Future scenarios in the former oil capital: coastal flooding and social vulnerability in Macaé, RJ.

The accelerated urban growth in Macaé had important consequences on socio-spatial organization, especially about housing spaces that became increasingly difficult to be accessed by the low-income population. The most devalued lands, such as mangroves and floodplains, were occupied by the low-income population. The proposal highlighted in this project focuses directly on the problem of rising sea levels and flooding in the urban space of Macaé, which is of social interest. A simulation of future scenarios with sea level rise above the current one, allowing the identification of areas flooded by marine transgression on a time scale of 100 years (for the year 2100). For this, the rate was chosen for the simulation: the greenhouse gas scenario RCP8.5, as given in IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of 2014. A radiative forcing that corresponds to more than 700 ppm CO2-eq, but less than 1500 ppm, the projected increase is 1 m to more than 3 m (medium confidence) and more than 3 m (medium confidence). This assessment is based on the average confidence in the contribution from thermal expansion and low confidence in the modeled contribution modeled contribution of the ice sheets. Therefore, the climate change-induced global mean sea level rise is caused by thermal expansion of ocean water and ocean mass gain, the latter being mainly due to a decrease in land ice mass. The estimated sea-level rise used for the projection of this study is 2.15, as proposed by Grinsted et al. in 2009.

The Underwater Vision Profiler 6: an imaging sensor of particle size spectra and plankton, for autonomous and cabled platforms.

Autonomous and cabled platforms are revolutionizing our understanding of ocean systems by providing 4D monitoring of the water column, thus going beyond the reach of ship-based surveys and increasing the depth of remotely sensed observations. However, very few commercially available sensors for such platforms are capable of monitoring large particulate matter (100-2000 µm) and plankton despite their important roles in the biological carbon pump and as trophic links from phytoplankton to fish. Here, we provide details of a new, commercially available scientific camera-based particle counter, specifically designed to be deployed on autonomous and cabled platforms: the Underwater Vision Profiler 6 (UVP6). Indeed, the UVP6 camera-and-lighting and processing system, while small in size and requiring low power, provides data of quality comparable to that of previous much larger UVPs deployed from ships. We detail the UVP6 camera settings, its performance when acquiring data on aquatic particles and plankton, their quality control, analysis of its recordings, and streaming from in situ acquisition to users. In addition, we explain how the UVP6 has already been integrated into platforms such as BGC-Argo floats, gliders and long-term mooring systems (autonomous platforms). Finally, we use results from actual deployments to illustrate how UVP6 data can contribute to addressing longstanding questions in marine science, and also suggest new avenues that can be explored using UVP6-equipped autonomous platforms.

Determination and Evaluation of Metallothionein and Metals in Mugil cephalus (Mullet) from Pontal Bay, Brazil.

To assess environmental contamination, studies have been increasingly carried out using biomarkers to diagnose the effects of toxic metal exposure, such as metallothionein (MT). In this context, the aims of the present study were to determine Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations, by ICP-MS, in liver samples from Mugil cephalus from the municipality of Ilhéus, located in North-Southeastern Brazil, in the state of Bahia, which has been increasingly suffering from anthropogenic pressure, and to quantify total MT in liver and gills. Among essential metals, copper (199.2 µg g-1) presented concentrations approximately 7 times higher than allowed by the World Health Organization (30 µg g-1). Liver samples showed higher concentrations than gills. Metallothionein concentrations indicate differential contamination along the study area. The first sampling showed higher induction of MT synthesis overall. Differences between liver and gill MT concentration trends were relatively minor, which may indicate the adequacy of analyzing gills in an environmental monitoring context.

Mineral composition, nutritional properties, total phenolics and flavonoids compounds of the atemoya fruit (Annona squamosa L. x Annona cherimola Mill.) and evaluation using multivariate analysis techniques.

The atemoya is a hybrid fruit obtained by crossing of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) with sweet sop (Annona squamosa L.). The information about chemical composition of atemoya is scarce. The mineral composition was evaluated employing Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) and the centesimal composition and the physico-chemical parameters were assessed employing procedures described in the AOAC methods. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoids (TF) were determined using spectroanalytical methods. Considering the Reference Daily Intake (RDI), the concentrations of K, Cu and Vitamin C found in atemoya were the highest, representing about 32, 23 and 37% of the RDI, respectively. The total carbohydrates were 32 g 100g-1 and the soluble solids was equivalent to (32.50 ± 0.03) °Brix. The result for TPC was 540.47 ± 2.32 mgGAE 100 g-1 and the TF was 11.56 ± 1.36 mgQE 100 g-1. The exploratory evaluation of 42 atemoya samples was performed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which discriminated green and ripe fruits according to their mineral composition. The elements that contributed most for the variability between green and ripe fruits were: Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg and P.

The 2009 earthquake, magnitude mb 4.8, in the Pantanal Wetlands, west-central Brazil.

The main goal of this paper is to characterize the Coxim earthquake occurred in June 15th, 2009 in the Pantanal Basin and to discuss the relationship between its faulting mechanism with the Transbrasiliano Lineament. The earthquake had maximum intensity MM V causing damage in farm houses and was felt in several cities located around, including Campo Grande and Goiânia. The event had an mb 4.8 magnitude and depth was 6 km, i.e., it occurred in the upper crust, within the basement and 5 km below the Cenozoic sedimentary cover. The mechanism, a thrust fault mechanism with lateral motion, was obtained by P-wave first-motion polarities and confirmed by regional waveform modelling. The two nodal planes have orientations (strike/dip) of 300°/55° and 180°/55° and the orientation of the P-axis is approximately NE-SW. The results are similar to the Pantanal earthquake of 1964 with mb 5.4 and NE-SW compressional axis. Both events show that Pantanal Basin is a seismically active area, under compressional stress. The focal mechanism of the 1964 and 2009 events have no nodal plane that could be directly associated with the main SW-NE trending Transbrasiliano system indicating that a direct link of the Transbrasiliano with the seismicity in the Pantanal Basin is improbable.

Sea-level fluctuations and coastal evolution in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.

The present paper aims to investigate the relative sea-level and the coastal evolution during the Holocene in the Rio de Janeiro coastline, based on geological and biological indicators. Using topographic survey, excavation and coring, and 14C dating of these coastal deposits and beachrocks outcrops, we have reconstructed a sea-level curve for the Holocene. For the first time on the Brazilian coast it was identified a negative record of relative sea-level during Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene transition. After the transition, a relatively rapid increase of sea-level began. At approximately at 8500 cal yr BP, the sea-level was 0.5 m below the current level, was overtaken for the first time in the Holocene, at approximately 7500 cal yr BP. The maximum level of +2.5 m was reached between 4770 and 4490 cal yr BP. At the point of maximum transgression, the sea-level began a general behavior of lowering until the present. These results confirm other data already obtained elsewhere along the Atlantic coast of South America. The results of this study are consistent with previous researches and they help to refine the Holocene sea-level record along the Brazilian coast.

Stress Inoculation in Police Officers Using Virtual Reality: A Controlled Study.

Policing is a highly demanding and stressful profession. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing stress management programs, including for police officers. The use of VR in combination with biosensors enables measurement of psychophysiological responses such as peripheral temperature (PT) and skin conductance level (SCL). This study investigated the psychophysiological responses of police officers exposed to a VR scenario simulating a car accident. The study included a total of 63 police officers from the Public Security Police. Participants were divided into three groups based on their police divisions: the Investigation Brigade of Traffic Accidents, the Traffic Surveillance Squad (TSS), and a control group from the Lisbon Metropolitan Command. The results indicated that the VR environment effectively induced psychophysiological arousal, particularly in less experienced officers (TSS), that is, there were significant group differences in mean SCL and PT, showing this group with higher SCL and lower PT during the VR exposure. These results support the potential of VR as a stress inoculation strategy for training police officers and highlight the complex nature of stress responses that are influenced by individual factors and psychopathology.

Analysing chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of geopropolis from Melipona scutellaris: HPLC-DAD and in vitro/in silico investigations.

This study evaluated the chemical profile, antimicrobial activity, and the presence of potentially toxic elements in geopropolis extracts produced by Melipona scutellaris in the Recôncavo region of Bahia, Brazil. It was found that the major chemical compounds belong to the class of phenolic compounds, with emphasis on the presence of gallic acid. In this study, no potentially toxic elements were found in the analysed geopropolis. Regarding the antimicrobial potential, gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to the action of geopropolis extract at concentrations of 0.25 to 2.5 mg.mL-1, highlighting its microbiological activity against Streptococcus mitis (ATCC 00456) and Candida albicans (CCMB 251). Thus, this geopropolis extract can be used as a bacteriostatic rather than a bactericide. Our results suggest the potential for the economic and therapeutic use of M. scutellaris geopropolis, adding value to one of the meliponiculture products.

Exploratory Analysis of South American Wines Using Artificial Intelligence.

In this work, microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry was applied for multielement determination in South American wine samples. The analytes were determined after acid digestion of 47 samples of Brazilian and Argentinian wines. Then, logistic regression, support vector machine, and decision tree for exploratory analysis and comparison of these algorithms in differentiating red wine samples by region of origin were carried out. All wine samples were classified according to their geographical origin. The quantification limits (mg L-1) were P: 0.06, B: 0.08, K: 0.17, Mn: 0.002, Cr: 0.002, and Al: 0.02. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing the wine samples by ICP OES for results' comparison. The concentrations in mg L-1 found for each element in wine samples were as follows: Al (< 0.02-1.82), Cr (0.15-0.50), Mn (< 0.002-0.8), P (97-277), B (1.7-11.6), Pb (< 0.06-0.3), Na (8.84-41.57), and K (604-1701), in mg L-1.

Postoperative Functional Evaluation in Patients Undergoing Surgical Treatment of the Terrible Triad Injury of the Elbow.

Objective To evaluate the functional results of patients submitted to a surgical approach for the treatment of the terrible triad of the elbow, analyzing the treatment methods used and associated epidemiological variables. Methods Patients who underwent surgical treatment for the terrible triad of the elbow from February 2018 to June 2020 at our service were evaluated. The identified sample consisted of 17 patients, but of these, only 13 completed all stages of the study and, therefore, were considered as the universe to be considered. Epidemiological information of interest was collected: age, sex, hand of dominance, affected side, characteristics and classification of injuries, trauma mechanism, time to surgery, type of procedure performed and range of motion. The Mason classification was used for radial head fractures and the Regan and Morrey classification for the coronoid process. In order to perform a functional analysis, the DASH and BRUCE questionnaires were applied. Results About 77% of the patients were male, 92% of the fracture mechanisms were due to high-energy trauma. Contrary to this, the predominance of the non-dominant side was observed as the most affected. Evaluating the results according to the time to start the treatment, the patients operated within 14 days had statistically better functional results. Conclusion Surgical treatment of TTIE generates acceptable functional results in most cases. The success of the treatment is related to the time interval between the trauma and the first surgery, in addition to the severity of the injuries.

Application of two- and multiway chemometric strategies for describing elementomic changes in pepper plants exposed to cadmium stress by multielement determination.

The objective of this work was to evaluate elemental changes in pepper exposed to Cd stress through different chemometric tools. For this purpose, pepper plants were grown under five different treatments with different Cd concentrations in the nutrient solution. Considering the hypothesis that pepper plants exposed to Cd stress during growth undergo changes in the macro- and microelemental distribution in leaves, stems, and roots, principal component analysis (PCA) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis were applied to compare bidirectional and multivariate chemometric strategies to assess elemental changes in pepper plants. Since the number of variables and the data generated were large and complex, the application of chemometric tools was justified to facilitate the visualization and interpretation of results. The mineral composition, namely the Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, and P contents, was assessed in 180 samples of leaves, stems, and roots of the cultivated peppers. Then, PCA and PARAFAC analysis were applied to compare bidirectional and multivariate chemometric strategies to assess elemental changes throughout pepper plants. The visualization of the trend on each sample and their intrinsic relationship with the variables were possible with the application of PCA. The use of PARAFAC analysis permitted the simultaneous study of all samples in a straightforward representation of the information that facilitated a quick and comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution of elements in plants. Thus, macroelements (Ca, K, Mg, N, and P) that were found in higher concentrations in leaves did not present significant differences in the distribution along the plants under different treatment conditions. In contrast, a significant impact on the microelement (Cu, Fe, and Mn) distribution was produced between uncontaminated and contaminated samples. This analysis revealed a significant accumulation of Cd in roots and adverse effects on normal plant growth, demonstrating their level of phytotoxicity to pepper.

Tannin-based product in feedlot diet as a strategy to reduce enteric methane emissions of Nellore cattle finished under tropical conditions.

A total of 120 Nellore bulls, [initial body weight (BW) = 307 ± 11.6 kg and 12 mo of age] were allocated into 12 collective pens (10 bulls per pen) in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the effects of a specific blend of tannin and saponins on enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The study was a completely randomized design, in which pens were considered the experimental units (N = 6 pens per treatment) and were randomly allocated into one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON), a basal diet with monensin supplementation (25 mg/kg dry matter [DM]; Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), or 2) Control + a specific blend of tannin and saponins (TAN; 7 g/kg DM; composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts along with carriers from cereals rich in saponins; SilvaFeed BX, Silvateam, San Michele Mondovi, CN, Italy). After the adaptation period (20 d), the experiment was divided into two phases: growing phase (21 to 53 d; total of 33 d) and fattening phase (54 to 139 d; total of 86 d). Enteric methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. Interactions between treatment and period (growing vs. fattening) were detected for daily CH4 emissions, in which animals fed TAN reduced CH4 emissions by 17.3% during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.05). In addition, bulls fed TAN had lower CH4 emissions expressed by dry matter intake (DMI) during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.06). The findings presented herein indicate that a specific blend of tannin and saponins can be used as a strategy to reduce enteric CH4 emissions and its intensity of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot systems under tropical conditions.

Experimental research with synthetic copolymer-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: inflammatory and thrombogenicity analysis.

This study aimed to assess complement system activation and index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation between synthetic copolymer-coated cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit and conventional CPB circuit. Twenty-six pigs were equally divided into two groups--the conventional group and the coated group. They were placed on CPB for 90 min, and blood samples were collected at three different time points (T0, right before CPB establishment; T1, 45 min after starting CPB; and T2, 90 min after starting CPB) to measure total count of inflammatory cells (leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets) and serum levels of fraction C3 of complement system. Upon completion of the 90-min CPB, fragments of different compartments of the CPB circuit were taken for assessing index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation. There were no differences between both groups regarding total count of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes; however, there was a lower count of platelets at T2 in the coated group (P = 0.020). The serum level of fraction C3 was lower in the coated group at T1 (P = 0.020) and T2 (P = 0.017). Higher index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation were detected in the conventional group (77% of the animals within the conventional group) than in the coated group (46% of the animals within the coated group). In conclusion, in heart surgery requiring CPB, the use of synthetic copolymer-coated CPB circuit may be useful to reduce complement system activation, as well as attenuating index of thrombogenicity and platelet aggregation.

Support vector machine and PCA for the exploratory analysis of Salvia officinalis samples treated with growth regulators based in the agronomic parameters and multielement composition.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different growth regulators on the mineral and total phenolic contents of Salvia officinalis. The samples received the applications of salicylic acid (AS); gibberellic acid (GA3); abscisic acid (ABA) and solution without regulators (control). The exploratory evaluation of the samples was carried out through the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In addition, has been used supervised learning methods with support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to classify the samples. The phenolic and total flavonoid contents were higher in the plants treated with the regulators. The element found in the highest concentration in Salvia officinalis was N. Plants sprayed with ABA showed higher concentrations of N, K, and Mn; Fe and Al were higher with ABA and gibberellin application, while the application of AS provided the highest accumulation of P. The application of plant regulators improves the nutraceutical properties of Salvia officinalis.

Application of multivariate analysis to assess stress by Cd, Pb and Al in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) using caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids and total dry mass in response.

Basil is an edible, aromatic plant, which makes the study of the ecotoxicity of metals in plant metabolism relevant. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of metals, aluminum, lead, and cadmium, in the synthesis of phenolic compounds and in the dry mass of basil plants (O. basilicum L.) grown in a hydroponic system. The plants were subjected to four different concentrations of cadmium (0.2, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mmol L-1), lead and aluminum (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 mmol L-1), and compared with the control. After desiccation of the plant material, the total dry mass was obtained and then, hydroethanolic extracts (43% distilled water and 57% ethanol) were made for biochemical analyzes, which consisted of the determination of caffeic acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis with a diode detector (HPLC-DAD); total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) by spectrophotometry. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and multivariate analysis (principal component analysis-PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis-HCA) was applied for data association. The phenolic compounds showed a high positive correlation with each other, and the total dry mass showed low and negative correlations with the analyzed variables. The results showed that the metals aluminum, lead, and cadmium promoted a stress condition in basil plants, which resulted in the reduction of the dry matter mass and an increase in the synthesis of phenolic compounds, according to the type and concentration of the metal.

Exploratory analysis in the evaluation of stress due to aluminum presence in Physalis angulata L. and multielement determination by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES).

The present work aimed to analyze the mineral nutrition of Physalis angulata L. under stress by aluminum in the nutrient solution. The treatments consisted of five different concentrations of aluminum in the nutrient solution (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 mmol L-1) in the AlCl3 form. The plants were exposed to Al for 30 days. Subsequently, nutritional and aluminum analyses were performed on plant tissue. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p < 0.05), and, in case of significance, the regression study was performed as well as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used. The formation of four groups occurred, where we can observe the similarity and differences in the treatments between them. The separation of the treatments into groups reflected the heterogeneity of the treatments about the aluminum levels in the nutrient solution, evidencing its phytotoxicity level in Physalis angulata plants. Among the analyzed variables, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mo, and Zn were the most influential ones demonstrated by principal component analysis (PCA). The stress of 0.16 mmol L-1 of Al increased the phosphorus contents in the stems and roots and the potassium, copper, and molybdenum contents in all parts of the plants. In contrast, Al reduced the levels of calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc in P. angulata plants. Iron being the micronutrient that showed the largest reduction, followed by zinc in the leaves. The highest levels of aluminum were found in the roots.

Multielement Determination in Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines Containing Cynara scolymus L., Harpagophytum procumbens D.C., and Maytenus ilifolia (Mart.) ex Reiss from Brazil Using ICP OES.

Worldwide, medicinal plants and herbal medicines are widely consumed. The aim of this study was to determine macro- (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and microelements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn) in medicinal plants and herbal medicines: "globe artichoke" - Cynara scolymus L., "devil's claw" - Harpagophytum procumbens D.C., and "espinheira santa" - Maytenus ilifolia (Mart) ex Reiss. Concentrations of 24 (essential and toxic potentially) elements in samples from Brazil were determined using a sequential optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) after acid digestion, assisted by microwave radiation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to carry out an exploratory analysis of samples. The elements were quantified (in µg/g): Al (20.24-1261.64), Ba (18.90-63.18), Ca (2877.6-19,957.40), Cr (0.28-1.38), Cu (4.16-21.99), Fe (8.54-627.49), K (1786.12-32,297.19), Mg (505.82-6174.52), Mn (0.40-205.64), Na (1717.23-18,596.45), Ni (< LoQ-0.99), P (35.12-2899.91), Se (1.52-3.71), Sn (1.53-12.43), Sr (52.33-84.31), V (< LoQ-0.24), and Zn (2.60-30.56). As, Cd, Co, Mo, Pb, and Sb, in all the investigated samples, were found to be below the limit of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) values of ICP OES. These medicinal plants and herbal medicines can be sources of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn. All samples showed considerable levels of Al. PCA and HCA showed that the samples separated into two large groups.

Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements from Brazilian Geopropolis Produced by the Stingless Bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Using ICP OES.

Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides is a species of stingless bee popularly known in Brazil as "mandaçaia". Products derived from bees for food and therapeutic uses, have stimulated the evaluation of the chemical composition of geopropolis. Concentrations of 24 essential and potentially toxic elements were determined in geopropolis samples, using a sequential optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to carry out an exploratory analysis of the samples. The following elements were quantified (in mg Kg-1): Al (320,414.40-36,911.1), As (

Characterization of honey of stingless bees from the Brazilian semi-arid region.

The physicochemical characteristics of honey vary according to bee species, climate, region, period of collection, processing and storage. In this context, this work aimed to perform a comparative study of the physicochemical characteristics of Melipona subnitida and M. fasciculata honey collected at different periods and regions of the State of Piauí, Brazil. Twenty-nine honey samples were collected and evaluated by principal component analysis from physicochemical analysis data. Twenty-two percent of the parameters analyzed differed between species. Evaluating the collection period, the honey of M. subnitida and M. fasciculata presented differences among themselves. The study revealed a similarity between the physicochemical parameters of the honey of the two species of bees, in addition, the time was one of the determining factors in the formation of clusters.

D-optimal mixture design for the optimization of extraction induced by emulsion breaking for multielemental determination in edible vegetable oils by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry.

A sample pretreatment based on an extraction process by emulsion breaking for multi-element determination in edible oils was developed. The determination of eight trace elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Cr, P, Ni, Ti, and Zn) was carried out by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) after the extraction procedure. A D-optimal mixture experimental design was used to obtain the best experimental conditions for the extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB). The proportion of HNO3 solution, Triton X-100 solution and sample was evaluated in a multivariate manner. The best recovery efficiency was obtained with 1.0 mL of 30% (v/v) HNO3, 1.0 mL of 30% (w/v) Triton-X 100 and 3.0 mL of the sample. The precisions, established as the relative standard deviation (RSD, %), were better than 2.5% for all analytes. The developed method was applied to the analysis of commercial vegetable oils with low limits of detection and good precision.