Luminex Crossmatch in kidney transplantation.

The introduction of the Luminex Crossmatch assay (LumXm) which uses Luminex bead technology, consists of extracting the donor's Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules from their lymphocytes, and binding them to fluorescent beads that are put in contact with recipient's serum. HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are detected using a fluorescent conjugate. The goal of our study is to determine the benefits of using LumXm in a renal transplantation algorithm. We tested 78 recipients' sera using the LumXm, and the results were compared with the Luminex single antigen bead assay (SAB) for all sera, as well as the Flow Cytometry Crossmatch (FCXM) for 46 sera. We compared our results with those of SAB using 3 cutoffs, the first being the manufacturer's criteria where sensitivity and specificity were at 62.5% and 91.3% respectively for HLA class 1, and 88.5% and 50.0% respectively for HLA class 2. When using the third cutoff criteria (≥2 Adjusted values + MFI [Mean fluorescence intensity] >500 + Neg MFI < 500), the sensitivity increased to 69.0% for HLA class 1 and decreased to 84.0% for HLA class 2, while the specificity increased for HLA class 1 and 2. When comparing with FCXM, the 3 assays agreed in 55.8% of results for class 1 and 2 alike. However, major discrepancies were found for two groups in HLA class 1 and one in HLA class 2. The LumXm when used with other techniques to overcome its' weak points, can provide an interesting insight into the patient's HLA-DSA profile.

Clinical, immunological, molecular and therapeutic findings in monogenic immune dysregulation diseases: Middle East and North Africa registry.

Monogenic immune dysregulation diseases (MIDD) are caused by defective immunotolerance. This study was designed to increase knowledge on the prevalence and spectrum of MIDDs, genetic patterns, and outcomes in Middle East and North Africa (MENA). MIDD patients from 11 MENA countries (Iran, Turkey, Kuwait, Oman, Algeria, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Tunisia, Jordan, Qatar, and Azerbaijan) were retrospectively evaluated. 343 MIDD patients (58% males and 42% female) at a median (IQR) age of 101 (42-192) months were enrolled. The most common defective genes were LRBA (23.9%), LYST (8.2%), and RAB27A (7.9%). The most prevalent initial and overall manifestations were infections (32.2% and 75.1%), autoimmunity (18.6% and 41%), and organomegaly (13.3% and 53.8%), respectively. Treatments included immunoglobulin replacement therapy (53%), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (14.3%), immunosuppressives (36.7%), and surgery (3.5%). Twenty-nine (59.2%) patients survived HSCT. Along with infectious complications, autoimmunity and organomegaly may be the initial or predominant manifestations of MIDD.

Algerian Registry for Inborn Errors of Immunity in Children: Report of 887 Children (1985-2021).

INTRODUCTION: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) represent a heterogeneous large group of genetic disorders characterized by susceptibility of affected individuals to recurrent infections, autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, allergy, and malignancy. We aimed to report for the first time the Algerian registry for IEI in children. METHODS: We described the characteristics of IEI in Algerian children from the data collected in the Algerian registry for IEI between 1985 and 2021. RESULTS: Over a period of 37 years, we included 887 children (530 male, 59.6%) with a mean age at diagnosis of 3.23 years and a mean diagnosis delay of 2 years. The prevalence rate was estimated at 1.97/100,000 inhabitants or 5.91/100,000 children. The parental consanguinity was found in 52.6%. The most prevalent category was combined immunodeficiencies (CID) (35.5%), followed by predominantly antibody deficiencies (24.5%) and CID with syndromic features (18.3%). The most predominant diseases were severe CID (134 cases), MHC II deficiency (99 cases), agammaglobulinemia (82 cases), common variable immunodeficiency (78 cases), hyper IgE syndromes (61 patients), ataxia-telangiectasia (46 patients), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (40 patients) and chronic granulomatous disease (39 cases). The clinical presentation was dominated by lower respiratory tract infections (69%), failure to thrive (38.3%), and chronic diarrhea (35.2%). Genetic analysis was performed in 156 patients (17.6%). The global mortality rate was 28.4% mainly caused by CID. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the Algerian registry for IEI in children. Data is globally similar to that of the Middle East and North African (MENA) registries with high consanguinity, predominance of CID, and significant mortality. This registry highlights the weak points that should be improved in order to provide better patient care.

Consensus Middle East and North Africa Registry on Inborn Errors of Immunity.

BACKGROUND: Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are a heterogeneous group of genetic defects of immunity, which cause high rates of morbidity and mortality mainly among children due to infectious and non-infectious complications. The IEI burden has been critically underestimated in countries from middle- and low-income regions and the majority of patients with IEI in these regions lack a molecular diagnosis. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical, immunologic, and genetic data of IEI patients from 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The data was collected from national registries and diverse databases such as the Asian Pacific Society for Immunodeficiencies (APSID) registry, African Society for Immunodeficiencies (ASID) registry, Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) registry, J Project centers, and International Consortium on Immune Deficiency (ICID) centers. RESULTS: We identified 17,120 patients with IEI, among which females represented 39.4%. Parental consanguinity was present in 60.5% of cases and 27.3% of the patients were from families with a confirmed previous family history of IEI. The median age of patients at the onset of disease was 36 months and the median delay in diagnosis was 41 months. The rate of registered IEI patients ranges between 0.02 and 7.58 per 100,000 population, and the lowest rates were in countries with the highest rates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and death rates for children. Predominantly antibody deficiencies were the most frequent IEI entities diagnosed in 41.2% of the cohort. Among 5871 patients genetically evaluated, the diagnostic yield was 83% with the majority (65.2%) having autosomal recessive defects. The mortality rate was the highest in patients with non-syndromic combined immunodeficiency (51.7%, median age: 3.5 years) and particularly in patients with mutations in specific genes associated with this phenotype (RFXANK, RAG1, and IL2RG). CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive registry highlights the importance of a detailed investigation of IEI patients in the MENA region. The high yield of genetic diagnosis of IEI in this region has important implications for prevention, prognosis, treatment, and resource allocation.

Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: Potential immune-inflammatory parameters to identify severe and fatal forms of COVID-19.

Accumulating evidence supports that the viral-induced hyper-inflammatory immune response plays a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. It might be involved in the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure leading to death. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the immune-inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19, then determine optimal thresholds for assessing severe and fatal forms of this disease.153 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study, and classified into non-severe and severe groups. Plasmatic levels of interleukin 6 (IL6), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble-IL2 receptor (IL2Rα), procalcitonin (PCT) and ferritin were measured using chemiluminescence assay. Complete blood count was performed by Convergys 3X® hematology analyzer. Our results demonstrated that the peripheral blood levels of IL6, PCT, CRP, ferritin, IL2Rα, white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEU), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (d-NLR) were significantly higher in severe forms of COVID-19. The ROC curve analysis showed that IL6 was the most accurate inflammatory biomarker. The calculated cutoff of IL6 (42 pg/ml) could correctly classify > 90% of patients regarding their risk of severity (area under ROC curve (AUROC) = 0.972) and the threshold value of 83 pg/ml was highly predictive of the progression to death (AUROC = 0.94, OR = 184) after a median of 3 days. Besides, IL-6 was positively correlated with other inflammatory markers and the kinetic analysis highlighted its value for monitoring COVID-19 patients. PCT and NLR had also a high prognostic relevance to assess severe forms of COVID-19 with corresponding AUROC of 0.856, 0.831 respectively. Furthermore the cut-off values of PCT (0.16 ng/ml) and NLR (7.4) allowed to predict mortality with high accuracy (se = 96.3%, sp = 70.5%,OR = 61.2)' (se = 75%, sp = 84%, OR = 14.6).The levels of these parameters were not influenced by corticosteroid treatment, which make them potential prognostic markers when patients are already undergoing steroid therapy.

Serum Free Light Chain Predict Overall Survival and Response to Therapy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma is characterized by underlying clinical and biological heterogeneity, which translates to variable responses to treatment and outcome. METHODS: To assess the roles of serum free light chain (sFLC) and K/L FLC ratio (rFLC) in the diagnoses and prognoses of multiple myeloma (MM), sFLC levels and K/L ratios were measured in 112 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma using the Freelite automated immunoassay. RESULTS: Abnormal sFLC and/or rFLC levels were detected 99.1% of the patients. The baseline sFLC predicted the overall survival (OS). The median OSs were not reached (NR) and were 30 months in the low sFLC group (sFLC-K < 132 mg/L or sFLC-L < 342 mg/L) and the high sFLC group (sFLC-K ≥ 132 mg/L or sFLC-L ≥ 342 mg/ L) (p < 0.001), respectively. Similarly, the rFLC successfully predicted the OS times of 29 months for group A (rFLC ≤ 0.03 or ≥ 32) and NR for group B (0.03 < rFLC < 32) (p < 0.001). According to the response to treatment and sFLC ratio, significant differences in the OSs were observed between the partial response group and other patients, (respectively, OS median = 28 months vs. NR, log rank p < 0.001). Additionally, the patients were further stratified into two groups using the novel poor-prognosis factors (rFLC > 32 or < 0.03) combined with the International Staging System parameters (beta2-microglobulin, albumin), i.e., a low-risk group (those with zero or one factor) and a high-risk group (those with two or three factors). The median OSs for the low- and high-risk groups were NR and 29 months, respectively (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sFLC assay was extremely sensitive in the diagnosis of MM. In addition to its strong prognosis value, it could be a predictor of response to therapy.

Prevalence of BTK mutations in male Algerian patterns with agammaglobulinemia and severe B cell lymphopenia.

X linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the first described primary immunodeficiency and the most common form of agammaglobulinemia. It is characterized by susceptibility to recurrent infections, profound decrease of all immunoglobulin isotypes and very low level of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood. The disorder is caused by mutations in the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK). Nine male patients suspected to have XLA from nine unrelated families were enrolled in this study. We performed sequencing of the BTK gene in all nine patients, and in the patients' relatives when possible. The XLA diagnosis was confirmed for six patients with six different mutations; we identified a novel mutation (c.1522G>A) and five known mutations. One third of nine unrelated patients do not have mutations in BTK and thus likely suffer from autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia in the setting of consanguinity. Our results support that the autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia can be more common in Algeria.

Evaluation of the immunoprotective power of a multiple antigenic peptide against Aah II toxin of Androctonus australis hector scorpion.

Scorpion envenoming (SE) is a public health problem in developing countries. In Algeria, the population exposed to the risk of SE was estimated at 86.45% in 2019. Thus, the development of a vaccine to protect the exposed population against scorpion toxins would be a major advance in the fight against this disease. This work aimed to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of a Multiple Antigenic Peptide against the Aah II toxin of Androctonus australis hector scorpion, the most dangerous scorpion species in Algeria. The immunogen MAP1Aah2 was designed and tested accordingly. This molecule contains a B epitope, derived from Aah II toxin, linked by a spacer to a universal T epitope, derived from the tetanus toxin. The results showed that MAP1Aah2 was non-toxic despite the fact that its sequence was derived from Aah II toxin. The immunoenzymatic assay revealed that the 3 immunization regimens tested generated specific anti-MAP1Aah2 antibodies and cross-reacted with the toxin. Mice immunized with this immunogen were partially protected against mortality caused by challenge doses of 2 and 3 LD50 of the toxin. The survival rate and developed symptoms varied depending on the adjuvant and the challenge dose used. In the in vitro neutralization test, the immune sera of mice having received the immunogen with incomplete Freund's adjuvant neutralized a challenge dose of 2 LD50. Hence, the concept of using peptide dendrimers, based on linear epitopes of scorpion toxins, as immunogens against the parent toxin was established. However, the protective properties of the tested immunogen require further optimizations.

Evaluation of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Response Post COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Kidney transplantation is a major risk factor for severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The dynamics and the persistence of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this immunocompromised population remain largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the persistence of humoral and cellular immune response in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and to establish whether immunosuppressive therapy influenced long-term immunity in this population. We report here the analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T cell-mediated immune responses in 36 KTRs compared to a control group who recovered from mild COVID-19. After a mean time of 5.22 ± 0.96 months post symptom onset for kidney transplant recipients, 97.22% of patients and 100% of the control group displayed anti-S1 immunoglobulin G SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (p > 0.05). No significant difference was reported in the median of neutralizing antibodies between the groups (97.50 [55.25-99] in KTRs vs. 84 [60-98] in control group, p = 0.35). A significant difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell reactivity was found in the KTRs compared to the healthy controls. The levels of IFNγ release after stimulation by Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 were higher in the control group compared to the kidney transplant group (p = 0.007, p = 0.025 and p = 0.008, respectively). No statistically significant correlation between humoral and cellular immunity was found in the KTRs. Our findings indicated that humoral immunity persisted similarly for up to 4 to 6 months post symptom onset in both the KTRs and the control group; however, T cell response was significantly higher in the healthy population compared to the immunocompromised patients.

Inherited human ZNF341 deficiency.

Typical hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) are caused by autosomal-dominant-negative (DN) variants of STAT3 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3) or IL6ST (Interleukin 6 Cytokine Family Signal Transducer), biallelic partial loss-of-function (LOF) variants of IL6ST, or biallelic complete LOF variants of ZNF341 (Zinc Finger Protein 341). Including the two new cases described in this review, only 20 patients with autosomal-recessive (AR) ZNF341 deficiency have ever been reported. Patients with AR ZNF341 deficiency have clinical and immunological phenotypes resembling those of patients with autosomal-dominant STAT3 deficiency, but with a usually milder clinical presentation and lower NK (Natural Killer) cell counts. ZNF341-deficient cells have 50% the normal level of STAT3 in the resting state. However, as there is no clear evidence that STAT3 haploinsufficiency causes HIES, this decrease alone is probably insufficient to explain the HIES phenotype observed in the ZNF341-deficient patients. The combination of decreased basal expression level and impaired autoinduction of STAT3 observed in ZNF341-deficient lymphocytes is considered a more likely pathophysiological mechanism. We review here what is currently known about the ZNF341 gene and ZNF341 deficiency, and briefly discuss possible roles for this protein in addition to its control of STAT3 activity.

Improved Performance of the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 Assay with the Extended Set.

Multiple assays have been developed for the characterization of the functional activation of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells. This study was conducted to assess the post-vaccination and post-infection T cell response, as detected by the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 assay using the combination of three SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens (Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3). An amount of 75 participants with different infection and vaccination backgrounds were recruited for the evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses. An elevated IFN-γ response in at least one Ag tube was observed in 69.2% of convalescent subjects and 63.9% of vaccinated ones. Interestingly, in a healthy unvaccinated case and three convalescents with negative IgG-RBD, we detected a positive QuantiFERON test after stimulation with Ag3. The majority of the T cell responders reacted simultaneously to the three SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens, and Ag3 demonstrated the highest rate of reactivity. At univariable analysis, the only factor that was associated with an absence of a cellular response was time from blood collection, being less than 30 days (OR:3.5, CI95% [1.15-10.50], p = 0.028). Overall, the inclusion of Ag3 improved the performance of the QuantiFERON-SARS-CoV-2 and showed a particular interest among subjects who fail to achieve a measurable antibody response after infection or vaccination.

The Middle East and North Africa Diagnosis and Management Guidelines for Inborn Errors of Immunity.

Human inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of 485 distinct genetic disorders affecting children and adults. Signs and symptoms of IEI are heterogeneous, and accurate diagnosis can be challenging and depends on the available human expertise and laboratory resources. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has an increased prevalence of IEI because of the high rate of consanguinity with a predominance of autosomal recessive disorders. This area also exhibits more severe disease phenotypes compared with other regions, probably due to the delay in diagnosis. The MENA-IEI registry network has designed protocols and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of IEI, taking into consideration the variable regional expertise and resources. These guidelines are primarily meant to improve the care of patients within the region, but can also be followed in other regions with similar patient populations.

Clinical, immunological and genetic features in eleven Algerian patients with major histocompatibility complex class II expression deficiency.

Presenting processed antigens to CD4+ lymphocytes during the immune response involves major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. MHC class II genes transcription is regulated by four transcription factors: CIITA, RFXANK, RFX5 and RFXAP. Defects in these factors result in major histocompatibility complex class II expression deficiency, a primary combined immunodeficiency frequent in North Africa. Autosomal recessive mutations in the RFXANK gene have been reported as being the principal defect found in North African patients with this disorder. In this paper, we describe clinical, immunological and genetic features of 11 unrelated Algerian patients whose monocytes display a total absence of MHC class II molecules. They shared mainly the same clinical picture which included protracted diarrhoea and respiratory tract recurrent infections. Genetic analysis revealed that 9 of the 11 patients had the same RFXANK founder mutation, a 26 bp deletion (named I5E6-25_I5E6+1, also known as 752delG26). Immunological and genetic findings in our series may facilitate genetic counselling implementation for Algerian consanguineous families. Further studies need to be conducted to determine 752delG26 heterozygous mutation frequency in Algerian population.

Shrimp sensitization in house dust mite algerian allergic patients: A single center experience.

Background: Cross-reactivity between shrimp and house dust mite (HDM) proteins has been widely documented. However, a significant geographical variability in sensitization patterns and cross-reactive allergens has been reported which may impact the diagnosis and management of shrimp allergy among HDM-shrimp co-sensitized patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of shrimp and tropomyosin sensitization among HDM-allergic patients in order to understand the local epidemiology to inform the development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Methods: Four hundred forty-six (446) HDM-allergic patients and 126 atopic controls were screened for shrimp-specific IgE using the IMMULITE 2000 XPI® System. HDM-shrimp sensitized subjected were also tested for IgE tropomyosin (nPen m 1) and thoroughly interviewed about their shellfish consumption habits. Tropomyosin sensitized patients were subjected to further analysis including measurement of IgE specific to squid and crab. Results: The prevalence of shrimp sensitization in the HDM-allergic population was 20.4% vs 0% in the control group. Of them 63.7% were clinically allergic to shrimp, while 9 cases had no history of allergic reaction to this food and 24 patients reported not having consumed shrimp before. Besides, 72.5% of the HDM-shrimp sensitized subjects had tropomyosin-specific IgE with a positivity rate of 82.8% among shrimp-allergic patients. Among tropomyosin reactors, 95.5% were sensitized to crab and 89.5% to squid, none of them had previously ingested neither crab nor squid. Nevertheless, one-third of HDM-shrimp sensitized patients who never consumed shrimp before did not react to tropomyosin. Conclusions: Shrimp allergy seems to be strictly dependent on HDM sensitization, at least in this geographical area. Therefore, HDM allergic patients should be systematically screened for shrimp sensitization and asked about the consumption of shellfish. Tropomyosin is a major and clinically relevant shrimp allergen that accounts for shellfish-HDM cross-reactivity. However, other components could be involved.

T cell counts and IL-6 concentration in blood of North African COVID-19 patients are two independent prognostic factors for severe disease and death.

The immune system plays a crucial role in the response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with significant differences among patients. The study investigated the relationships between lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and disease outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The measurements of peripheral blood lymphocytes subsets and cytokine levels were performed by flow cytometry for 57 COVID-19 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the severity of the disease (nonsevere vs. severe). Total lymphocytes, T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells were decreased in COVID-19 patients and statistical differences were found among different severity of illness and survival states (P ˂ 0.01). The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in severe and death groups and negatively correlated with lymphocyte subsets counts. The percentages of Th17 in the peripheral blood of patients were higher than those of healthy controls whereas the percentages of Th2 were lower. For the severe cases, the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of IL-6 was the largest among all the immune parameters (0.964; 95% confidence interval: 0.927-1.000, P < 0.0001). In addition, the preoperative IL-6 concentration of 77.38 pg/ml was the optimal cutoff value (sensitivity: 84.6%, specificity: 100%). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis and ROC curves, IL-6 > 106.44 pg/ml and CD8+ T cell counts <150 cells/µl were found to be associated with mortality. Measuring the immune parameters and defining a risk threshold can segregate patients who develop a severe disease from those with a mild pathology. The identification of these parameters may help clinicians to predict the outcome of the patients with high risk of unfavorable progress of the disease.

Targeted Gene Sanger Sequencing Should Remain the First-Tier Genetic Test for Children Suspected to Have the Five Common X-Linked Inborn Errors of Immunity.

To address inborn errors of immunity (IEI) which were underdiagnosed in resource-limited regions, our centre developed and offered free genetic testing for the most common IEI by Sanger sequencing (SS) since 2001. With the establishment of The Asian Primary Immunodeficiency (APID) Network in 2009, the awareness and definitive diagnosis of IEI were further improved with collaboration among centres caring for IEI patients from East and Southeast Asia. We also started to use whole exome sequencing (WES) for undiagnosed cases and further extended our collaboration with centres from South Asia and Africa. With the increased use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), we have shifted our diagnostic practice from SS to WES. However, SS was still one of the key diagnostic tools for IEI for the past two decades. Our centre has performed 2,024 IEI SS genetic tests, with in-house protocol designed specifically for 84 genes, in 1,376 patients with 744 identified to have disease-causing mutations (54.1%). The high diagnostic rate after just one round of targeted gene SS for each of the 5 common IEI (X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) 77.4%, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) 69.2%, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (XCGD) 59.5%, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) 51.1%, and X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) 58.1%) demonstrated targeted gene SS should remain the first-tier genetic test for the 5 common X-linked IEI.

Case Report: Interleukin-2 Receptor Common Gamma Chain Defect Presented as a Hyper-IgE Syndrome.

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is caused by mutations of IL2RG, the gene encoding the interleukin common gamma chain (IL-2Rγ or γc) of cytokine receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Hypomorphic mutations of IL2RG may cause combined immunodeficiencies with atypical clinical and immunological presentations. Here, we report a clinical, immunological, and functional characterization of a missense mutation in exon 1 (c.115G>A; p. Asp39Asn) of IL2RG in a 7-year-old boy. The patient suffered from recurrent sinopulmonary infections and refractory eczema. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T cell subsets, with a pronounced serum IgE elevation. Surface expression of IL-2Rγ was reduced on his lymphocytes. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 showed a partially preserved receptor function. T-cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies was significantly reduced. Further analysis revealed a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ, but not IL-4 or IL-17. Studies on the functional consequences of IL-2Rγ variants are important to get more insight into the pathogenesis of atypical phenotypes which may lay the ground for novel therapeutic strategies.

GTS-21, an α7nAChR agonist, suppressed the production of key inflammatory mediators by PBMCs that are elevated in COPD patients and associated with impaired lung function.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung inflammatory disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation, chronic respiratory symptoms and frequent exacerbations. There is an unmet need to identify novel therapeutic alternatives beside bronchodilators that prevent disease progression. Levels of both Nitric Oxide (NO) and IL-6 were significantly increased in the plasma of patients in the exacerbation phase (ECOPD, n = 13) when compared to patients in the stable phase (SCOPD, n = 38). Levels of both NO and IL-6 were also found to inversely correlate with impaired lung function (%FEV1 predicted). In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between levels of IL-6 and NO found in the plasma of patients and those spontaneously produced by their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), identifying these cells as a major source of these key inflammatory mediators in COPD. GTS-21, an agonist for the alpha 7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChR), was found to exert immune-modulatory actions in PBMCs of COPD patients by suppressing the production of IL-6 and NO. This study provides the first evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of α7nAChR agonists in COPD due to their ability to suppress the production of key inflammatory markers associated with disease severity.

Autoantibody profile in a cohort of Algerian patients with systemic sclerosis.

AIM: To describe the autoantibody profile in a cohort of Algerian patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to determine clinical associations between SSc-related autoantibodies, disease subtypes and specific clinical features. METHODS: Consecutive Algerian patients with SSc were included in the present study. In addition to clinical characterization, all subjects underwent autoantibody testing using indirect immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic, and line immunoblot assays. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients were included in this study, 103 (68.7%) had limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc), 42 (28%) had diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) and 5 (3.3%) had sine cutaneous scleroderma. One hundred thirty-five (90.0%) patients were positive for SSc-related autoantibodies, including 63 (42%) with more than one autoantibody. The two most frequent autoantibodies were anti-topoisomerase I (ATA) (76; 50.7%) and anti-SSA/Ro (49; 32.7%). Only 23 (15.3%) patients were positive for anticentromere; 9 (6%) were positive for anti RNA polymerase III; 5 (3.3%) for anti-U3 RNP; 3 (2%) for anti Th/To; 25 (16.7%) for anti-U1 RNP; 11 (7.3%) for anti-PM/Scl and 4 (2.7%) for anti-Ku. Anti-topoisomerase I was associated with dcSSc (p <0.0001), interstitial lung disease (ILD) (p <0.0001) and digital ulcers (p <0.0001). Anti-U3 RNP was associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: Notable similarities and differences in the prevalence of SSc-related autoantibodies were found in our population when compared to other ethnic groups. ATA and anti-U3 RNP may be a reliable biomarker for ILD and PAH. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the ethnic influence on disease expression and autoantibody production.