RESUMO
The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma spindale infection in domestic ruminants in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh by coprological and necropsy examination. Examination of 177 buffaloes, 283 sheep and 166 goats faecal samples (n = 626) revealed 2.25, 2.82 and 1.80% of S. spindale infection, respectively. Necropsy examination of 21 buffaloes, 185 sheep and 217 goats revealed 14.2, 1.08 and 3.68% of S. spindale infection, respectively. Overall, microscopic examination of faecal smears revealed 2.39% (n = 15) prevalence of S. spindale infection in ruminants in the study area, while 3.07% (n = 13) of ruminants were found to be positive for S. spindale during postmortem examination. Adult worms collected from the mesenteric veins were processed and identified as S. spindale. Grossly, the infected livers were found with petechial haemorrhages, cirrhotic changes and pinpoint granulomas in parenchymatous tissue. Histological sections of livers revealed microgranulomas with infiltration of mononuclears, eosinophils and fibroblast cells surrounding the Schistosome ova. The intestinal mucosa was thickened, edematous and haemorrhagic with copious mucous exudates. Cut section of infected intestines revealed severe inflammatory reactions in the mucosa and sub mucosa and granulomatous changes surrounding the Schistosoma eggs.
RESUMO
6-Thioguanine encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles (6-TG-CNPs) has formulated by the ionic-gelation method. Morphologically, the 6-TG-CNPs were spherical and showed mean size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of 261.63 ± 6.01 nm, 0.34 ± 0.10, +15.97 ± 0.46 mV and 44.27%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the 6-TG complex with chitosan. The in vitro drug release profile of 6-TG-CNPs revealed an increase in sustained-release (91.40 ± 1.08% at 48 h) at pH 4.8 compared to less sustained-release (73.96 ± 1.12% at 48 h) at pH 7.4. The MTT assay was conducted on MCF-7 and PA-1 cell lines at 48 h incubation to determine % cell viability. The IC50 values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for MCF-7 were 23.09, 17.82, and 15.73 µM, respectively. Likewise, IC50 values of 6-TG, 6-TG-CNPs, and curcumin for PA-1 were 5.81, 3.92, and 12.89 µM, respectively. A combination of 6-TG-CNPs (IC25) with curcumin (IC25) on PA-1 and MCF-7 showed % cell viability of 43.67 ± 0.02 and 49.77 ± 0.05, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity potential in terms of % cell viability, early apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest, and DNA demethylating activity of 6-TG-CNPs alone and combination with curcumin proved to be more effective than that of 6-TG on PA-1 cells.