Opportunities for diet quality improvement: the potential role of staple grain foods.

OBJECTIVE: Given the high disease burden associated with the low intake of whole grains, modelling studies that estimate the impact of dietary strategies to increase more healthful grain foods consumption are essential to inform evidence-based and culturally specific policies. The current study investigated the potential nutritional impact of replacing staple grain foods with more healthful options. DESIGN: Based on the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, a cross-sectional, population-based study, we modelled the substitution of white rice and white bread with brown rice and whole-wheat bread. Outcomes included changes in more healthful grain foods, energy and nutrient intakes. SETTING: Urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Participants aged over 12 years who completed a semi-structured questionnaire and one 24-h recall (n 1741). RESULTS: The substitution of all white rice and white bread with brown rice and whole-wheat bread, respectively, would result in more than 5 % increases in Zn (+9·1 %), Ca (+9·3 %), vitamin E (+18·8 %), dietary fibre (+27·0 %) and Mg (+52·9 %) intake, while more than a 5 % decrease would be seen for total carbohydrate (-6·1 %), folate (-6·6 %), available carbohydrate (-8·5 %), Fe (-8·6 %), vitamin B6 (-12·5 %), vitamin B2 (-17·4 %), and vitamin B1 (-20·7 %). A substantial increase in the amount of more healthful grain foods consumed would be seen (10 g/d to 220 g/d, or from 4 % to 69 % of total grain intake). CONCLUSIONS: Replacing white rice and white bread with their whole-grain versions has the potential to improve diet quality, suggesting they are prime targets for policy actions aiming at increasing intake of more healthful grain foods.

Application of the ≤ 10:1 carbohydrate to fiber ratio to identify healthy grain foods and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors.

PURPOSE: Optimal metrics to assess healthfulness of carbohydrate-rich products are not well established. We investigated how the content per 10 g of carbohydrate of at least 1 g of fiber (≤ 10:1-ratio) related to nutritional quality in grain foods as well as cardiometabolic risk factors in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data were from the cross-sectional population-based study 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, including a probabilistic sample of urban residents in the city. Participants (n = 1188) aged 20 + years completed a 24-h dietary recall and a subsample of 603 participants had blood samples, anthropometrics, and blood pressure measurements collected, and answered a second 24-h recall. Energy and nutrient contents of grain foods meeting or not meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio were evaluated using linear regression models. The association between consumption (percent energy, %E) of grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors were investigated using linear regression models. RESULTS: Foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio had less available carbohydrate (- 3.0 g/serving), total sugar (- 7.4 g/serving), added sugar (- 7.2 g/serving) and saturated fat (- 0.7 g/serving), and more dietary fiber (+ 3.5 g/serving), protein (+ 2.1 g/serving), potassium (+ 100.1 mg/serving), iron (+ 0.9 mg/serving), selenium (+ 4.2 µg/serving), magnesium (+ 38.7 mg/serving), and zinc (+ 1.1 mg/serving). Each increase in 1%E consumption of grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio was associated with lower levels of blood triacylglycerol (- 10.7%), the triacylglycerol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (- 14.9%), fasting insulin (- 13.6%), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (- 14.0%). CONCLUSION: The ≤ 10:1-ratio identified grain foods with higher nutritional quality and higher intakes of these foods were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors related to atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.

Pragmatic Carbohydrate Quality Metrics in Relation to Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Front-of-Pack Warning Labels in Grain Foods.

The challenges in the characterization of the nutritional quality of grain foods comprise obstacles to public health actions toward promotion of healthier grain-based foods. The present study investigated how carbohydrate metrics related to glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and warning labels of grain foods consumed by individuals living in São Paulo, Brazil. Information on intake of grain foods at individual level was obtained using 24 h recalls within a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in 2015. There were 244 unique grain products reported by individuals in the survey, assessed through four metrics of carbohydrate quality, considering contents per 10 g of total carbohydrate: (1) ≥1 g fiber, (2) ≥1 g fiber and <1 g free sugars, (3) ≥1 g fiber and <2 g free sugars, and (4) ≥1 g fiber, and <2 g free sugars per 1 g of fiber. Outcomes included GI, GL, and inclusion of warning labels proposed by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the Chilean Ministry of Health (1st and 3rd stages), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Metrics identified products with lower mean GI (-12.8 to -9.0 [p-values < 0.001]), and GL (-12.5 to -10.3 [p-values < 0.001]). Warning systems showed a certain degree of discrimination between products according to the metrics (p-value < 0.01 each); however, >50% of products with good nutritional quality according to the carbohydrate metrics still would receive warnings. Findings suggest that carbohydrate metrics identified products with lower GI and GL, and current warning labels may not adequately capture overall nutritional quality of grain foods.

Food Insecurity Reduces the Chance of Following a Nutrient-Dense Dietary Pattern by Brazilian Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.

Dietary patterns derived by data-driven techniques are still scarce in the food security context and may be a useful tool to inform policymakers to promote adequate and healthy diets for vulnerable populations. We investigated the association between food security status and dietary patterns among 28,127 Brazilian adults using data from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey. Food security status was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food items reported in two 24 h dietary recalls were combined into food groups. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis, and participants were grouped according to their factor scores by K-means cluster analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association between food security status and clusters of adherence to dietary patterns. Four dietary patterns were derived: 'Brazilian breakfast style' (cluster 3), 'Brazilian Traditional staple foods' (cluster 2), 'Beverages, ready-to-eat and convenience foods' (cluster 4), and 'Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains' (cluster 1). After adjustments, food insecurity was inversely associated with adherence to the 'Fruits vegetables, and whole grains' pattern (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89). Findings suggest food insecurity negatively impact the adoption of a nutrient-dense dietary pattern and highlight the critical role of policy actions in a scenario of increasing food insecurity.

Misreporting of dietary energy intake obtained by 24 h recalls in older adults: a comparison of five previous methods using doubly labeled water.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To test five different methods to detect misreporting in comparison to doubly labeled water in a sample of older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study with thirty-eight Brazilian community-dwelling older adults aged 60-84 years, who had their total energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water (TEEDLW). Dietary data were collected by two 24 h recalls. Misreporting was compared with estimates obtained by the methods proposed by: Goldberg et al. [1, 2], Black [3], McCrory et al. [4], Huang et al [5], and Rennie et al [6]. Bland-Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement were constructed to assess the agreement between rEI and TEEDLW. Weighted kappa coefficients, sensitivity and specificity analyses, and area under the receiving operator characteristic curve (AUC) were used to test the performance of each method. RESULTS: The prevalence of under-reporters (UR) and over-reporters (OR) obtained by the reference (DLW) were 57.9% (n = 22) and 5.3% (n = 2), respectively. Black [3] presented the worst agreement and McCrory et al. [4] the best one to accurately classify individuals in the three categories of energy reporting. McCrory et al. [4] had the best performance in the sensitivity and specificity analyses detecting UR and plausible reporters. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of misreporting, especially underreporting, in this sample of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults. The study showed a wide variation in the accuracy of predictive methods to handle misreporting, with none of the equations showing outstanding agreement with the reference. When DLW is not available, a valid method should be chosen to address energy intake reporting.

Estimating total daily energy requirements in community-dwelling older adults: validity of previous predictive equations and modeling of a new approach.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accurate estimation of energy requirements is crucial for health maintenance and prevention of malnutrition in older adults. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of predictive equations for estimating energy requirements in older adults and to test the validity of new predictive equations for this age group. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study including 38 Brazilian community-dwelling older adults aged 60-84 years, who had their total energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water (TEEDLW). The energy expenditure was compared to the Institute of Medicine (Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)) and Vinken et al. previous predictive equations and three predictive models developed in a modeling sample. The agreement was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman plots, and Lin's concordance correlation. Accuracy was evaluated considering ±10% of the ratio between estimated and measured energy expenditure. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) TEEDLW was 2656.7 (405.6) kcal/day for men and 2168.9 (376.9) for women. Vinken et al. and both DRI equations presented moderate to good degree of agreement, while the developed models vary from fair to very good agreement in comparison to DLW. The accuracy rate was the same for both DRI equations and Vinken et al. equation (60.53%). The new equations developed in this study had accuracy in predicting TEE for Brazilian older adults varying from 43.11% to 73.68%. CONCLUSIONS: The results corroborate the use of previous predictive equations for estimating energy requirements in Brazilian older adults. Further studies have the potential to explore the use of the developed models to assess energy needs in this population.

Is the local food environment associated with excess body weight in adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil?

The obesogenic environment stimulates an inadequate diet by hampering healthy choices. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between the local food environment and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a representative sample population of adolescents living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, using multilevel logistic regression models. Among the adolescents, 29.6% were overweight/obese. There were no significant differences between food environment and adolescents' weight status. However, the presence of fast food restaurants near their home increased the chances of being overweight or obese (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.02-6.27). Results suggest the need to intensify food and nutrition policies, development of culinary skills, and the reduction in prices of healthy foods to facilitate access to these foods, so that adolescents have options in locations to socialize with friends and family.

Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage intake: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) varies according to the characteristics of the population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the SSB intake and demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with its consumption in adolescents, adults, and older adults in São Paulo. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Health Survey of São Paulo, a cross-sectional population-based study including 1,662 individuals aged 12 years or more. SSB were classified into six groups: sugar-sweetened sodas, sweetened coffee and tea, sweetened milk and dairy products, sweetened fruit juice, sweetened fruit drink, and total SSB. The association of each group with demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables was assessed using linear regression models. RESULTS: The mean SSB intake was 668.4 mL in adolescents, 502.6 mL in adults, and 358.2 mL in elderly adults. Sodas and sweetened coffee and tea represented had the greatest contribution to energy intake. SSB consumption was lower among female sex and higher among overweight adolescents, among sufficiently active adults, and among lower household per capita income older adults. Consumption of SSB was high, particularly among adolescents. Public policies are required in order to decrease the consumption of these beverages. CONCLUSION: Age group, sex, household per capita income, and body mass index status were associated with SSB intake.

2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus in Nutrition: Rationale, Design, and Procedures.

This paper describes the design, sampling methods, and data collection procedures, with particular focus on dietary data, used for the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo (Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, 2015 ISA-Capital) with Focus in Nutrition Study (2015 ISA-Nutrition). The ISA is a household cross-sectional, population-based survey that uses complex, stratified, multistage sampling to create a representative sample of residents from urban São Paulo, Brazil. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition comprised a sub-sample of the 2015 ISA-Capital and intended to include 300 adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years), 300 adults (aged 20 to 59 years), and 300 older adults (aged ≥60 years). From February 2015 to February 2016, 1737 individuals answered the first 24-h dietary recall (24HR), and 901 individuals consented to have their blood sample collected, to undergo anthropometric and blood pressure assessment, and to answer the second 24HR. The 2015 ISA-Nutrition aims to evaluate lifestyle-related modifiable factors in São Paulo's residents, as well as their association with biochemical and genetic markers, and environmental aspects related to cardiometabolic risk factors. This paper concludes that 2015 ISA-Nutrition may provide valuable insights into the cardiometabolic risk factors in a big city in an upper middle-income country and contribute to the formulation of health and nutritional policies.

[Validity of self-reported high cholesterol in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and factors associated with this information's sensitivity]. / Validade da autorreferência de colesterol elevado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação.

The study aimed to validate self-report of high cholesterol in São Paulo, Brazil, and verify factors associated with this information's sensitivity. Data were used from the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo 2015, a cross-sectional population-based study with a probabilistic sample of the city's residents. The sample included 886 individuals with information from the structured questionnaire, blood measurements of total cholesterol and fractions or who reported being on medication for high cholesterol. The validity of self-reported information on high cholesterol was measured according to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa index, considering total cholesterol and LDL-c and pharmacological treatment as the gold standard. Logistic regression models were developed to investigate factors associated with the sensitivity of this information. The sensitivity of information on high cholesterol using total cholesterol as the reference was 50.6%, specificity 90.19%, PPV 51.64%, NPV 89.82%, and kappa 0.41. Taking LDL-c as the gold standard, sensitivity was 53.52%, specificity 89.93%, PPV 49.22%, NPV 91.39%, and kappa 0.43. Using total cholesterol as the reference, age (OR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.24-2.29) and having a private health plan (OR = 2.91; 95%CI: 1.06-7.99) were associated with the information's sensitivity. With LDL-c as the gold standard, age (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.13-2.57), smoking (OR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.08-10.27), and having a private health plan (OR = 3.64; 95%CI: 1.10-12.08) were associated with the information's sensitivity. The results suggest low sensitivity and low PPV of self-reported high cholesterol in residents of São Paulo.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar a autorreferência de colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo, Brasil, e verificar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2015, estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística de residentes do município. Foram incluídos 886 indivíduos com informações do questionário estruturado, dosagem de colesterol total e frações ou que referiram tratamento farmacológico do colesterol elevado. A validade da informação autorreferida de colesterol elevado foi determinada por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e kappa, considerando as dosagens de colesterol total e LDL-c e o tratamento farmacológico como padrão-ouro. Modelos de regressão logística foram realizados a fim de investigar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. A sensibilidade da informação de colesterol elevado tendo em conta o colesterol total como referência foi de 50,6%, a especificidade de 90,19%, VPP de 51,64%, VPN de 89,82% e kappa de 0,41. Considerando o LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a sensibilidade foi 53,52%, a especificidade 89,93%, o VPP 49,22%, o VPN 91,39% e kappa 0,43. Utilizando a dosagem de colesterol total como referência, a idade (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,24-2,29) e o plano de saúde (OR = 2,91; IC95%: 1,06-7,99) se associaram à sensibilidade dessa informação. Considerando a dosagem de LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a idade (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,13-2,57), o tabagismo (OR = 3,33; IC95%: 1,08-10,27) e o plano de saúde (OR = 3,64; IC95%: 1,10-12,08) foram associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Os resultados indicam baixa sensibilidade e VPP da autorreferência do colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo.

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el autoinforme de colesterol elevado en residentes de São Paulo, Brasil, y verificar los factores asociados a la sensibilidad de esta información. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo 2015, estudio transversal de base poblacional con una muestra probabilística de residentes del municipio. Se incluyeron 886 individuos con información del cuestionario estructurado, cantidad de colesterol total y fracciones o que informaron de un tratamiento farmacológico por colesterol elevado. La validez de la información autoinformada de colesterol elevado fue determinada por medio de la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) y kappa, considerando las cantidades de colesterol total y LDL-c y el tratamiento farmacológico como parámetro de referencia. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística, a fin de investigar los factores asociados a la sensibilidad de esa información. La sensibilidad de la información de colesterol elevado, teniendo en cuenta el colesterol total como referencia, fue de un 50,6%, la especificidad de 90,19%, VPP de 51,64%, VPN de 89,82% y kappa de 0,41. Considerando el LDL-c como parámetro de referencia, la sensibilidad fue 53,52%, la especificidad 89,93%, el VPP 49,22%, el VPN 91,39% y kappa 0,43. Utilizando la cantidad de colesterol total como referencia, la edad (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,24-2,29) y el plan de salud (OR = 2,91; IC95%: 1,06-7,99) se asociaron a la sensibilidad de esa información. Considerando la cantidad de LDL-c como parámetro de referencia, la edad (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,13-2,57), el tabaquismo (OR = 3,33; IC95%: 1,08-10,27) y el plan de salud (OR = 3,64; IC95%: 1,10-12,08) se asociaron a la sensibilidad de esa información. Los resultados indican baja sensibilidad y VPP del autoinforme de colesterol elevado en residentes de São Paulo.

Access to Street Markets and Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables by Adolescents Living in São Paulo, Brazil.

Food environment and income act as determinants of diet, and consequently, of the consumption of fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption, income, and street market density in adolescents living in São Paulo, Brazil. Data from 521 adolescents (12 to 19 years) participating in the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo were used. Buffers (500, 1000, and 1500 m) were drawn around the households and the street markets were counted in each zone. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption, income, and street market density. The main results showed that the presence of a street market in the zone closest to the households (500 m) was associated with higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (OR: 1.73; CI 95% 1.01-3.00). Higher family income was associated with a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables for models of 500 m buffer (OR: 2.56; CI 95% 1.47-4.45), 1000 m (OR: 2.30; CI 95% 1.33-3.96), and 1500 m (OR: 2.32; CI 95% 1.35-4.00). These results support the implementation of public policies that jointly consider income and the availability of street markets or healthy food environments.

Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of São Paulo city.

OBJECTIVE To validate the self-reported diabetes mellitus in adults and older adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We have used data of 569 subjects (284 adults and 285 older adults), participants of the population-based cross-sectional study Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (Health Survey of São Paulo). Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and/or use of drugs (oral hypoglycemic and/or insulin) defined the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have validated the self-reported diabetes mellitus by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values. We have used Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the factors associated with the sensitivity of the self-reported datum. For all analyses, we have considered the sample design of the study. RESULTS The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 63.8% (95%CI 49.2-76.3), specificity was 99.7% (95%CI 99.1-99.9), positive predictive value was 95.5% (95%CI 84.4-98.8), and negative predictive value was 96.9% (95%CI 94.9-98.2). The correct reporting of diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among older adults (PR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.5) than among adults. CONCLUSIONS The use of the datum of self-reported diabetes mellitus is valid, especially among older adults living in the city of São Paulo. The results highlight the need to track diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic subjects who have one or more risk factors for it, mainly in the adult population of this city.

Demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage intake: a population-based study / Fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida associados ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas: um estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) varies according to the characteristics of the population. Objective: To investigate the SSB intake and demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors associated with its consumption in adolescents, adults, and older adults in São Paulo. Methods: Data were drawn from the Health Survey of São Paulo, a cross-sectional population-based study including 1,662 individuals aged 12 years or more. SSB were classified into six groups: sugar-sweetened sodas, sweetened coffee and tea, sweetened milk and dairy products, sweetened fruit juice, sweetened fruit drink, and total SSB. The association of each group with demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables was assessed using linear regression models. Results: The mean SSB intake was 668.4 mL in adolescents, 502.6 mL in adults, and 358.2 mL in elderly adults. Sodas and sweetened coffee and tea represented had the greatest contribution to energy intake. SSB consumption was lower among female sex and higher among overweight adolescents, among sufficiently active adults, and among lower household per capita income older adults. Consumption of SSB was high, particularly among adolescents. Public policies are required in order to decrease the consumption of these beverages. Conclusion: Age group, sex, household per capita income, and body mass index status were associated with SSB intake.

RESUMO: Introdução: A ingestão de bebidas açucaradas varia de acordo com as características da população. Objetivos: Investigar o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e os fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida associados ao seu consumo em adolescentes, adultos e idosos residentes em São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo, estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo 1.662 indivíduos com 12 anos ou mais. As bebidas açucaradas foram classificadas em seis grupos: refrigerantes, cafés e chás adoçados, leite e produtos lácteos adoçados, sucos de fruta natural adoçados, sucos de fruta artificial adoçados e bebidas açucaradas totais. A associação de cada grupo com variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de estilo de vida foi determinada por meio de modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: A ingestão média de bebidas açucaradas foi 668,4 mL em adolescentes, 502,6 mL em adultos e 358,2 mL em idosos. Refrigerantes e cafés e chás adoçados foram os grupos com a maior contribuição para a ingestão energética. O consumo de bebidas açucaradas foi menor entre as mulheres e maior entre os adolescentes com excesso de peso, entre adultos suficientemente ativos e entre os idosos de menor renda familiar per capita. O consumo de bebidas açucaradas foi elevado, particularmente entre adolescentes. Políticas públicas são necessárias a fim de reduzir o consumo dessas bebidas. Conclusão: Faixa etária, sexo, renda familiar per capita e índice de massa corporal foram associadas ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas.

Is the local food environment associated with excess body weight in adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil? / O ambiente alimentar local está associado ao excesso de peso em adolescentes em São Paulo, Brasil? / ¿El ambiente alimentario local está asociado al exceso de peso en adolescentes en São Paulo, Brasil?

The obesogenic environment stimulates an inadequate diet by hampering healthy choices. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between the local food environment and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a representative sample population of adolescents living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, using multilevel logistic regression models. Among the adolescents, 29.6% were overweight/obese. There were no significant differences between food environment and adolescents' weight status. However, the presence of fast food restaurants near their home increased the chances of being overweight or obese (OR = 2.53; 95%CI: 1.02-6.27). Results suggest the need to intensify food and nutrition policies, development of culinary skills, and the reduction in prices of healthy foods to facilitate access to these foods, so that adolescents have options in locations to socialize with friends and family.

O ambiente obesogênico estimula uma dieta inadequada, ao dificultar escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Este estudo transversal avaliou a associação entre o ambiente alimentar local e a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em uma amostra representativa da população de adolescentes residentes na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, usando modelos de regressão logística multinível. Entre os adolescentes, 29,6% apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade. Não houve diferenças significativas entre o ambiente alimentar e o status de peso dos adolescentes. Entretanto, a presença de restaurantes de fast food próximos ao domicílio aumentava a probabilidade de apresentarem sobrepeso ou obesidade (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,02-6,27). Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de intensificar as políticas de alimentação e nutrição, o desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias e a redução nos preços dos alimentos para facilitar o acesso a eles, de maneira que os adolescentes disponham de opções saudáveis em locais para socializar com amigos e familiares.

El ambiente obesogénico estimula una dieta inadecuada, al dificultar elecciones alimentarias saludables. Este estudio transversal evaluó la asociación entre el ambiente alimentario local y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra representativa de la población de adolescentes residentes en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, usando modelos de regresión logística multinivel. Entre los adolescentes, un 29,6% presentaban sobrepeso u obesidad. No hubo diferencias significativas entre el ambiente alimentario y el estado de peso de los adolescentes. No obstante, la presencia de restaurantes de fast food cercanos al domicilio aumentaba la probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 2,53; IC95%: 1,02-6,27). Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de intensificar las políticas de alimentación y nutrición, el desarrollo de habilidades culinarias y la reducción de los precios de los alimentos para facilitar el acceso a ellos, de forma que los adolescentes dispongan de opciones saludables en lugares para socializar con amigos y familiares.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to the nutritional status in a representative sample of São Paulo.

BACKGROUND: Overweight is one of the major public health problems in Brazil; it is associated with dyslipidemia, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lipid profile of residents of the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, according to the nutritional status. METHODS: Data from the population-based cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 on a sample of residents of São Paulo were used. Participants were categorized into groups according to body mass index and age range. The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured. The association between lipid profile, nutricional status, and waist circumference was investigated. The data were processed using the survey mode of the Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS: The prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia in the population was 59.74%, with low HDL-cholesterol dyslipidemia being the most common type. Not overweight individuals had higher mean levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol when compared with the overweight group. The rate of inadequacy of these variables was higher in the overweight individuals, regardless of the age group, to the exception of LDL-cholesterol in the adults and elderly. A higher prevalence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals with higher waist circumference among the adults and the total population. CONCLUSION: The results indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the population of the city of São Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-cholesterol.

Increased sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is associated with poorer dietary quality: A cross-sectional population-based study / Aumento no consumo de bebidas açucaradas é associado à pior qualidade da dieta: um estudo transversal de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the association between sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and dietary quality in adolescents, adults, and older adults living in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Data were drawn from a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in 2008 in a representative urban city sample involving 1494 consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages. Dietary intake was evaluated through two 24-Hour Dietary Recalls, and the usual sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was estimated using the Multiple Source Method. Dietary quality was evaluated using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised. The association between total score of the revised index and components with sugar-sweetened beverages consumption tertiles was assessed using multiple linear regression models for each age group, considering the sample design. Results Regardless of age group, the increase of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was associated with a decrease in the total Healthy Eating Index - Revised score and in the components "total fruit"; "whole fruit"; "meat, eggs and legumes", and the "solid fat, alcohol and added sugar". Conclusion The results of our study suggest that higher sugar-sweetened beverages consumption was associated with poorer dietary quality. Planning public health policies aimed at decreasing sugar-sweetened beverages consumption is essential to increase dietary quality and reduce the incidence of noncommunicable diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a qualidade da dieta e o consumo de bebidas açucaradas em adolescentes, adultos e idosos residentes da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2008, estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra composta por 1494 consumidores de bebidas açucaradas. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de dois Recordatórios Alimentares de 24 Horas e o consumo habitual de bebidas açucaradas foi estimado por meio do Multiple Source Method. A qualidade da dieta foi determinada usando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado. A associação entre o índice revisado e a ingestão de bebidas açucaradas foi avaliada por meio de modelos de regressão linear para cada grupo etário, considerando o desenho amostral. Resultados Independente da faixa etária, o aumento do consumo de bebidas açucaradas foi associado à diminuição da pontuação total do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta-Revisado e dos componentes "frutas integrais", "frutas totais", "carne, ovos e leguminosas" e "gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição". Conclusão A maior ingestão de bebidas açucaradas está associada à pior qualidade da dieta. O planejamento de políticas públicas visando à diminuição do consumo de bebidas açucaradas é essencial para aumentar a qualidade da dieta e reduzir a incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Validade da autorreferência de colesterol elevado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação / Validity of self-reported high cholesterol in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and factors associated with this information's sensitivity / Validez del autoinforme de colesterol elevado en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, y factores asociados con la sensibilidad de esta información

O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar a autorreferência de colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo, Brasil, e verificar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2015, estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística de residentes do município. Foram incluídos 886 indivíduos com informações do questionário estruturado, dosagem de colesterol total e frações ou que referiram tratamento farmacológico do colesterol elevado. A validade da informação autorreferida de colesterol elevado foi determinada por meio da sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e kappa, considerando as dosagens de colesterol total e LDL-c e o tratamento farmacológico como padrão-ouro. Modelos de regressão logística foram realizados a fim de investigar os fatores associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. A sensibilidade da informação de colesterol elevado tendo em conta o colesterol total como referência foi de 50,6%, a especificidade de 90,19%, VPP de 51,64%, VPN de 89,82% e kappa de 0,41. Considerando o LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a sensibilidade foi 53,52%, a especificidade 89,93%, o VPP 49,22%, o VPN 91,39% e kappa 0,43. Utilizando a dosagem de colesterol total como referência, a idade (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,24-2,29) e o plano de saúde (OR = 2,91; IC95%: 1,06-7,99) se associaram à sensibilidade dessa informação. Considerando a dosagem de LDL-c como padrão-ouro, a idade (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,13-2,57), o tabagismo (OR = 3,33; IC95%: 1,08-10,27) e o plano de saúde (OR = 3,64; IC95%: 1,10-12,08) foram associados à sensibilidade dessa informação. Os resultados indicam baixa sensibilidade e VPP da autorreferência do colesterol elevado em residentes de São Paulo.

The study aimed to validate self-report of high cholesterol in São Paulo, Brazil, and verify factors associated with this information's sensitivity. Data were used from the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo 2015, a cross-sectional population-based study with a probabilistic sample of the city's residents. The sample included 886 individuals with information from the structured questionnaire, blood measurements of total cholesterol and fractions or who reported being on medication for high cholesterol. The validity of self-reported information on high cholesterol was measured according to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa index, considering total cholesterol and LDL-c and pharmacological treatment as the gold standard. Logistic regression models were developed to investigate factors associated with the sensitivity of this information. The sensitivity of information on high cholesterol using total cholesterol as the reference was 50.6%, specificity 90.19%, PPV 51.64%, NPV 89.82%, and kappa 0.41. Taking LDL-c as the gold standard, sensitivity was 53.52%, specificity 89.93%, PPV 49.22%, NPV 91.39%, and kappa 0.43. Using total cholesterol as the reference, age (OR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.24-2.29) and having a private health plan (OR = 2.91; 95%CI: 1.06-7.99) were associated with the information's sensitivity. With LDL-c as the gold standard, age (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.13-2.57), smoking (OR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.08-10.27), and having a private health plan (OR = 3.64; 95%CI: 1.10-12.08) were associated with the information's sensitivity. The results suggest low sensitivity and low PPV of self-reported high cholesterol in residents of São Paulo.

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el autoinforme de colesterol elevado en residentes de São Paulo, Brasil, y verificar los factores asociados a la sensibilidad de esta información. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta de Salud de São Paulo 2015, estudio transversal de base poblacional con una muestra probabilística de residentes del municipio. Se incluyeron 886 individuos con información del cuestionario estructurado, cantidad de colesterol total y fracciones o que informaron de un tratamiento farmacológico por colesterol elevado. La validez de la información autoinformada de colesterol elevado fue determinada por medio de la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) y kappa, considerando las cantidades de colesterol total y LDL-c y el tratamiento farmacológico como parámetro de referencia. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística, a fin de investigar los factores asociados a la sensibilidad de esa información. La sensibilidad de la información de colesterol elevado, teniendo en cuenta el colesterol total como referencia, fue de un 50,6%, la especificidad de 90,19%, VPP de 51,64%, VPN de 89,82% y kappa de 0,41. Considerando el LDL-c como parámetro de referencia, la sensibilidad fue 53,52%, la especificidad 89,93%, el VPP 49,22%, el VPN 91,39% y kappa 0,43. Utilizando la cantidad de colesterol total como referencia, la edad (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,24-2,29) y el plan de salud (OR = 2,91; IC95%: 1,06-7,99) se asociaron a la sensibilidad de esa información. Considerando la cantidad de LDL-c como parámetro de referencia, la edad (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,13-2,57), el tabaquismo (OR = 3,33; IC95%: 1,08-10,27) y el plan de salud (OR = 3,64; IC95%: 1,10-12,08) se asociaron a la sensibilidad de esa información. Los resultados indican baja sensibilidad y VPP del autoinforme de colesterol elevado en residentes de São Paulo.

Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of São Paulo city

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate the self-reported diabetes mellitus in adults and older adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We have used data of 569 subjects (284 adults and 285 older adults), participants of the population-based cross-sectional study Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (Health Survey of São Paulo). Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and/or use of drugs (oral hypoglycemic and/or insulin) defined the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have validated the self-reported diabetes mellitus by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values. We have used Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the factors associated with the sensitivity of the self-reported datum. For all analyses, we have considered the sample design of the study. RESULTS The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 63.8% (95%CI 49.2–76.3), specificity was 99.7% (95%CI 99.1–99.9), positive predictive value was 95.5% (95%CI 84.4–98.8), and negative predictive value was 96.9% (95%CI 94.9–98.2). The correct reporting of diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among older adults (PR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2–3.5) than among adults. CONCLUSIONS The use of the datum of self-reported diabetes mellitus is valid, especially among older adults living in the city of São Paulo. The results highlight the need to track diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic subjects who have one or more risk factors for it, mainly in the adult population of this city.

Razão carboidrato fibra <= 10:1 na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais saudáveis: panorama do consumo, associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico e impacto na ingestão de nutrientes / The <= 10:1 carbohydrate to fiber ratio to identify healthful grain foods: panorama of consumption, association with cardiometabolic risk factors and impact on nutrient intake

Introdução: Há necessidade de métodos para avaliar a qualidade de alimentos à base de cereais a fim de promover a conscientização dos consumidores, a reformulação de alimentos e esforços políticos como diretrizes, rotulagem e alegações de saúde. Nesse sentido, a presença de 1 g de fibra em 10 g de carboidrato (razão ≤10:1) tem sido proposta na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais com melhor qualidade nutricional. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a aplicação da razão ≤10:1 na identificação de alimentos à base de cereais saudáveis, sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico, avaliar o panorama do consumo desses alimentos e seus determinantes, assim como o potencial impacto nutricional de estratégias para aumentar o seu consumo na população do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo de 2003, 2008 e 2015. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de indivíduos de 12 anos ou mais residentes na área urbana do município. Participantes responderam a um questionário semiestruturado, a pelo menos um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, e tiveram coletadas amostras de sangue, antropometria e medidas de pressão arterial. Alimentos do grupo dos cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 tiveram o valor nutricional comparado aos alimentos que não se enquadraram nesse critério por meio de regressão linear com variância robusta. Investigamos a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ≤10:1 e fatores de risco cardiometabólico por meio de regressão linear múltipla (primeiro manuscrito). O consumo desses alimentos nos anos 2003, 2008 e 2015 foi comparado por meio de testes de tendência e sua associação com características sociodemográficas foi investigada por meio de regressão logística, assim como a predição de consumo para os próximos anos (segundo manuscrito). O impacto nutricional da substituição do arroz branco e do pão branco por seus correspondentes integrais foi avaliado por meio de mudanças na média de ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1, energia e nutrientes (terceiro manuscrito). Resultados: Alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 apresentaram menor carboidrato disponível (-3,0 g/porção), açúcar total (-7,4 g/porção), açúcar de adição (-7,2 g/porção) e gordura saturada (-0,7 g/porção); e maior fibra alimentar (+3,5 g/porção), proteína (+2,1 g/porção), potássio (+100,1 mg/porção), ferro (+0,9 mg/porção), selênio (+4,2 µg/porção), magnésio (+38,7 mg/porção) e zinco (+1,1 mg/porção). Cada aumento de 1% de energia (E) desses alimentos foi associado a níveis sanguíneos mais baixos de triacilglicerol (-10,7%), razão triacilglicerol/HDL-c (-14,9%), insulinemia de jejum (-13,6%) e HOMA-IR (-14,0%). De 2003 a 2015, houve aumento no consumo cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 (de 0,9%E para 1,5%E) e na proporção da população consumindo esses alimentos (de 8,7% para 15,8%). Estima-se que 19,9% da população consumirá algum tipo de cereal atendendo ao critério ≤10:1 em 2030. Maior chance de consumo desses alimentos foi observada entre indivíduos mais velhos (+78%), mulheres (+28%), pessoas com ensino superior (+137%) e níveis mais altos de renda familiar (+135%), enquanto participantes que relataram etnia negra, parda ou indígena apresentaram menor chance (-30%). A substituição do arroz branco e do pão branco por arroz integral e pão integral, respectivamente, resultaria em aumento da ingestão de zinco (9,1%), cálcio (9,3%), vitamina E (18,8%), fibra alimentar (27,0%) e magnésio (52,9%), e na diminuição de carboidratos totais (-6,1%), folato (-6.6%), carboidratos disponíveis (-8,5%), vitamina B6 (-12,5%), vitamina B2 (-17,4%), e vitamina B1 (-20,7%). A ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 pré e pós-modelagem foi de 4,0% e 69,4% da ingestão de cereais totais, respectivamente, um aumento de 220 g/d. Conclusões: A razão ≤10:1 identificou alimentos à base cereais com maior qualidade nutricional e a maior ingestão desses alimentos foi associada à redução de fatores de risco cardiometabólico relacionados à dislipidemia aterogênica e resistência à insulina. De 2003 a 2015, houve aumento no consumo de cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1, mas esse consumo permanece abaixo dos níveis recomendados. Menor probabilidade de ingestão de alimentos que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 foi observada entre mais jovens, sexo masculino, com menor escolaridade e renda familiar e de etnia negra, parda e indígena, nesse período. A substituição de alimentos à base de cereais por opções equivalentes que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 pode levar a mudanças favoráveis no conteúdo nutricional da dieta, além de notável aumento na proporção de cereais que atenderam à razão ≤10:1 em relação aos cereais totais.

Introduction: There is a pressing need for methods to assess the healthfulness of grain foods to promote consumer awareness, evidence-informed industry reformulations, and policy efforts such as guidelines, labeling, and health claims. In this sense, the presence per 10 g of carbohydrate of at least 1 g of fiber (≤10:1-ratio) has been proposed as a pragmatic metric to identify healthier grain products. Objective: To investigate the application of the ≤10:1-ratio to identify healthful grain foods, and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors, to evaluate trends and determinants of this intake, as well as to estimate the potential nutritional impact of strategies to increase the consumption of these foods in São Paulo population. Methods: Data came from the population-based study Health Survey of São Paulo (2003, 2008 and 2015). This is a cross-sectional, population-based study including a probabilistic sample of urban residents in São Paulo. Participants aged 12+ years answered a structured questionnaire, at least one 24-h dietary recall, had blood sample, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements collected. The nutritional value of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio was compared to grain foods not meeting this criterion using univariate linear regressions with robust variance. The association between the intake of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors was assessed by multivariable linear regression models (First manuscript). The consumption of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015 was investigated using linear regression models. Determinants of these intakes and prediction of the prevalence of intake for the next years were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models (Second manuscript). We estimated the potential nutritional impact of replacing white rice and white bread with healthful equivalent options in mean change of healthful grain foods, energy and nutrients intake (Third manuscript). Results: Foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio had lower available carbohydrate (-3.0 g/serving), total sugar (-7.4 g/serving), added sugar (-7.2 g/serving) and saturated fatty acids (-0.7 g/serving), as well as more dietary fiber (+3.5 g/serving), protein (+2.1 g/serving), potassium (+100.1 mg/serving), iron (+0.9 mg/serving), selenium (+4.2 µg/serving), magnesium (+38.7 mg/serving) and zinc (+1.1 mg/serving). Each increase in 1% of energy (E) of these foods was associated with lower levels of blood triacylglycerol (-10.7%), the triacylglycerol/HDL-c ratio (-14.9%), fasting insulin (-13.6%), and HOMA-IR (-14.0%). From 2003 to 2015, a growing trend in the intake of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio (from 0.9 %E to 1.5%E) was observed. Also, the proportion of the population consuming at least one-grain food meeting the ≤10:1-ratio increased from 8,7% in 2003 to 15,8% in 2015, and 19,9% of the population would be consuming some kind of healthful gain food by 2030. Older individuals (+78%), females (+28%), those with higher education (+137%), and higher family income (+135%) were more likely to consume grain foods meeting the ratio, whereas participants who self-reported black, brown or indigenous ethnicity were less likely to consume these foods (-30%). The substitution of white rice and white bread for brown rice and whole wheat bread, respectively, would result in increased intake of zinc (9.1%), calcium (9.3%), vitamin E (18.8%), dietary fiber (27.0%) and magnesium (52,9%), while decreased intake of total carbohydrate (-6.1%), available carbohydrate (-8.5%), vitamin B6 (-12,5%), vitamin B2 (-17,4%), and vitamin B1 (-20,7%) would be seen. Pre- and post-modeled healthful grain foods intake were 4,0% and 69,4% of total grain intake, respectively, an increase of 220 g/d. Conclusion: The ≤10:1-ratio identified grain foods with higher nutritional quality, and higher intakes of these foods were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors related to atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. There was a growing trend to consume grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015, but this consumption continues to be far from recommended levels. Overall, younger individuals, males, those with lower education levels, lower family income, and who self-reported black, brown or indigenous ethnicity were less likely to consume grain foods meeting the ≤10:1-ratio from 2003 to 2015. Shifting consumption from usually eaten grain foods to healthful equivalent options may lead to favorable changes in nutrient content of the diet, in addition to a remarkable increase in healthful grain foods intake.

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia According to the Nutritional Status in a Representative Sample of São Paulo / Prevalência de Dislipidemia Segundo Estado Nutricional em Amostra Representativa de São Paulo

Background: Overweight is one of the major public health problems in Brazil; it is associated with dyslipidemia, which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the lipid profile of residents of the municipality of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, according to the nutritional status. Methods: Data from the population-based cross-sectional study ISA-Capital 2008 on a sample of residents of São Paulo were used. Participants were categorized into groups according to body mass index and age range. The levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol were measured. The association between lipid profile, nutricional status, and waist circumference was investigated. The data were processed using the survey mode of the Stata 11.0 software. Results: The prevalence of any type of dyslipidemia in the population was 59.74%, with low HDL-cholesterol dyslipidemia being the most common type. Not overweight individuals had higher mean levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL cholesterol when compared with the overweight group. The rate of inadequacy of these variables was higher in the overweight individuals, regardless of the age group, to the exception of LDL-cholesterol in the adults and elderly. A higher prevalence of isolated hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals with higher waist circumference among the adults and the total population. Conclusion: The results indicate an association between dyslipidemia and overweight in the population of the city of São Paulo. The most prevalent dyslipidemia in this population was low HDL-cholesterol. .

Fundamento: O excesso de peso configura um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública no Brasil e está relacionado à dislipidemia, importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil lipídico de residentes do município de São Paulo (SP) segundo o estado nutricional. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados provenientes do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA-Capital 2008, referentes à amostra de residentes do município. Os indivíduos foram categorizados em grupos, segundo o índice de massa corporal e a faixa etária. Foram avaliados níveis de colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e colesterol não HDL. Investigou-se a associação entre o perfil lipídico e o estado nutricional e circunferência de cintura. Os dados foram processados no modo survey do programa Stata 11.0. Resultados: A prevalência de qualquer tipo de dislipidemia na população foi de 59,74%, sendo o HDL-colesterol baixo a dislipidemia mais prevalente. Indivíduos sem excesso de peso apresentaram maior concentração média de HDL-colesterol e menor concentração de LDL-colesterol, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e colesterol não HDL, quando comparados ao grupo com excesso de peso. A proporção de inadequação dessas variáveis foi maior nos indivíduos com excesso de peso, independentemente da faixa etária, exceto para o LDL-colesterol de adultos e idosos. Foi observada maior prevalência de hipertrigliceridemia isolada em indivíduos com maior circunferência de cintura entre os adultos e na população total. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados confirmaram a associação entre dislipidemia e excesso de peso na população da cidade de São Paulo. Constatou-se que a dislipidemia mais ...