RESUMO
The performance of dairy cows is influenced by the microbial communities hosted within their digestive tract. While the rumen microbiota has long been associated with host phenotypes, the impact of the faecal microbiota remains elusive. In this study, we collected 697 faecal samples from commercial Holstein cows and analysed them with 16S rRNA gene analyses. For each animal, routinely recorded data, i.e., milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat content, protein content, and an aggregate production trait (pINEL) based on the French economic dairy index, were available to assess the links between the faecal microbiota and host production. Our findings revealed a strong and significant association between the structure of the bacterial and prokaryote community (ß-diversity) and dairy production. In addition, differential abundance analyses identified 48 genera whose abundances were significantly associated with pINEL, milk, fat and protein yield. Among these genera, the increased abundance of Bifidobacterium, and particularly an amplicon sequence variant with a 16S rRNA V3-V4 gene region identical to B. globosum and B. pseudolongum, was found to be the most important for high-yielding animals. Bifidobacterium seemed to be a potential key member of the bovine faecal microbiota that should be further investigated. Conversely, the p-1088-a5 gut group genus was found more abundant in low-productive cows. In conclusion, this study demonstrates significant associations between the faecal microbiota and the performance of dairy cows at the whole lactation scale. A better understanding of the physiology of the gut microbiota could help to improve dairy cow production.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium , Fezes , Leite , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Animais , Bovinos/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Leite/química , Feminino , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Lactação , Indústria de LaticíniosRESUMO
A new genus and species of anthropoid primate, Bahinia pondaungensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Yashe Kyitchaung locality in the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar). It is related to Eosimias, but it is represented by more complete remains, including upper dentition with associated lower jaw fragment. It is interpreted as a new representative of the family Eosimiidae, which corresponds to the sister group of the Amphipithecidae and of all other anthropoids. Eosimiidae are now recorded from three distinct Middle Eocene localities in Asia, giving support to the hypothesis of an Asian origin of anthropoids.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Haplorrinos/classificação , Animais , Dentição , Haplorrinos/anatomia & histologia , Arcada Osseodentária/anatomia & histologia , Maxila/anatomia & histologia , Mianmar , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
In the absence of a comprehensive fossil record, the origin and early evolution of Malagasy lemurs have been subject to much uncertainty. We report here the discovery of a strepsirrhine fossil with strong cheirogaleid lemur affinities, Bugtilemur mathesoni gen. et sp. nov., from early Oligocene deposits of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Bugtilemur represents the earliest record of Lemuriformes, which hence appear to have already diversified outside of Madagascar at least 30 million years ago. This fossil clearly enhances the critical role of the Indian subcontinent in the early diversification of lemurs and constrains paleobiogeographic models of strepsirrhine lemur evolution.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Lemur , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Lemur/anatomia & histologia , Lemur/classificação , Paquistão , Paleodontologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Caffeine citrate is commonly used for prophylaxis and treatment of apnea in preterm babies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of caffeine citrate in french neonatal units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postal survey in 100 neonatal units. RESULTS: Answers were obtained from 81 units. Sixty-three units use systematic prophylactic treatment and the threshold of gestationnal age (weeks gestation) for this systematic treatment is 32 weeks. Caffeine citrate is administered as a loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg in 95% of the units. Discontinuing the treatment occurs between 33 and 35 weeks in 37% of the units and between 35 and 37 weeks in 53%. Two third of neonatologits describe recurrent apnea beyond 37 weeks, with the need to continue treatment. Fourteen units sometimes discharge babies at home with ambulatory caffeine citrate treatment and discontinue treatment by 42 to 46 weeks'gestation. A mean duration of 5 days without apnea is required before discharge. CONCLUSION: French teams respect "recommendations" concerning doses and duration without apnea before discharge. Indication of treatment, threshold for systematic treatment, duration of treatment and ambulatory treatment differ among teams.
Assuntos
Apneia/tratamento farmacológico , Cafeína/uso terapêutico , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Citratos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Prematuro/tratamento farmacológico , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , França , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Apnea of prematurity develop during the first days of life and usually resolve by the time the infant reaches 36-37 weeks postmenstrual age. In a few cases, they persist beyond term, especially in infants delivered at the youngest gestational ages (24-28 GA), and require specific care. In our unit, those preterm babies are discharged home with caffeine citrate treatment. Discontinuing the treatment is performed in hospital when they achieve a postmenstrual age of at least 42 weeks. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictive factors of persistent apnea in preterm babies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study comparing a population of 41 preterm infants discharged with treatment to 123 preterm babies discharged without treatment to identify predictors of persistent apnea. RESULTS: Factors significantly associated were: birth weight<1500 g, initial hypotension, gastroesophageal reflux, need for continuous positive airway pressure and multiparity. At home, no infant died and no adverse effect was reported by parents. CONCLUSION: Persistent apnea can be responsible for prolonged hospitalization. Risk factors can be identified in some children. Discharging with treatment can be an alternative to their hospitalization.
Assuntos
Apneia/tratamento farmacológico , Cafeína/uso terapêutico , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Citratos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Prematuro/tratamento farmacológico , Assistência Ambulatorial , Apneia/complicações , Peso ao Nascer , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas , Feminino , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/complicações , Humanos , Hipotensão/complicações , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Gravidez , Gravidez Múltipla , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
AIMS: To define the characteristics of patients dying in a pediatric hospital, including causes and modes of death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive, epidemiologic study was performed between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1995. All patients who died in the hospital between these dates were included. Patients already dead on arrival (sudden infant death syndrome, children deceased during their transport), and those whose hospital records could not be found, were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 375 children were studied, including 195 neonates. The sex ratio was 1.3. Ninety-one percent of deaths took place in three departments: intensive care, neurosurgery-neurology and oncology. Median duration of hospitalization was three days. The most common causes of deaths were accidents, neurologic diseases (particularly among neonates) and tumours. Analysis of modes of death revealed that 41.1% occurred following unsuccessful resuscitation, 38.8% were the result of withdrawal of life-support or a 'do not resuscitate' order and 21.6% resulted from brain death. Evolution of modes of death over the six years showed a reduction of cases with unsuccessful resuscitation, an increase in decisions of 'do not resuscitate' orders and withdrawal of life-support and no change in rates of brain death. Organs were made available for transplantation from 12 of the 81 children with brain death (14.8%). CONCLUSION: Accidents were the most common cause of death. The distribution of deaths showed a clear increase in withdrawal or withholding of life-support care, relying on ethical decisions, which are more frequent than some years ago.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Hospitalar/tendências , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Adolescente , Causas de Morte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Tomada de Decisões , Ética Médica , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida , Masculino , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic effects of non nutritive pacifier sucking, oral administration of a 30% saccharose solution, local application of Emla and their association for subcutaneous injection of erythropoietin (EPO) in preterm infants. METHODS: Our study was a randomised, prospective study conducted over 5 months. Neonates with a gestational age below 33 weeks of gestation and older than 8 days of life were included if they were treated with EPO (three subcutaneous injections per week during 6 weeks). For each consecutive EPO injection, patients were randomised between four groups of intervention: non nutritive pacifier sucking (T), oral administration of 0.2-0.5 ml of a 30% saccharose solution with non nutritive pacifier sucking (S), local application of Emla with non nutritive pacifier sucking (E), and oral administration of 0.2-0.5 ml of a 30% saccharose solution with local application of Emla and with non nutritive pacifier sucking (S + E). Each child was its own control. Pain was assessed with the Newborn Acute Pain scale (DAN) and with the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS). RESULTS: Thirty-three neonates were included, representing 265 injections. Distribution was: 41 in group T, 71 in group E, 86 in group S and 67 in group E + S. Mean DAN and NFCS scores were statistically different between groups T, E and S. Analgesic effect of saccharose (-1.05) was greater than Emla (-0.56). Used together, effects were adding up without potentialisation. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the association of non nutritive pacifier sucking with oral administration of saccharose and local application of Emla has a better analgesic effect than each of these three interventions alone for subcutaneous injection of EPO.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Combinados/uso terapêutico , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Injeções Subcutâneas/efeitos adversos , Lidocaína/uso terapêutico , Chupetas/normas , Dor/prevenção & controle , Prilocaína/uso terapêutico , Sacarose/uso terapêutico , Administração Cutânea , Administração Oral , Análise de Variância , Terapia Combinada , Quimioterapia Combinada , Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/diagnóstico , Doenças do Prematuro/etiologia , Combinação Lidocaína e Prilocaína , Masculino , Dor/diagnóstico , Dor/etiologia , Medição da Dor/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Soluções , Comportamento de Sucção , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Congenital toxoplasmosis is a potentially serious infection which usually affects infants born to non immune women. CASE REPORT: Our case report focuses on a baby born to a normally immunocompetent woman previously immunized against toxoplasmosis. To our knowledge only three similar cases have been published until now. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in front of a patient neonatal congenital infection picture, toxoplasmosis cannot be excluded on the ground of maternal immunity status and must be quickly investigated, given the emergency of appropriate treatment.
Assuntos
Imunização , Imunocompetência , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Angola/etnologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Cesárea , Quimioterapia Combinada , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , França , Humanos , Imunocompetência/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Recém-Nascido , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/métodos , Masculino , Poli-Hidrâmnios/diagnóstico por imagem , Poli-Hidrâmnios/parasitologia , Gravidez , Pirimetamina/uso terapêutico , Sulfadiazina/uso terapêutico , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/etnologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/etiologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/terapia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/transmissão , Ultrassonografia Pré-NatalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The fetal opiate exposure presents many risks for the newborn. One of the most important is the neonatal abstinence syndrome that associates neurological and digestive signs. In some cases the vital prognosis can be involved. The evaluation of the syndrome's severity is based on certificated scales. The mortality has been reduced by the improved management of these neonates. Diamorphine, phenobarbital, chlorpromazine and diazepam are the most currently used. However, there is no consensus on the treatment. The data concerning the treatment are controversial, especially for the use of diazepam. The aim of our study was to describe the effects of diazepam obtained in three different centers and to compare our results to those of the literature. POPULATION AND METHODS: Twenty-three neonates were included. They were all hospitalized for abstinence syndrome and treated by diazepam. The Finnegan scale was used to evaluate the symptom's severity and the effects of the diazepam. The principal evaluation criteria were the duration of treatment and hospitalization, the timing in recovery of birth weight and the percentage of birth weight loss. RESULTS: The average treatment duration was 7 days, the average hospitalization duration was 18 days, the birth weight was recovered at 10 days of life and the percentage of loss of birth weight was 6.5%. Diazepam treatment failed in only one case. No case of intense dehydration occurred. CONCLUSION: Due to the retrospective design of the study, the diazepam could not be compared to other drugs. Nevertheless, it argues against the "anti-diazepam" attitude. A controlled randomised prospective study is needed to evaluated the optimal therapeutic strategy.
Assuntos
Diazepam/uso terapêutico , Moduladores GABAérgicos/uso terapêutico , Entorpecentes/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Abstinência Neonatal/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Cranianos Fechados/etiologia , Acidentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Maus-Tratos Infantis/legislação & jurisprudência , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , França , Traumatismos Cranianos Fechados/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Cranianos Fechados/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Notificação de Abuso , Traumatismo Múltiplo/diagnóstico , Traumatismo Múltiplo/epidemiologia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/etiologia , Prognóstico , RiscoAssuntos
Asfixia Neonatal/terapia , Hipotermia Induzida/métodos , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Asfixia Neonatal/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Dano Encefálico Crônico/fisiopatologia , Dano Encefálico Crônico/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Hipóxia-Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
Dental remains of a late Eocene anthropoid primate from Thailand, Siamopithecus eocaenus, have been recently reported; complete description and comparisons of this material are given here. Siamopithecus displays several derived dental features that suggest close phylogenetic affinities among the Thai species, the Burmese Pondaungia, and the North African and Omani propliopithecines Aegyptopithecus and Moeripithecus. The geographic origin of anthropoid primates cannot be securely determined at present, but the available fossil record indicates that faunal exchanges between Africa and Southeast Asia were very probable during the Eocene, and that direct relationships between Asian and African anthropoid primates can be inferred.
Assuntos
Dentição , Haplorrinos/classificação , Filogenia , Dente/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Haplorrinos/anatomia & histologia , Paleodontologia , Especificidade da Espécie , TailândiaRESUMO
Suiformes (Artiodactyla) traditionally includes three families: Suidae, Tayassuidae, and Hippopotamidae but the monophyly of this suborder has recently been questioned from molecular data. A maximum parsimony analysis of molecular, morphological, and combined data was performed on the same set of taxa including representatives of the three Artiodactyla suborders (Suiformes, Ruminantia, and Tylopoda) and Perissodactyla as outgroup. Mitochondrial (cytochrome b and 12S rRNA) sequence comparisons support the monophyly of Suina (Suidae and Tayassuidae) and Ancodonta (Hippopotamidae) but not the monophyly of Suiformes. Inversely, our preliminary morphological analysis supports the monophyly of Suiformes whereas relationships among the three families are not resolved. The combined data set does not resolve the relationships between Suina, Ancodonta, and Ruminantia. These results are discussed in relation to morphological characters and paleontological data. Some improvements are suggested to clarify the morphological definition of Suiformes and relationships among them.
Assuntos
Artiodáctilos/classificação , Artiodáctilos/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Artiodáctilos/anatomia & histologia , Grupo dos Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/química , Evolução Molecular , Paleontologia , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Ruminantes/classificação , Ruminantes/genética , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Suínos/classificação , Suínos/genéticaRESUMO
Neuroemergencies are life-threatening situations in which, whatever the cause, common pathologic phenomena result in secondary brain lesions. The goal of critical care management is to stop these self-aggravating processes as soon as possible. Initial resuscitation is devoted to control of the airway and hemodynamic and hydroelectrolytic stabilization. With mass lesions, minimal computed tomographic exploration immediately precedes surgical decompression. Further critical care adapted to the child's needs requires multimodal monitoring. Normoventilation, deep sedation, osmotherapy with mannitol or hypertonic saline solutions, and optimization of mean arterial pressure are the basis of management. A purely pressure-driven approach aimed at controlling cerebral perfusion pressure could be potentially harmful, and associated measurement of blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler and jugular bulb oxygen saturation monitoring allows an approach to cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Outcome can be improved in dangerous situations such as severe brain injuries, cerebral arteriovenous malformation rupture, status epilepticus, and acute hydrocephalus, provided that emergency management could be applied efficiently.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Estado Terminal/terapia , Emergências , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Encefalopatias/mortalidade , Encefalopatias/terapia , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Masculino , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Pediatria/métodos , Medição de Risco , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
The fossil record of anthropoid primates from the Middle Eocene of South Asia is so far restricted to two genera (Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1937 and Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937 from the Eocene Pondaung deposits of Burma) whose anthropoid status and phylogenetic position have long been under debate because they represent the oldest highly derived fossil primates of anthropoid grade. Moreover, several new African taxa, some of which are even older, have been recently included in the suborder Anthropoidea, suggesting an African origin for this group. Conversely, new fossil primates recently discovered in China (Eosimias) have been related to the most primitive representatives of Anthropoidea, alternatively suggesting an Asian origin and a probable Asian radiation centre. We report here the discovery of a new anthropoid from the Thai Late Eocene locality of Krabi, which displays several additional anthropoid characters with regard to those of the Eocene Burmese genera. This species, which is about the size of the Fayum Aegyptopithecus, can be related to the Burmese forms, and it further provides strong additional evidence for a southeast Asian evolutionary centre for anthropoids.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Primatas , Animais , Dentição , Haplorrinos/classificação , Primatas/anatomia & histologia , Primatas/classificação , TailândiaRESUMO
The origin and evolution of hominoid primates (apes and man) has long been studied exclusively on the basis of available fossil remains. Indeed, a migration of African primates towards Asia at about -16 to -17 Ma might have given the lineage of Miocene Asian hominoids. This hypothesis is supported by the oldest remains of Miocene Asian hominoids dated at about -16.1 Ma. But the recent discovery of anthropoid primates in the Eocene of Asia seems to indicate that Asia was a major evolutionary and differentiation centre for anthropoid primates as early as the Eocene. In addition, Asian primates probably continued to evolve in Asia from the Eocene onward and led at least to the extant Asian hominoids (orangutans and gibbons). African and Asian extant anthropoid primates might therefore have diverged at least 36 Ma ago, and this hypothesis is also supported by the most recent data in molecular biology. Moreover, an Asiatic origin of African Paleogene propliopithecine primates is suggested. In that context, evolutionary rates might not be constant, and molecular clocks should be necessarily characteristic for each studied group of mammals. Several examples that illustrate the conflict between paleontological and molecular data are discussed. The necessity to integrate more systematically paleontological data as chronological reference points in studies in molecular phylogeny is discussed.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Evolução Molecular , Hominidae/genética , Paleontologia , Animais , Ásia , Humanos , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMO
Poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS), an abundant nuclear protein, has been described as an important candidate for mediation of neurotoxicity by nitric oxide. However, in cerebral ischemia, excessive PARS activation may lead to energy depletion and exacerbation of neuronal damage. We examined the effect of inhibiting PARS on the (a) degree of cerebral injury, (b) process of inflammatory responses, and (c) functional outcomes in a neonatal rat model of focal ischemia. We demonstrate that administration of 3-aminobenzamide, a PARS inhibitor, leads to a significant reduction of infarct volume: 63 +/- 2 (untreated) versus 28 +/- 4 mm(3) (treated). The neuroprotective effects currently observed 48 h postischemia hold up at 7 and 17 days of survival time and attenuate neurological dysfunction. Inhibition of PARS activity, demonstrated by a reduction in poly(ADP-ribose) polymer formation, also reduces neutrophil recruitment and levels of nitrotyrosine, an indicator of peroxynitrite generation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PARS inhibition reduces ischemic damage and local inflammation associated with reperfusion and may be of interest for the treatment of neonatal stroke.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/farmacologia , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/imunologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto Cerebral/imunologia , Infarto Cerebral/metabolismo , Encefalite/tratamento farmacológico , Encefalite/imunologia , Encefalite/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Exame Neurológico , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Nitratos/metabolismo , Polímeros/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/imunologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/análise , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Pondaungia cotteri is the largest primate known from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. Its taxonomic status has been the subject of much debate because of the fragmentary nature of its remains. Initially described as an anthropoid, some authors recently have associated it with adapid primates. These debates have been fueled not only by the incompleteness of the fossils attributed to Pondaungia but also by the reticence of many authors to regard Asia as an important evolutionary theater for Eocene anthropoids. During the November 1998 Myanmar-French Pondaung Expedition, a right lower jaw was discovered that yields the most nearly complete dentition of Pondaungia cotteri ever found: it shows the complete horizontal ramus, alveoli for the second incisor and canine, three premolars, and three molars. The symphysis showed all characteristics of anthropoids but was unfused. The canine root is large, the first premolar is absent, and the second premolar is single-rooted, reduced, and oblique in the tooth row, as in anthropoids. The premolars show a reduced mesio-distal length compared with the tooth row, and their morphology is very similar to that of Amphipithecus mogaungensis. Therefore, the two Pondaung taxa appear to be closely related to each other, with Siamopithecus as their sister taxon.