventricular weights were significantly increased by ang II, whereas fat tissue was unchanged. Skeletal muscle mass was significantly decreased in the ang II-infused rats, and a reduction in lean muscle mass was a major reason for their overall loss of body weight. In skeletal muscles, ang II did not significantly decrease protein synthesis, but overall protein breakdown was accelerated; inhibiting lysosomal and calcium-activated proteases did not reduce the ang II-induced increase in muscle proteolysis. Circulating IGF-I levels were 33% lower in ang II rats vs. control rats, and this difference was reflected in lower IGF-I messenger RNA levels in the liver. Moreover, IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3, and IGF-binding protein-5 messenger RNAs in the gastrocnemius were significantly reduced. To investigate whether the reduced circulating IGF-I accounts for the loss in muscle mass, we increased circulating IGF-I by coinfusing ang II and IGF-I, but this did not prevent muscle loss. Our data suggest that ang II causes a loss in skeletal muscle mass by enhancing protein degradation probably via its inhibitory effect on the autocrine IGF-I system.

Hypertension increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 mRNA levels in rat aorta.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine growth factor. Recently, we have demonstrated that interrenal aortic coarctation in the rat increases IGF-I mRNA levels in the thoracic aorta, consistent with a role for this mitogen in hypertensive vascular remodeling. The effects of IGF-I are modulated by several IGF binding proteins including IGFBP-3, the main circulating carrier of IGF-I, and IGFBP-4, the main IGF binding protein produced by vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. To obtain insights into the regulation of IGF-I and more specifically to study potential changes in IGF binding proteins in high-renin hypertension, we studied male Sprague-Dawley rats that had undergone abdominal aortic coarctation. Compared with sham-operated rats, the study rats showed a rapid increase in IGFBP-4 mRNA levels in the hypertensive (thoracic) aorta, reaching a plateau at 3 days (2.5-fold increase) and persisting for at least 14 days. In striking contrast, IGFBP-4 mRNA decreased slightly in the normotensive (abdominal) aorta at 14 days. IGFBP-3 mRNA levels did not change in either vascular bed after coarctation. Study of hepatic tissue indicated that in coarcted rats IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-3 mRNA levels decreased transiently (approximately 50% at 7 days compared with sham). Circulating IGF-I in coarcted animals decreased slightly (P = .08), and Western ligand analysis indicated that circulating levels of IGF binding proteins were not altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I messenger RNA levels in vascular smooth muscle cells.

We have previously demonstrated specific insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASM). To define the role of IGF I in the autocrine growth program of vascular smooth muscle cells, we quantitated IGF I mRNA levels in proliferating and quiescent (serum-deprived for 48 hours) RASM. IGF I mRNA levels were markedly decreased in quiescent cells, and this effect was reversible on reexposure to serum. Since platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) acts synergistically with IGF I to stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth, we exposed quiescent RASM to PDGF AB or BB and quantitated IGF I transcript levels. Both PDGF dimers caused a marked, rapid increase in IGF I message levels. To determine whether induction of IGF I mRNA levels correlated with secretion of IGF I, we measured immunoreactive IGF I in RASM conditioned medium after separation of IGF I binding proteins by gel filtration chromatography. PDGF caused a significant increase in IGF I release at 24 hours. These findings indicate that IGF I mRNA levels in vitro are regulated by serum and by growth factors such as PDGF. Serum deprivation reversibly decreases IGF I transcript levels, and exposure of quiescent cells to PDGF increases IGF I mRNA levels and IGF I release. Regulation of IGF I expression by competence growth factors such as PDGF may play an important role in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth.

Insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in vascular cells.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), a potent growth factor in vitro, is present in blood and in multiple tissues and is a major mediator of the effects of growth hormone on postnatal growth. IGF I is internalized and retained largely intact in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Neovasculature transiently expresses IGF I immunoreactivity, but it is not known whether this represents internalization of the circulating growth factor or vascular cell synthesis of IGF I. As an initial approach to defining the role of endogenous production of IGF I in the growth program of the vessel wall, Northern hybridizations were performed with RNA from cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells and bovine aortic endothelial cells. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells expressed three primary IGF I messenger RNA transcripts sized 8.2, 1.7, and 0.9-1.2 kb. Bovine aortic endothelial cells expressed one major and one minor IGF I transcript of 2.1 and 1.6 kb, respectively. IGF I gene expression in smooth muscle cells was also demonstrated by ribonuclease protection assays using a rat exon 3 riboprobe. Both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells secreted IGF I, as detected by radioimmunoassay of conditioned medium after separation of IGF I from its binding proteins by gel filtration chromatography. Because IGF I stimulates growth of vascular cells, characterization of IGF I gene expression in blood vessels may be key to understanding developmental as well as abnormal growth in the cardiovascular system.

Sequence of a cDNA encoding dog insulin-like growth factor I.

Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a cDNA derived from dog left ventricular myocardium, using primers specific for rat insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI), exons 3 and 6, yielded the dog clone, IGFI5.1. This clone includes the signal peptide sequence, the entire coding sequence for mature dog IGFI and the C-terminal extension sequence. By analogy with the organization of the rat and human IGFI genes which encode two extension peptides, we have termed this cDNA, dog IGFIa. The deduced amino acid sequence of mature dog IGFI is identical to that of human IGFI.

In-vivo measurements of wall shear stress in human coronary arteries.

BACKGROUND: Wall shear stress (WSS) is closely associated with arteriosclerosis. WSS values for various vessels and species are available, but fully in-vivo measurements in human coronary arteries have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To measure WSS in undiseased coronary arteries of adult patients at rest. METHODS: We recorded the temporal average value (APV) of the instantaneous maximal blood velocity in the three vessel segments of angiographically normal coronary artery bifurcations in 21 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization to treat various diseases by means of a 0.036 cm Doppler wire (FloWire). In total, 36 bifurcations were examined. The 36 x 3 cross-sectional areas (CSA) were determined by means of a three-dimensional angiographic technique. The three flows, Q1 (inflow), Q2, and Q3 of each bifurcation were calculated according to Q=0.5 x APV x CSA. For each segment, WSS was calculated as WSS=32 eta Q/(pi D3) (where blood viscosity eta=3.5 mPa s and D is vessel diameter). Only the 54 WSS values obtained from the 18 flow triplets which satisfied the equation Q1/(Q2+Q3)=1 better than did the 18 other ones were retained. RESULTS: The 54 WSS values ranged from 0.33 to 1.24 Pa (mean 0.68 Pa, SEM, 0.027 Pa). They did not depend significantly on Q (r=0.07; P=0.60) and the CSA (r=0.24, P=0.08) but the second relationship approached significance. CONCLUSION: The obtained mean WSS value (0.68 Pa) is half the value predicted for coronary arteries from optimality principles. It is also smaller than many values reported for human carotid, renal, and femoral arteries.

Gamma-irradiation markedly inhibits the hydrated collagen gel contradiction by arterial smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND: Vessel wall responses to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty include neointimal proliferation and arterial remodeling. The contraction of a collagen gel is a good in vitro model of wound repair and vascular remodeling. Because irradiation is an important new therapeutic modality capable of preventing restenosis, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of irradiation on the contraction of a collagen gel by smooth muscle cells (SMCs), on SMCs viability, and on DNA synthesis. METHODS: We studied the effect of different doses of gamma-irradiation (0 [control], 6, 12, and 18 Gy) on the contraction of a collagen gel seeded with SMCs (calf carotid arteries) during a period of 15 days. RESULTS: Maximal gel diameter reduction (from 35 to 6.8 mm, +/-0.5 mm in control) was markedly inhibited in the 6-, 12-, and 18-Gy groups (35 to 13.7 mm, +/-0.8 mm; 35 to 15.5 mm, +/-0.9 mm; and 35 to 16.1 mm, +/-0.9 mm, respectively; P<0.0001). The irradiated gels showed a dose-dependent reduction in the SMC proliferation rate (P<0.0001) and an increase in the number of nonviable SMCs (P<0.002) 15 days after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Gamma-irradiation produces a significant dose-dependent inhibition of the contraction of collagen gels seeded with arterial SMCs. This effect is related to a significant decrease in SMC viability and a decrease in SMC proliferation rate. These findings shed light on mechanisms whereby irradiation may positively affect arterial remodeling after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties.

Fibroblast growth factor regulates insulin-like growth factor-binding protein production by vascular smooth muscle cells.

Insulin-like growth factor I is an important mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells, and its effects are regulated by several binding proteins. Western ligand blotting of conditioned medium from rat aortic smooth muscle cells detected a 24 kDa binding protein and a 28 kDa glycosylated variant of this protein, consistent with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 by size. Low amounts of a glycosylated 38 to 42 kDa doublet (consistent with binding protein-3) and a 31 kDa non-glycosylated protein also were present. Basic fibroblast growth factor markedly increased secretion of the 24 kDa binding protein and its 28 kDa glycosylated variant. This effect was dose- and time-dependent and was inhibited by co-incubation with cycloheximide. Crosslinking of [125I]-insulin-like growth factor I to cell monolayers revealed no surface-associated binding proteins, either basally or after agonist treatment. Induction of binding protein production by fibroblast growth factor at sites of vascular injury may be important in vascular proliferative responses in vivo.

Induction of cardiac insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in pressure overload hypertrophy.

Molecular mechanisms regulating the cardiac hypertrophic response to increased hemodynamic load are understood poorly. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) is a mitogen that is thought to play a key role in pre- and postnatal growth. To investigate a possible role of IGF I in the cardiac response to pressure overload, rats underwent banding of the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve using a hemoclip, or a sham procedure. An analysis of left-ventricular RNA by Northern hybridization using a 32P-labeled IGF I cDNA revealed four messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts of 7.6, 4.6, 1.7, and 0.9 to 1.2 Kb. Insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid was quantitated by ribonuclease protection assays using a rat exon 3 riboprobe. There was a sustained increase in IGF I mRNA levels that correlated temporally with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. These results indicate that left ventricular pressure overload is associated with an induction of cardiac IGF I gene expression. Insulin-like growth factor I may play a role in the response to increases in wall stress and likely contribute to cardiac hypertrophy.

Endothelin A and B receptors are down-regulated in the hearts of hypertensive rats.

Endothelins are vasoactive peptides that have been implicated in the development and maintenance of systemic arterial hypertension. The biologic effects of endothelins result from activation of either or both of the two known endothelin receptor subtypes, A and B [ET-R(A) and ET-R(B)], which are present not only in blood vessels but also throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. To investigate the potential role and regulation of myocardial endothelin receptors in hypertension, we examined the expression of ET-R(A) and ET-R(B) receptors in the hearts of normotensive and hypertensive rats. A cDNA probe for the ET-R(A) receptor was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of rat aortic smooth muscle cell mRNA, using degenerate primers specific for intramembrane domains III and VI of G-coupled receptors. Moderate stringency hybridization screening of a rat aortic smooth muscle cell cDNA library yielded a partial clone for the ET-R(B) receptor. These two clones were used to examine expression of the ET-R(A) and ET-R(B) receptors in heart, brain, and kidney tissues from Wistar-Kyoto (normotensive), spontaneously hypertensive, salt-hypertensive sensitive, and salt-hypertensive resistant rats by Northern analysis. ET-R(A) and ET-R(B) mRNA were present in the hearts of normal rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts did not express either ET-R(A) or ET-R(B) mRNA, whereas both salt-hypertensive sensitive and resistant rats fed a high-salt diet expressed both ET-R(A) and ET-R(B) receptor mRNAs. Conversely, in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats, mRNAs for both ET-R(A) and ET-R(B) mRNA were present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)