Effect of isolated fractions of Barleria prionitis root methanolic extract on reproductive function of male rats: preliminary study.

Male rats treated with 100 mg/kg for 60 days of isolated fractions of the Barleria prionitis root methanolic extract (Fr. I and Fr. II) showed a significant reduction on spermatogenesis without affecting general body metabolism. Sperm motility as well density in cauda epididymides was reduced significantly. The fertility was decreased by 33.4% in Fr. I and 100% in Fr. II treated rats. The blood parameters were within the normal range. Total protein, glycogen and sialic acid contents of testes were reduced after the plant fractions treatment. Seminal vesicular fructose was decreased significantly after the treatment. The population of various spermatogenic cells such as primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids were declined significantly in Fr. II treatment groups whereas in Fr. I treated animals preleptotene spermatocyte and spermatid number was decreased. There was no significant change in the number of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia in any of the treatment group.

Effects of danazol on the pituitary-gonadal axis in male gerbils and mice.

Danazol administration caused lesions in the seminiferous tubules of gerbils and mice. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and finally spermatozoa. Danazol administration did not cause damage to the epididymal cells but was followed by a significant increase (p smaller than 0.01) in the diameter of the Leydig cell nuclei. The growth of androgen-dependent organs was reversibly suppressed after treatment. Resumption of normal gonadal function in the mouse occurred 32 days after discontinuation of medication. Danazol brought about transient changes resembling those of bilateral gonadectomy in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Inhibition of endogenous gonadotropins occurred, reflected in the increased basophilic cell percentage.

Effects of alpha-chlorohydrin on the testes and epididymides of dog: a preliminary study.

Chronic administration of alpha-chlorohydrin (8 mg/kg for 30 days, caused lesions in the testis of dog. Seminiferous tubules presented marked degenerative changes. Leydig cell hypertrophy was conspicous. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. Obstruction of the epididymal lumen was not seen. Alpha-Chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid in the testis, caput epidiymis, corpus epididymis, and cauda epididymis. The total cholesterol per gram of testis was increased significantly after alpha-chlorohydrin administration. The anti-androgenic nature of alpha-chlorohydrin is suggested.

PIP: A preliminary study of the effects of alpha-chlorohydrin on the reproductive tract of male dogs is presented. 10 animals were injected with 8 mg/kg/day of the drug for 30 days. The seminiferous tubules showed considerable degeneration and shrinkage. A gradual loss of type A spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa was observed in the testes. The volume of Leydig cell cytoplasm increased, showing a granular appearance, and the nuclei were enlarged. Epididymides weights were significantly lower than those of controls (p less than .02). The epididymal lumen contained no spermatozoa and there was no evidence of obstruction. The synthesis of RNA and sialic acid was inhibited in the testis, caput epididymis, corpus epididymis, and cauda epididymis. Alpha-chlorohydrin significantly increased the total amount of cholesterol per gram/testis (p less than .02). Results indicate that alpha-chlorohydrin is antiandrogenic in nature and acts directly on the testis and epididymal biochemistry.

Effect of Semecarpus anacardium fruits on reproductive function of male albino rats.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of an ethanolic extract of Semecarpus anacardium fruits on spermatogenesis in albino rats. METHODS: Male albino rats were fed with a 50 % ethanolic extract of Semecarpus anacardium fruit at 100 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), 200 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) and 300 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) for 60 days. Fertility test was performed after 60 days of treatment. Sperm motility and density were observed in the cauda epididymis. Biochemical and histological analyses of the blood and reproductive organs were done. Recovery of fertility was followed to evaluate the reversibility of drug action. RESULTS: S. anacardium fruit extract administration resulted in spermatogenic arrest in albino rats. The sperm motility and density was reduced significantly. The RBC and WBC counts, haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood sugar and urea were found to be within the normal range in the whole blood. The protein, cholesterol and glycogen in the testes and the fructose in the seminal vesicle were significantly decreased after the treatment. The fruit extract feeding caused marked reduction in the number of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. The number of mature Leydig cells was also decreased and degenerating cells increased proportionately. CONCLUSION: S. anacardium fruit extract causes spermatogenic arrest in albino rats.

Effect of Sarcostemma acidum stem extract on spermatogenesis in male albino rats.

AIM: To evaluate the possible antifertility activity of Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb) Voigt. stem extract in male rats. METHOD: Male rats were given 70% methanol extract of S. acidum stem orally at dose levels of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 60 days. Fertility was evaluated with mating test. Sperm motility and sperm density in cauda epididymides were also assessed. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed on blood samples and on the reproductive organs. RESULTS: S. acidum stem extract resulted in an arrest of spermatogenesis without any systemic side effect. Sperm motility as well as sperm density was reduced significantly. Treatment caused a 80% reduction in fertility at the 50 mg dose and complete suppression of fertility at the 100 mg dose. There was no significant change in RBC and WBC count, hemoglobin, haematocrit, sugar and urea in the whole blood and cholesterol, protein and phospholipid in the serum. The protein and glycogen content of the testes, fructose in the seminal vesicle and protein in epididymides were significantly decreased. Cholesterol in the testes was elevated. Treatment at both of the doses caused a marked reduction in the number of primary spermatocytes (preleptotene and pachytene), secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. The number of mature Leydig cells was decreased, and degenerating Leydig cells was increased proportionately. CONCLUSION: S. acidum stem extract arrests spermatogenesis in male rats without noticable side effects.

Testicular cell population dynamics following palmitine hydroxide treatment in male dogs.

Palmitine hydroxide isolated from the roots of Berberis chitria administered orally to dogs 30 mg/kg per day for 60 days brings about a consistent impairment of primary and secondary spermatocytes and elongated spermatids (Stages IV-VIII). The primary and secondary spermatocytes were reduced by 60 and 68%, respectively, and the elongated spermatids were decreased by 58%. The number of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells remained unaltered. The production of immature and mature Leydig cells decreased by 66% and 27%, respectively. Protein, sialic acid and glycogen content and acid phosphatase activity of testes and epididymides were lowered to varying extents. Testicular cholesterol was elevated significantly. Weights of the testes and epididymides were significantly reduced. The antispermatogenic action of palmitine hydroxide may be mediated by disturbances in Leydig cell function.

Antiatherosclerotic effects of fish extract feeding in rabbits.

The feeding of a fish extract, prepared by extracting whole fish with 80% ethanol, prevented abdominal, thoracic aorta and coronary atheroma in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Daily fish extract feeding reduced serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels by 41.8 and 38.0%, respectively. In addition, triglyceride levels were reduced by 52.8%. Hepatic and aortic contents of cholesterol and phospholipids approached normal levels in cholesterol-fed rabbits on the fish extract diet. Fish extract feeding induced a greater fecal excretion of cholesterol. Plaque formation was very little or absent in the aorta of fish-fed rabbits.

Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

The lipid lowering and antiatherosclerotic effects of Emblica officinalis (Amla) fresh juice were evaluated in cholesterol-fed rabbits (rendered hyperlipidaemic by atherogenic diet and cholesterol feeding). E. officinalis fresh juice was administered at a dose of 5 ml/kg body weight per rabbit per day for 60 days. Serum cholesterol, TG, phospholipid and LDL levels were lowered by 82%, 66%, 77% and 90%, respectively. Similarly, the tissue lipid levels showed a significant reduction following E. officinalis juice administration. Aortic plaques were regressed. E. officinalis juice treated rabbits excreted more cholesterol and phospholipids, suggesting that the mode of absorption was affected. E. officinalis juice is an effective hypolipidaemic agent and can be used as a pharmaceutical tool in hyperlipidaemic subjects.

Antifertility studies of the root extract of the Barleria prionitis Linn in male albino rats with special reference to testicular cell population dynamics.

Oral administration of root extract of Barleria prionitis L. to male rats (100 mg/rat per day) for the period of 60 days did not cause body weight loss. The root extract brought about an interference with spermatogenesis. The round spermatids were decreased by 73.6% (P< or =0.001). No significant change was found in the population of secondary spermatocytes. However, the population of preleptotene spermatocytes were decreased by 41.9%. The extract reduced the fertility of male rats by 100%. Cross sectional surface area of Sertoli cells and mature Leydig cell numbers were significantly reduced (36.9%). The total protein, sialic acid contents of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and prostate were reduced. Testicular glycogen contents were low. Antifertility effects of Barleria seemed to be mediated by disturbances in testicular somatic cells functions (Leydig and Sertoli cells) resulting in the physio-morphological events of spermatogenesis.

Circadian and pulsatile variations in plasma levels of inhibin, FSH, LH and testosterone in adult Murrah buffalo bulls.

The present study investigated pulsatile and circadian variations in the circulatory levels of inhibin, gonadotrophins and testosterone. Six adult buffalo bulls (6 to 7 yr of age) were fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters, and blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals for a period of 24 h and then at 15-min interval for 5 h. Plasma concentrations of inhibin, FSH, LH and testosterone were determined by specific radioimmunoassays. Plasma inhibin levels in Murrah buffalo bulls ranged between 0.201 to 0.429 ng/mL, with a mean of 0.278 +/- 0.023 ng/mL. No inhibin pulses could be detected during the 15-min sampling interval. Plasma FSH levels ranged between 0.95 to 3.61 ng/mL, the mean concentration of FSH over 24 h was 1.66 +/- 0.25 ng/mL. A single FSH pulse was detected in 2 of 6 bulls. The LH levels in peripheral circulation ranged between 0.92 to 9.91 ng/mL, with a mean concentration of 3.33 +/- 1.02 ng/mL. Pulsatility was detected in LH secretion with an average of 0.6 pulses/h. Plasma testosterone levels in 4 buffalo bulls ranged from 0.19 to 2.99 ng/mL, the mean level over 24 h were 1.34 +/- 0.52 ng/mL. Testosterone levels in peripheral circulation followed the LH secretory pattern, with an average of 0.32 pulses/h. The results indicate parallelism in inhibin, FSH and LH, and testosterone secretory pattern. Divergence in LH and FSH secretory patterns in adult buffalo bulls might be due to the presence of appreciable amounts of peripheral inhibin.

Hypocholesterolemic activity of Marsilea minuta in gerbils.

Feeding of a Marsilea minuta leaf extract [Fr. I] reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides by 31 and 63%, respectively, in athero diet fed gerbils. Liver cholesterol and triglycerides were also lowered by 71 and 27%, respectively, in comparison to athero fed controls. Moreover, treatment with Fr. I prevented the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in liver and aorta and was able to dissolve atheromatous plaques of thoracic and abdominal aorta. Fecal excretions of cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly increased in Fr. I fed gerbils.

Antifertility studies of Colebrookia oppositifolia leaf extract in male rats with special reference to testicular cell population dynamics.

Oral feeding of male rats with the ethanolic leaf extract of Colebrookia oppositifolia at dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 8-10 weeks did not cause body weight loss, while the weights of testes and epididymides were significantly decreased. Seminal vesicles and ventral prostate showed a significant reduction at the higher dose only. Treated animals showed a notable depression of spermatogenesis. Following 100 and 200 mg/kg extract feeding, the preleptotene spermatocytes were decreased by 46.5 and 39.8%, the secondary spermatocytes by 13.4 and 12.7%, the step-19 spermatids by 36.6 and 35.2%, and the mature Leydig cells by 31.2 and 39.5%, respectively. At both dose levels, the seminiferous tubule diameter, Leydig cells nuclear area and cytoplasmic area, as well as the cross-sectional surface area of Sertoli cells, were significantly reduced (P<0.001) when compared to controls. Reduced sperm count and motility resulted in 100% negative fertility at 200 mg/kg dose level. A significant fall in the total protein and sialic acid content and acid phosphatase enzyme activity of the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate, as well as in the glycogen content of testes, was also observed at both dose levels in comparison with controls.

Effects of Malva viscus conzattii Greenm flower extract on testicular function of the house rat Rattus rattus Rufescens & the gerbil Meriones hurrianae Jerdon: a biochemical study.

PIP: Extract of the flower Malva viscus conzattii (M. conzattii) was administered at a dose of 25/50 mg/day/animal to 30 healthy adult male gerbils and 30 adult male house rats to determine its effect on fertility. After 25 days' treatment fin l body weight, and the weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, and adrenal glands were measured. Testis, epididymides, and seminal vesicles were prepared for histological examination and total protein, RNA, sialic acid, and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined. Quantitative estimation of cholesterol was also made. While overall body weight remained stable during treatment, testicular weight in both animals was drastically decreased. A complete spermatogenic arrest in the testes was evident in house rats treated with 50 mg/day for 20 days and in the gerbil treated with 25 mg/day for 25 days. The seminiferous tubules showed marked degeneration, lined by 1 or 2 cell layers. Epididymides showed degenerative changes as well. RNA contents of the testes, epididydmides, and seminal vesicles of treated anials were significantly lowered as was sialilc acid content. Total cholesterol was increased significantly. M. conzattii causes an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in gerbils and house rats in 25 states and induces infertility.^ieng

Effects of short-term treatment of solasodine on cauda epididymis in dogs.

Oral administration (80 mg/kg body wt/day for 30 days) of solasodine (extracted and isolated from the berries of the Solanum xanthocarpum) to intact dogs significantly decreased the epithelial cell height of cauda epididymides. The cells became atrophic and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. Castration followed by the adminstration of solasodine further reduced the epithelial cell height in comparison to castrated controls. Concurrent treatment of solasodine along with testosterone propionate was unable to restore the normal epithelial lumen parameters. Total protein, sialic acid, glycogen and acid phosphatase activities were significantly reduced in solasodine treated cauda epididymides. These result suggest antiandrogenic potency of solasodine.

Hypocholesterolemic activity of nut shell extract of Semecarpus anacardium (Bhilawa) in cholesterol fed rabbits.

Administration of S. anacardium nut shell extract to cholesterol fed rabbits resulted in a significant reduction in serum cholesterol (-73.3%) and serum LDL-Chol. (-80%). The extract feeding also prevented the accumulation of cholesterol/triglycerides in liver, heart muscle and aorta and caused a regression of plaques (75.3-83.5%). These results indicate that S. anacardium is hypocholesterolemic in action and prevents cholesterol induced atheroma. Possible mechanism of action is discussed.

Effects of chemical occlusion of vas deferens on the reproductive organs in gerbil Meriones hurrianae Jerdon.

PIP: Male gerbils were sterilized by giving a single injection of a sclerosing chemicial (5% KMnOH) directly into the vasa. After 3 weeks the gerbils were killed. Testes, accessory sex organs, and thyroid and adrenal glands were removed and weighed. Halves of testis and epididymides were fixed in Bouin's fluid fo r microscopic study. The remaining halves were frozen and total RNA, protein, sialic acid, seminal vasicular fructose, and testicular lipids were later determined. Cholesterol estimations were also made. 2 weeks following vas injections animals were tested by exposing them to cycling estrous females. 21 days later the females were examined for possible implantation sites. It was shown that the males had been sterile. Weights of testicles, accessory sex organs, thyroid and adrenal gland remained normal, except that there was a significant increase in the weight of the ventral prostate. No histological changes were found in the testes. Protein content of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles did not change. A decrease in RNA was noted. Sialic acid levels did not alter. Cholesterol and total lipids were normal. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the testes and epididymides had not changed after 3 weeks. Vasicular fructose was normal. Complete occlusion of the vasa resulted. After 100 days there was no return to fertility. The results appear to be permanent.^ieng

Effect of dietary zinc and copper on peripheral blood plasma cholesterol, testosterone and histomorphology of testes in rats.

Total plasma cholesterol (mg/dl) significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased from 70.8 to 54.01 as the dietary Cu levels increased from 2.5 to 5 ppm at 12 pm Zn concentrations in male weanling rats. A similar trend was observed in the blood peripheral testosterone concentration at 12 ppm Zn and 2.5 ppm Cu. Histological examination of testes revealed smaller seminiferous tubules with atrophy of germinal epithelium. Also a marked loss of spermatogenic cells was observed in Zn and Cu deficient rats.

Adverse effects of vasectomy: sperm granuloma of epididymides.

Rats and mice were vasectomized to study the pathological changes in the development and resolution of vasectomy induced sperm granuloma. Epididymal weights were increased in all groups of vasectomized animals, whereas testicular weights did not change. Granuloma in the form of yellow nodular masses of cysts were present at the lower pole of the epididymis. It consisted of a pool of sperm and other material surrounded by a wall of histocytes or macrophages. The biologic significance of the phenomena has been discussed.

Cadmium induced changes in the liver of langurs (Presbytis entellus-entellus dufresne).

1- Cadmium-induced hepatic disturbances in Langurs have been studied following a single low dose administration of the salt (Cd Cl2 4 mg/kg s.c.). 2-Serum transaminases, choelsterol and liver glycogen levels were elevated. Alkaline phosphatase levels were in normal range. The blood sugar was at a low level. 3- Degranulation, vacuolization and distortion of the liver cells and lobules were conspicuous. 4- In conclusion this study would indicate that increased serum enzyme activity and increased plasma choelsterol levels are a manifestation of tissue damage. It would seem plausible to translate these observations in terms of similar infarcts occurring in man.

Antiatherosclerotic effects of alfalfa meal ingestion in chicks: a biochemical evaluation.

Feeding Alfalfa seed extract to chicks resulted in significant reduction of total cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, LDL-Cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol. Simultaneously, an increased in the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio occurred with reduction in total cholesterol and phospholipid contents of liver and (ventricular) muscle of the heart. Results obtained with alfalfa seed extract ingestion were evaluated with a standard drug, compound, clofibrate.