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1.
J Trauma Stress ; 2024 Jul 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38954530

RESUMO

The heterogeneity of the core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), high rates of comorbid mental and physical health conditions, and substantial impact of the disorder on functioning and well-being contribute to complex clinical presentations that can be challenging to treat. Despite these challenges, there are excellent manualized treatments for PTSD with significant empirical support. Although the success of frontline treatments for PTSD is evident, there remains room for improvement as indicated by suboptimal response and attrition rates. To address challenges to optimal therapy outcomes (COTOs), researchers have conducted numerous clinical trials designed to (a) enhance the core structure of treatment protocols to increase flexibility or (b) expand the protocols to address comorbid conditions that inhibit recovery. However, it is implausible to ever conduct the number of enhancement and expansion clinical trials necessary to test manual modifications for the universe of possible COTOs. This conceptual review describes the concept of a personalized model of therapy that leverages a case formulation approach to implementing an evidence-based treatment for PTSD. This personalized approach provides guidance for the clinician in assessing the patient's COTOs, monitoring them throughout treatment, and relying on the patient's idiosyncratic data to inform treatment decisions, including how and when to diverge from treatment when clinically indicated and ensuring a clear path to return to trauma-focused work when the COTO is stabilized. This personalized, case formulation approach to treating PTSD provides guidance for adopting a more flexible approach to treating clinically complex patients while ensuring fidelity to the protocol.

2.
J Trauma Stress ; 2024 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39095940

RESUMO

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poor quality of life. Although randomized clinical trial data show improvements in quality of life following trauma-focused therapies (TFTs), including prolonged exposure therapy (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT), less is known about how these improvements are experienced from the trauma survivor's perspective. A national sample of 60 veterans who recently completed TFT as part of routine care at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs facilities participated in semistructured qualitative interviews during which the impact of treatment on quality of life was explored. Following a mixed deductive/inductive approach, six interrelated themes describing changes in quality of life emerged: full participation in social activities, greater emotional intimacy in relationships, improvements in parenting, expanded engagement in hobbies and community, increased occupational commitment and confidence, and more joy in life. The data highlight the positive impact of treatment on quality of life and provide depth to quantitative findings demonstrating improvements in quality of life following TFT.

3.
J Trauma Stress ; 36(2): 397-408, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36987703

RESUMO

Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but little is known about in-session process variables that predict symptom reduction and treatment completion during CPT. Examining potentially malleable factors that may promote or impede recovery can inform care delivery and enhance outcomes. The current study used observational ratings of CPT session recordings to examine in-session patient and therapist factors in cognitive, affective, and interpersonal domains to identify their relative contributions to predicting symptom outcomes and treatment completion. Participants were 70 adult survivors of interpersonal violence who received CPT. Predictors of better posttreatment PTSD outcomes included less patient fear, ß = .32, and less patient avoidance of engaging with the therapist, ß = .35. When using the last available PTSD score, less fear, ß = .23, and avoidance, ß = .28, continued to predict better outcomes, and more patient cognitive flexibility emerged as a stronger predictor of outcome, ß = -.33. Predictors of a higher likelihood of treatment completion included more therapist use of Socratic dialogue, OR = 6.75, and less therapist encouragement of patient affect, OR = 0.11. Patient sadness and anger and therapist expression of empathy did not predict symptom outcomes or treatment completion versus dropout. The results highlight the importance of patients' cognitions, emotions, and engagement with their therapist in CPT as well as the role of therapist behaviors in patient completion of treatment.


Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adulto , Humanos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Cognição , Ira , Sobreviventes
4.
Behav Sleep Med ; 21(1): 22-32, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35007171

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is a common symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is resistant to first-line cognitive behavioral interventions. However, research suggests that, among individuals with PTSD, self-reported sleep impairment is typically more severe than what is objectively observed, a phenomenon termed sleep state misperception. Relatively little research has examined which individuals with PTSD are most likely to exhibit sleep state misperception. This study explored clinical predictors of sleep state misperception in a sample of 43 women with PTSD and clinically significant sleep impairment. METHOD: During a baseline assessment, participants' PTSD symptoms were assessed using a clinical interview and their sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Objective sleep, self-reported sleep, and PTSD symptoms were then assessed over a 1-week period using actigraphy and daily diaries. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research, women in the study exhibited total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), and sleep onset latency (SOL) sleep state misperception. For TST and SE, but not SOL, discrepancies between actigraphy and the PSQI were associated with each clinician-rated PTSD symptom cluster, whereas discrepancies between actigraphy and daily diary were only associated with clinician-rated reexperiencing symptoms. The only self-reported PTSD symptom that was uniquely associated with sleep state misperception was nightmares. This association was no longer significant after controlling for sleep-related anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that women with more severe reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD, particularly nightmares, may be more likely to exhibit TST and SE sleep state misperception, perhaps due to associated sleep-related anxiety.


Assuntos
Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Sono , Sonhos/psicologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/complicações , Actigrafia/métodos
5.
Brain Inj ; 37(2): 101-113, 2023 01 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36729954

RESUMO

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Despite a high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its lasting impacts on individuals, particularly women, very little is known about how IPV may impact the brain. IPV is known to frequently result in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this overview of literature, we examined literature related to neuroimaging in women with IPV experiences between the years 2010-2021. RESEARCH DESIGN: Literature overview. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 17 studies were included in the review, which is organized into each imaging modality, including magnetic resonance imaging (structural, diffusion, and functional MRI), Electroencephalography (EEG), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (pMRS), and multimodal imaging. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Research has identified changes in brain regions associated with cognition, emotion, and memory. Howeverto date, it is difficult to disentangle the unique contributions of TBI and PTSD effects of IPV on the brain. Furthermore, experimental design elements differ considerably among studies. CONCLUSIONS: The aim is to provide an overview of existing literature to determine commonalities across studies and to identify remaining knowledge gaps and recommendations for implementing future imaging studies with individuals who experience IPV.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Feminino , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/psicologia , Emoções , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Neuroimagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem
6.
Am J Community Psychol ; 71(3-4): 395-409, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36661400

RESUMO

Little is known about the impact of perceived neighborhood danger on military veterans' mental health, a population potentially at higher risk for this experience, or whether interpersonal social support and neighborhood cohesion can help buffer against poor mental health. This study examined: (1) the impact of perceived neighborhood danger on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans; (2) whether interpersonal social support and neighborhood cohesion can mitigate these effects; and (3) how prior trauma history may interact with these factors. Six moderation models were examined using data from 3049 veterans enrolled in the Longitudinal Investigation of Gender, Health, and Trauma study, a mail-based survey that oversampled for veterans in high crime neighborhoods. Most notably, results indicated that perceived neighborhood danger was associated with increased depression and PTSD (all p < .001). Interpersonal social support or neighborhood cohesion mitigated the effect of perceived neighborhood danger on veterans' depression, but, only for those without prior trauma (all p < .011). For trauma-exposed veterans, interpersonal social support was more effective in mitigating the effect of perceived neighborhood danger on depression than neighborhood cohesion (p = .006). Findings help inform interventions to improve the mental health of veterans living in high crime neighborhoods.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
J Gen Intern Med ; 37(Suppl 3): 825-832, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36042078

RESUMO

Despite substantial efforts to counter sexual assault and harassment in the military, both remain persistent in the Armed Services. In February 2021, President Biden directed the U.S. Department of Defense to establish a 90-day Independent Review Commission on Sexual Assault in the Military (IRC) to assess the department's efforts and make actionable recommendations. As servicemembers discharge from the military, effects of military sexual trauma (MST) are often seen in the Veterans Health Administration (VA). In response to an IRC inquiry about VA MST research, we organized an overview on prevalence, adverse consequences, and evidence-based treatments targeting the sequelae of MST. Women are significantly more likely to experience MST than their male counterparts. Other groups with low societal and institutional power (e.g., lower rank) are also at increased risk. Although not all MST survivors experience long-term adverse consequences, for many, they can be significant, chronic, and enduring and span mental and physical health outcomes, as well as cumulative impairments in functioning. Adverse consequences of MST come with commonalities shared with sexual trauma in other settings (e.g., interpersonal betrayal, victim-blaming) as well as unique aspects of the military context, where experiences of interpersonal betrayal may be compounded by perceptions of institutional betrayal (e.g., fear of reprisal or ostracism, having to work/live alongside a perpetrator). MST's most common mental health impact is posttraumatic stress disorder, which rarely occurs in isolation, and may coincide with major depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance use disorders, and increased suicidality. Physical health impacts include greater chronic disease burden (e.g., hypertension), and impaired reproductive health and sexual functioning. Advances in treatment include evidence-based psychotherapies and novel approaches relying on mind-body interventions and peer support. Nonetheless, much work is needed to enhance detection, access, care, and support or even the best interventions will not be effective.


Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Militares , Delitos Sexuais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Militares/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Trauma Sexual/diagnóstico , Trauma Sexual/epidemiologia , Trauma Sexual/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Veteranos/psicologia
8.
J Head Trauma Rehabil ; 37(3): E175-E185, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34145160

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To adapt the Boston Assessment of TBI-Lifetime (BAT-L) interview specifically for female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), validate the adapted BAT-L/IPV, and report the prevalence of head injury. SETTING: The BAT-L is the first validated instrument to diagnose traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) throughout the life span for post-9/11 veterans. The BAT-L/IPV was adapted to target diagnostic issues belonging exclusively to IPV while maintaining its life span approach. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling convenience sample of 51 female survivors of IPV with subthreshold (n = 10) or full diagnostic criteria (n = 41) of posttraumatic stress disorder. DESIGN: Standard TBI criteria were evaluated using a semistructured clinical interview. MAIN MEASURES: The BAT-L/IPV is compared with the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method (OSU-TBI-ID) scoring approach as the criterion standard. RESULTS: Correspondence between the BAT-L/IPV and the OSU-TBI-ID score was excellent (Cohen κ = 0.86; Kendall τ-b = 0.89). Sensitivity = 89.3% (95% CI, 81.2-97.4); specificity = 98.3% (95% CI, 95.0-100); positive predictive value = 98.0% (95% CI, 94.2-100); and negative predictive value = 90.6% (95% CI, 83.5-97.7). On the BAT-L/IPV, more than one-third (35.3%) of IPV survivors reported TBI secondary to an IPV-related assault, 76.5% reported IPV subconcussive head injury, 31.4% reported attempted strangulation, and 37.3% reported non-IPV TBI. CONCLUSIONS: The BAT-L/IPV performed well in diagnosing TBI in female IPV survivors as compared with the criterion standard. The prevalence of TBI was frequent; subconcussive head injury was pervasive. Greater awareness for head injury risk and increased diagnostic specificity of TBI in IPV survivors is needed.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Veteranos , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes
9.
J Head Trauma Rehabil ; 37(1): E30-E38, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34985038

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: More than one-third of women in the United States experience intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime, increasing their risk for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the prevalence of TBI among IPV survivors, research is sparse in comparison with parallel populations (eg, military, accidents, sports). This pilot study aimed to provide a preliminary investigation of the effect of TBI on brain morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity in women who experience IPV. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 45 community-dwelling women survivors of IPV who screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DESIGN: Participants completed comprehensive assessments of trauma exposure, PTSD, TBI history, and brain neurological health. Twenty-three participants (51.1%) met diagnostic criteria for lifetime TBI. Of these, 15 participants experienced 1 or more TBIs resulting from IPV. The remaining participants experienced TBI from non-IPV exposures (eg, sports/motor vehicle accident). Surface-based neuroimaging analyses were performed to examine group differences in cortical thickness and in functional connectivity of amygdala and isthmus cingulate seeds to examine emotion regulation and the default mode network, respectively. MAIN MEASURES: Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime for Intimate Partner Violence (BAT-L/IPV); Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS); structural and functional neuroimaging. RESULTS: History of lifetime TBI in women IPV survivors was associated with differences in cortical thickness as well as functional connectivity between the isthmus cingulate seed and a variety of regions, including superior parietal and frontal cortices. Individuals with IPV-related TBI showed lower cortical thickness in the right paracentral gyrus than individuals with TBI from other non-IPV etiologies. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in brain structure and connectivity were observed in individuals with IPV and TBI. A lower mean cortical thickness of the paracentral gyrus was associated with TBI due to IPV than TBI from other etiologies. Although preliminary, findings from this pilot study present a step toward identifying potential mechanisms by which IPV and TBI secondary to IPV impact brain health in women.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Feminino , Neuroimagem Funcional/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Projetos Piloto , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes , Estados Unidos
10.
Med Care ; 59: S51-S57, 2021 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33438883

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to (1) examine whether the latent class structure of individuals engaging in self-directed violence and indirect self-harm behaviors (eg, substance use, disordered eating) varied by gender in a sample of US veterans, and (2) test the associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms with the resulting classes. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from 3581 veterans, ages 18-50 (51.9% identified as women) were analyzed. Veterans self-reported histories of self-directed violence, substance use, and disordered eating. Latent class analysis and latent class regression were used to explore class structure by gender and examine association of class membership with PTSD and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: A 4-class model was supported in the sample. Class 1 (20.0%) was characterized by substance use and self-directed violent thoughts and behaviors. Class 2 (8.3%) was characterized by substance use, disordered eating, and self-directed violent thoughts and behaviors. Class 3 (12.6%) was distinguished by indirect self-harm behaviors (substance use and disordered eating). Class 4 (59.6%) reflected low likelihood of behavioral dysregulation. Classes were partially invariant across gender; endorsement of substance use behaviors was generally higher for men in each class. Comorbid clinically significant depressive and PTSD symptoms were associated with the class characterized by highest behavioral dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Self-directed violent thoughts and behaviors present comorbidly with indirect self-harm in men and women veterans, although patterns of indirect self-harm behaviors differ slightly by gender. Such comorbidity may be associated with more severe presentations of psychiatric concerns.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Comportamentos de Risco à Saúde , Análise de Classes Latentes , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Comorbidade , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
11.
J Trauma Stress ; 34(4): 864-871, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33821515

RESUMO

Sexual assault (SA) often occurs in the context of substances, which can impair the trauma memory and contribute to negative cognitions like self-blame. Although these factors may affect posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment, outcomes for substance-involved SA have not been evaluated or compared with other types of SA. As such, we conducted a secondary analysis of a dismantling trial for cognitive processing therapy (CPT), focusing on 58 women with an index trauma of SA that occurred since age 14. Women who experienced a substance-involved SA (n = 21) were compared with those who experienced a non-substance-involved SA (n = 37). Participants were randomized to CPT, CPT with written account (CPT+A), or written account only (WA). Regressions controlling for pretreatment symptom levels revealed no differences by SA type in PTSD severity at posttreatment. At 6-month follow-up, substance-involved SA was associated with more severe residual PTSD severity than non-substance-involved SA, with no significant differences by treatment condition. Among participants in the substance-involved SA group, the largest effect for reduced PTSD symptom severity from pretreatment to follow-up emerged in the CPT condition, d = -2.02, with reductions also observed in the CPT+A, d = -0.92, and WA groups, d = -1.23. Although more research in larger samples is needed, these preliminary findings suggest that following substance-involved SA, a cognitive treatment approach without a trauma account may facilitate lasting change in PTSD symptoms. We encourage replications to better understand the relative value of cognitive and exposure-based treatment for PTSD following substance-involved SAs.


Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Delitos Sexuais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adolescente , Cognição , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento
12.
Eat Disord ; 29(3): 292-306, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33411646

RESUMO

Many individuals with lifetime histories of eating disorders (EDs) report exposure to interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, this relationship is not well-understood, and there are no established, evidence-based therapies for the concurrent treatment of EDs and PTSD. This review focuses on studies of the mechanisms associating trauma exposure and/or PTSD with EDs. Possible mechanisms of the trauma-ED association identified from the literature include self-criticism, low self-worth, guilt, shame, depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, anger, and impulsivity/compulsivity. ED behaviors may be used as coping strategies to manage PTSD symptoms and negative affect. Avoidance of hyperarousal symptoms by engaging in binge eating, purging, and/or restriction may serve to maintain both the ED as well as the PTSD. Given the evidence of the bidirectional relationship between EDs and PTSD, we describe an integrated cognitive behavioral theory that may account for the persistence of comorbid PTSD and EDs. The integrated model is based on the theoretical models that underpin existing evidence-based treatments for PTSD and ED and incorporates many of the potential mechanisms highlighted to date. The primary aim of the model is to identify potential treatment targets as well as elucidate future directions for research.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Compulsão Alimentar , Bulimia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Humanos , Vergonha , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia
13.
J Trauma Stress ; 33(4): 371-379, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32400911

RESUMO

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has required mental health providers to rapidly rethink and adapt how they provide care. Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a trauma-focused, evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder that is effective when delivered in-person or via telehealth. Given current limitations on the provision of in-person mental health treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, this article presents guidelines and treatment considerations when implementing CPT via telehealth. Based on lessons learned from prior studies and clinical delivery of CPT via telehealth, recommendations are made with regard to overall strategies for adapting CPT to a telehealth format, including how to conduct routine assessments and ensure treatment fidelity.


Assuntos
COVID-19/psicologia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Telemedicina/métodos , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia
14.
Compr Psychiatry ; 92: 13-21, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31203176

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) incurred during military service are widely studied; however, less is known about TBI resulting from intimate partner violence ("IPV-related TBI"). Women Veterans are at high risk for IPV, yet no research has examined future psychosocial health risks associated with IPV-related TBI history in this population. METHODS: We examined psychiatric and physical health outcomes, as well as IPV, in a sample of women Veterans who, at Time 1, reported IPV-related TBI with (n = 13) or without (n = 20) persistent symptoms; that is, symptoms such as memory problems, balance problems or dizziness, sensitivity to bright light, irritability, headaches, and sleep problems that began or got worse immediately following the IPV-related TBI and occurred within the past week. These women completed web-based surveys 18 months later (Time 2), which included validated measures of psychiatric and physical health symptoms as well as past-year IPV. We conducted linear regressions to model whether T1 IPV-related TBI with persistent symptoms predicted worse health outcomes at T2, in comparison to T1 IPV-related without persistent symptoms. RESULTS: Controlling for significant covariates (i.e., military sexual trauma; MST), IPV-related TBI with persistent symptoms at Time 1 was associated with significantly worse outcomes at Time 2 across all health outcome domains (sr2 range: 0.12-0.37). After controlling for MST and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at Time 1, IPV-related TBI with persistent symptoms at Time 1 remained significantly associated with worse Time 2 symptoms of insomnia, depression, and physical health (sr2 range: 0.12-0.25). CONCLUSION: Women who experience IPV-related TBI with persistent symptoms are at higher risk for worse psychosocial health outcomes 18 months later. Findings necessitate screening IPV survivors for TBI with persistent symptoms and tailoring TBI and psychosocial interventions to reduce risk for ongoing health sequelae.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/psicologia , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Veteranos/psicologia
15.
J Trauma Stress ; 32(2): 260-268, 2019 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31009555

RESUMO

Trauma-related rumination is a cognitive style characterized by repetitive negative thinking about the causes, consequences, and implications of a traumatic experience. Frequent trauma-related rumination has been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in civilian samples but has yet to be examined among military veterans. This study extended previous research by examining trauma-related rumination in female veterans who presented to a Veterans Affairs women's trauma recovery clinic (N = 91). The study had two main aims: (a) to examine associations between trauma-related rumination and specific PTSD symptoms, adjusting for the overlap between trauma-related rumination and other relevant cognitive factors, such as intrusive trauma memories and self-blame cognitions; and (b) to assess associations between trauma-related rumination, PTSD, and depression, adjusting for symptom comorbidity. At intake, patients completed a semistructured interview and self-report questionnaires. Primary diagnoses were confirmed via medical record review. Trauma-related rumination was common, with more than 80% of patients reporting at least sometimes engaging in this cognitive style in the past week. After adjusting for other relevant cognitive factors, trauma-related rumination was significantly associated with several specific PTSD symptoms, rp s = .33-.48. Additionally, the severity of trauma-related rumination was associated with overall PTSD symptom severity, even after adjusting for comorbid depression symptoms, rp 2 = .35. In contrast, the association between trauma-related rumination and depressive symptom severity was not significant after adjusting for comorbid PTSD symptoms, rp 2 = .008. These results highlight trauma-related rumination as a unique contributing factor to the complex clinical presentation for a subset of trauma-exposed veterans.


Spanish Abstracts by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET) Asociaciones entre la rumiación relacionada con el trauma y síntomas de estrés postraumático y depresión en Mujeres Veteranas en busca de tratamiento RUMINACIÓN RELACIONADA CON EL TRAUMA EN MUJERES VETERANAS La rumiación relacionada con el trauma es un estilo cognitivo caracterizado por pensamientos negativos repetitivos sobre las causas, consecuencias e implicaciones de una experiencia traumática. Frecuentemente la rumiación relacionada con el trauma se ha relacionado con el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y la depresión en muestras de civiles, pero aún no se ha examinado entre los veteranos militares. Este estudio extendió la investigación previa al examinar la rumiación relacionada con el trauma en mujeres veteranas que acudieron a una clínica de recuperación de trauma para mujeres del VA (N = 91). El estudio tenía dos objetivos principales: examinar (a) las asociaciones entre la rumiación relacionada con el trauma y los síntomas específicos de TEPT, ajustándose a la superposición entre la rumiación relacionada con el trauma y otros factores cognitivos relevantes, como los recuerdos intrusivos del trauma y las cogniciones de auto-culpa; y (b) asociaciones entre rumiación relacionada con el trauma, TEPT y depresión, ajustando la comorbilidad de los síntomas. En el momento del ingreso, los pacientes completaron una entrevista semiestructurada y cuestionarios de autoinforme. Los diagnósticos primarios fueron confirmados a través de la revisión de la historia clínica. La rumiación relacionada con el trauma fue común, con más del 80% de los pacientes que informaron que al menos a veces se involucraron en este estilo cognitivo en la última semana. Después de ajustar otros factores cognitivos relevantes, la rumiación relacionada con el trauma se asoció significativamente con varios síntomas específicos de TEPT, rp s = .33 - .48. Además, la gravedad de la rumiación relacionada con el trauma se asoció con la gravedad general de los síntomas del TEPT incluso después de ajustar los síntomas de depresión comórbida, rp 2 = .35. En contraste, la asociación entre la rumiación relacionada con el trauma y la gravedad de los síntomas depresivos no fue significativa después de ajustar los síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático comórbido, rp 2 = .008. Estos resultados resaltan la rumiación relacionada con el trauma como un factor único contribuyente a la compleja presentación clínica para un subconjunto de veteranas expuestas a traumas.


Assuntos
Ruminação Cognitiva , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Adulto , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Autorrelato , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos
16.
Am J Community Psychol ; 62(3-4): 433-448, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30222868

RESUMO

Longitudinal research following discreet traumatic events reveals distinct symptom trajectories in untreated survivors of trauma. Trajectories within communities exposed to shared, prolonged violence involving subgroups differing in perspectives, and roles during the event have not been studied. This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depressive symptoms secondary to exposure to violence during civil unrest in citizens (n = 311) and law enforcement (n = 255) over 1.5 years following exposure. Latent class growth modeling was used to examine trajectories of PTS and depressive symptoms. Four-class quadratic solutions for both PTS and depressive symptoms demonstrated best fit. Similar patterns emerged for such that most participants were classified as resistant (57% and 67%, respectively), followed by resilience (23.8% and 17.2%), chronic (12.6% and 12.0%), and worsening (6.1% and 4.4%). When all predictors were entered in a single model, race, and membership in citizen or law enforcement groups did not distinguish trajectories of recovery. Higher income and social support emerged as consistent protective factors against PTS and depressive symptoms, while trauma history emerged as a risk factor for PTS. Women were more at risk for depressive symptoms only. Implications for improving police/civilian relations in Ferguson, Missouri, and other communities are discussed.


Assuntos
Depressão/epidemiologia , Aplicação da Lei , Polícia/psicologia , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes/psicologia , População Urbana , Violência , Adulto , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Missouri/epidemiologia , Resiliência Psicológica , Apoio Social
18.
Curr Psychiatry Rep ; 18(10): 95, 2016 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27604362

RESUMO

Both theoretical and empirical findings have demonstrated similarities across diagnoses, leading to a growing interest in transdiagnostic interventions. Most of the evidence supporting transdiagnostic treatment has accumulated for depression, anxiety, and eating disorders, with minimal attention given to posttraumatic stress disorder and other reactions to traumatic stressors. Although single-diagnosis protocols are effective for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders, in principle, transdiagnostic approaches may have beneficial applications within a traumatized population. This paper defines different types of transdiagnostic treatments, reviews transdiagnostic approaches used in related disorders, and discusses their applicability to PTSD. Examples are drawn from existing transdiagnostic treatments in order to provide a framework for the application of such interventions to the field of traumatic stress. Implications for implementation and dissemination are also discussed.


Assuntos
Psicoterapia/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/terapia , Humanos
19.
J Trauma Stress ; 29(4): 283-92, 2016 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27254474

RESUMO

There is little information available on the mental health effects of exposure to shared community violence such as the August 2014 violence that occurred in Ferguson, Missouri. This study sought to examine the relationship between proximity to community violence and mental health in both community members and police officers. We recruited 565 adults (community, n = 304, and police, n = 261) exposed to the violence in Ferguson to complete measures of proximity to violence, posttraumatic stress, depression, and anger. Using structural equation modeling, we assessed aspects of proximity to violence-connectedness, direct exposure, fear from exposure, media exposure, reactions to media, and life interruption-as correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, and anger. The final model yielded (n = 432), χ(2) (d = 12) = 7.4, p = .830; comparative fit index = 1.0, root mean square error of approximation = 0 [0, .04]. All aspects of proximity except direct exposure were associated with mental health outcomes. There was no moderation as a function of community versus police. Race moderated the relationship between life interruptions and negative outcomes; interruption was related to distress for White, but not Black community members. Based on group comparisons, community members reported more symptoms of PTSD and depression than law enforcement (ηp (2) = .06 and .02, respectively). Black community members reported more PTSD and depression than White community members (ηp (2) = .05 and .02, respectively). Overall, distress was high, and mental health interventions are likely indicated for some individuals exposed to the Ferguson events.


Assuntos
Exposição à Violência/psicologia , Aplicação da Lei , Polícia/psicologia , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etiologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Ira , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/etiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Missouri , Polícia/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos
20.
Community Ment Health J ; 51(6): 663-73, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26044653

RESUMO

There is little known about coping styles used by individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) and even less known about the influence of a comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (SMI-PTSD) diagnosis on coping. The current study examines differences in utilization of coping strategies, overall psychological distress, and exposure to traumatic events between SMI only and SMI-PTSD individuals seeking community mental health clinic services (N = 90). Results demonstrate that overall psychological distress and use of avoidance coping were significantly higher among the SMI-PTSD sample. Avoidance coping partially mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and psychological distress. Findings suggest that the experience of PTSD for those with SMI is associated with increases in avoidance coping, a coping style that significantly contributes to psychological distress. Implications for further study and treatment within community mental health clinics are considered.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Aprendizagem da Esquiva , Transtorno Bipolar/complicações , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos Psicóticos/complicações , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Estresse Psicológico , Adulto Jovem
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