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1.
Andrologia ; 54(11): e14595, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36102209

RESUMO

Gene expression in meiotic cells in the testis is characterized by intense transcriptional activity and alternative splicing. These processes are mainly controlled by RNA-binding proteins expressed strongly in germ cells. Functional impairments in any of these proteins' functions can lead to defects in meiosis and thus severe male infertility. Here, we have identified a homozygous frameshift mutation (NM_014469.4:c.301dup; p.Ser101LysfsTer29) in the RNA-binding motif protein, X-linked like 2 (RBMXL2) gene in a man with an azoospermia due to meiotic arrest. As RBMXL2 is known to be crucial for safeguarding the meiotic transcriptome in mice testes, we hypothesized that this variant leads to cryptic splice site poisoning. To determine the variant's impact on spermatogenesis, we confirmed the absence of RBMXL2 protein in the patient's testis tissue and then evidenced abnormal expression of several spermatogenesis proteins (e.g. meiosis-specific with coiled-coil domain) known to be altered in rbmxl2 knock-out mice with meiotic arrest. Our results indicate that RBMXL2's function in spermatogenesis is conserved in mammals. We hypothesize that deleterious variant in the RBMXL2 gene can result in male infertility and complete meiotic arrest, due to the disruption of gene expression by cryptic splice site poisoning.


Assuntos
Azoospermia , Infertilidade Masculina , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Masculino , Sítios de Splice de RNA/genética , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Azoospermia/induzido quimicamente , Azoospermia/genética , Azoospermia/metabolismo , Meiose/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/metabolismo , Espermatogênese/genética , Testículo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Mutação , Mamíferos/genética , Mamíferos/metabolismo
2.
Mol Hum Reprod ; 26(9): 665-677, 2020 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32634216

RESUMO

Infertility, a global problem affecting up to 15% of couples, can have varied causes ranging from natural ageing to the pathological development or function of the reproductive organs. One form of female infertility is premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), affecting up to 1 in 100 women and characterised by amenorrhoea and elevated FSH before the age of 40. POI can have a genetic basis, with over 50 causative genes identified. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), a form of male infertility characterised by the absence of sperm in semen, has an incidence of 1% and is similarly heterogeneous. The genetic basis of male and female infertility is poorly understood with the majority of cases having no known cause. Here, we study a case of familial infertility including a proband with POI and her brother with NOA. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and identified a homozygous STAG3 missense variant that segregated with infertility. STAG3 encodes a component of the meiosis cohesin complex required for sister chromatid separation. We report the first pathogenic homozygous missense variant in STAG3 and the first STAG3 variant associated with both male and female infertility. We also demonstrate limitations of WES for the analysis of homologous DNA sequences, with this variant being ambiguous or missed by independent WES protocols and its homozygosity only being established via long-range nested PCR.


Assuntos
Azoospermia/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/genética , Adulto , Consanguinidade , Feminino , Homozigoto , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Linhagem , Irmãos
3.
Genes (Basel) ; 14(9)2023 08 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37761825

RESUMO

The reproductive homeobox on the X chromosome (RHOX) genes were first identified in the mouse during the 1990s and have a crucial role in reproduction. In various transcription factors with a key regulatory role, the homeobox sequence encodes a "homeodomain" DNA-binding motif. In the mouse, there are three clusters of Rhox genes (α, ß, and γ) on the X chromosome. Each cluster shows temporal and/or quantitative collinearity, which regulates the progression of the embryonic development process. Although the RHOX family is conserved in mammals, the interspecies differences in the number of RHOX genes and pseudogenes testifies to a rich evolutionary history with several relatively recent events. In the mouse, Rhox genes are mainly expressed in reproductive tissues, and several have a role in the differentiation of primordial germ cells (Rhox1, Rhox6, and Rhox10) and in spermatogenesis (Rhox1, Rhox8, and Rhox13). Despite the lack of detailed data on human RHOX, these genes appear to be involved in the formation of germ cells because they are predominantly expressed during the early (RHOXF1) and late (RHOXF2/F2B) stages of germ cell development. Furthermore, the few variants identified to date are thought to induce or predispose to impaired spermatogenesis and severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. In the future, research on the pathophysiology of the human RHOX genes is likely to confirm the essential role of this family in the reproductive process and might help us to better understand the various causes of infertility and characterize the associated human phenotypes.


Assuntos
Genes Homeobox , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Masculino , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Genes Homeobox/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Família Multigênica , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Espermatogênese/genética , Mamíferos/genética
4.
Basic Clin Androl ; 31(1): 9, 2021 Apr 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33882832

RESUMO

Spermatogenesis is a complex process regulated by a multitude of genes. The identification and characterization of male-germ-cell-specific genes is crucial to understanding the mechanisms through which the cells develop. The term "TEX gene" was coined by Wang et al. (Nat Genet. 2001; 27: 422-6) after they used cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify new transcripts that were present only in purified mouse spermatogonia. TEX (Testis expressed) orthologues have been found in other vertebrates (mammals, birds, and reptiles), invertebrates, and yeasts. To date, 69 TEX genes have been described in different species and different tissues. To evaluate the expression of each TEX/tex gene, we compiled data from 7 different RNA-Seq mRNA databases in humans, and 4 in the mouse according to the expression atlas database.Various studies have highlighted a role for many of these genes in spermatogenesis. Here, we review current knowledge on the TEX genes and their roles in spermatogenesis and fertilization in humans and, comparatively, in other species (notably the mouse). As expected, TEX genes appear to have a major role in reproduction in general and in spermatogenesis in humans but also in all mammals such as the mouse. Most of them are expressed specifically or predominantly in the testis. As most of the TEX genes are highly conserved in mammals, defects in the male (gene mutations in humans and gene-null mice) lead to infertility. In the future, cumulative data on the human TEX genes' physiological functions and pathophysiological dysfunctions should become available and is likely to confirm the essential role of this family in the reproductive process. Thirteen TEX genes are now referenced in the OMIM database, and 3 have been linked to a specific phenotype. TEX11 (on Xq13.1) is currently the gene most frequently reported as being associated with azoospermia.


RéSUMé: La spermatogenèse est un processus complexe régulé par une multitude de gènes. L'identification et la caractérisation des gènes spécifiques des cellules germinales mâles sont essentielles pour comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les cellules se développent. Le terme «gène TEX¼ a été inventé par Wang et al. (Nat Genet. 2001; 27: 422­6) après avoir utilisé l'hybridation soustractive d'ADNc (SSH) pour identifier de nouveaux transcrits qui n'étaient présents que dans la spermatogonie de souris. Puis, des orthologues TEX ont été trouvés chez d'autres vertébrés (mammifères, oiseaux et reptiles), des invertébrés et des levures. À ce jour, 69 gènes TEX (Testis expressed) ont été décrits dans différentes espèces et différents tissus. Pour évaluer l'expression de chaque gène TEX/tex, nous avons compilé les données de 7 bases de données différentes d'ARNm RNA-Seq chez l'homme, et 4 chez la souris selon la base de données de l'atlas d'expression.Diverses études ont mis en évidence le rôle de plusieurs de ces gènes dans la spermatogenèse. Ici, nous passons en revue les connaissances actuelles sur les gènes TEX et leurs rôles dans la spermatogenèse et la fécondation chez l'humain et, comparativement, chez d'autres espèces (notamment la souris). Comme prévu, les gènes TEX semblent avoir un rôle majeur dans la reproduction en général et dans la spermatogenèse chez l'homme, mais aussi chez d'autres mammifères comme la souris. La plupart d'entre eux sont exprimés spécifiquement ou principalement dans les testicules. Comme la plupart des gènes TEX sont hautement conservés chez les mammifères, des défauts chez le mâle (mutations géniques chez l'homme et KO murin) conduisent à l'infertilité. À l'avenir, l'accumulation des données sur les fonctions physiologiques et les dysfonctionnements physiopathologiques des gènes TEX humains devraient devenir disponibles et confirmer le rôle essentiel de cette famille dans le processus de reproduction. Treize gènes TEX sont désormais référencés dans la base de données OMIM, et 3 ont été liés à un phénotype spécifique. TEX11 (sur Xq13.1) est. actuellement le gène le plus fréquemment rapporté comme étant associé à l'azoospermie.

5.
Basic Clin Androl ; 31(1): 21, 2021 Aug 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34407766

RESUMO

Whereas the initially strategy for the genetic analysis of male infertility was based on a candidate gene approach, the development of next-generation sequencing technologies (such as whole-exome sequencing (WES)) provides an opportunity to analyze many genes in a single procedure. In order to recommend WES or whole-genome sequencing (WGS) after genetic counselling, an objective evaluation of the current genetic screening strategy for male infertility is required, even if, at present, we have to take into consideration the complexity of such a procedure, not discussed in this commentary.


RéSUMé: Alors que la stratégie actuelle d'analyse de génétique moléculaire de l'infertilité masculine est basée sur une approche dite "gène candidat", le développement des technologies de séquençage de nouvelle génération, comme le séquençage complet de l'exome (WES), offre la possibilité d'analyser de nombreux gènes en une seule technique.Afin de recommander le WES ou le séquençage complet du génome, après un conseil génétique, une évaluation objective des différentes stratégies de dépistage génétique est nécessaire, tout en prenant en considération que la complexité d'une utilisation des nouvelles technologies n'est pas abordé dans ce commentaire.

6.
Genes (Basel) ; 12(11)2021 11 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34828406

RESUMO

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder. It is responsible for intellectual disability (ID) and several medical conditions. Although men with DS are thought to be infertile, some spontaneous paternities have been reported. The few studies of the mechanism of infertility in men with DS are now dated. Recent research in zebrafish has indicated that overexpression of DYRK1A (the protein primarily responsible for ID in DS) impairs gonadogenesis at the embryonic stage. To better ascertain DYRK1A's role in infertility in DS, we investigated the effect of DYRK1A overexpression in a transgenic mouse model. We found that overexpression of DYRK1A impairs fertility in transgenic male mice. Interestingly, the mechanism in mice differs slightly from that observed in zebrafish but, with disruption of the early stages of spermatogenesis, is similar to that seen in humans. Unexpectedly, we observed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in the transgenic mice.


Assuntos
Hipogonadismo/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Espermatogênese , Animais , Hipogonadismo/patologia , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Testículo/embriologia , Testículo/patologia , Regulação para Cima , Quinases Dyrk
7.
Basic Clin Androl ; 31(1): 27, 2021 Nov 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34758722

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although chromosome rearrangements are responsible for spermatogenesis failure, their impact depends greatly on the chromosomes involved. At present, karyotyping and Y chromosome microdeletion screening are the first-line genetic tests for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Although it is generally acknowledged that X or Y chromosome rearrangements lead to meiotic arrest and thus rule out any chance of sperm retrieval after a testicular biopsy, we currently lack markers for the likelihood of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in patients with other chromosome rearrangements. RESULTS: We investigated the use of a single nucleotide polymorphism comparative genome hybridization array (SNP-CGH) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) for two patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and testicular meiotic arrest, a reciprocal translocation: t(X;21) and t(20;22), and an unsuccessful TESE. No additional gene defects were identified for the t(X;21) carrier - suggesting that t(X;21) alone damages spermatogenesis. In contrast, the highly consanguineous t(20;22) carrier had two deleterious homozygous variants in the TMPRSS9 gene; these might have contributed to testicular meiotic arrest. Genetic defect was confirmed with Sanger sequencing and immunohistochemical assessments on testicular tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS: Firstly, TMPRSS9 gene defects might impact spermatogenesis. Secondly, as a function of the chromosome breakpoints for azoospermic patients with chromosome rearrangements, provision of the best possible genetic counselling means that genetic testing should not be limited to karyotyping. Given the risks associated with TESE, it is essential to perform WES - especially for consanguineous patients.


RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: Si les réarrangements chromosomiques sont connus pour être à l'origine d'une altération de la spermatogenèse, leur impact dépend fortement des chromosomes impliqués. À l'heure actuelle, la réalisation d'un caryotype et le dépistage des microdélétions du chromosome Y sont les tests génétiques réalisés en première intention chez les patients atteints d'azoospermie non obstructive. S'il est généralement admis que les réarrangements impliquant les chromosomes X ou Y entraînent un arrêt méiotique et réduisent fortement les chances de retrouver des spermatozoïdes après une biopsie testiculaire, nous manquons de marqueurs permettant de définir une probabilité d'extraction de spermatozoïdes testiculaires chez les patients présentant d'autres réarrangements chromosomiques. RéSULTATS: Nous avons utilisé l'hybridation génomique comparative sur puces (SNP-CGH) et le séquençage entier de l'exome (SEE) pour deux patients présentant une azoospermie non obstructive avec arrêt méiotique, une translocation réciproque: t(X;21) et t(20;22), et sans spermatozoïde retrouvé après biopsie testiculaire Aucune autre anomalie génétique n'a été identifiée chez le patient porteur de la t(X;21) - ce qui suggère que la translocation seule altére la spermatogenèse. En revanche, le patient porteur de la t(20;22), consanguin, présentait deux variants homozygotes délétères dans le gène TMPRSS9 qui pourraient contribuer à l'arrêt méiotique. Le variant génétique a été confirmé par séquençage Sanger et par immunohistochimie sur des coupes de tissu testiculaire. CONCLUSIONS: Premièrement, nous faisons l'hypothèse d'un impact du défaut du gène TMPRSS9 sur la spermatogenèse. De plus, en fonction des points de cassures chromosomiques pour les patients azoospermes ayant une translocation réciproque, nous suggérons de ne pas limiter les analyses génétiques à la réalisation d'un caryotype afin d'affiner le conseil génétique. Compte tenu des risques associés à la TESE, il est essentiel de réaliser un SEE en amont et en particulier pour les patients consanguins. MOTS CLéS: Arrêt méiotique, azoospermie non obstructive, translocation, séquençage de l'exome, TMPRSS9.

8.
Basic Clin Androl ; 29: 4, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31024732

RESUMO

As with many other diseases, genetic testing in human azoospermia was initially restricted to karyotype analyses (leading to diagnostic chromosome rearrangement tests for Klinefelter and other syndromes). With the advent of molecular biology in the 1980s, genetic screening was broadened to analyses of Y chromosome microdeletions and the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Decades later, the emergence of whole-genome techniques has led to the identification of other genetic defects associated with human azoospermia. Although TEX11 and ADGRG2 defects are frequently described in men with azoospermia, most of the causal gene defects found to date are private (i.e. identified in a small number of consanguineous families). Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of all the types of genetic defects known to be linked to human azoospermia and try to give clinical practice guidelines according to azoospermia phenotype. Along with homozygous mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic defects are also briefly discussed. However, as these variations predispose to azoospermia, a specific review will be needed to compile data on all the particular genetic variations reported in the literature.


Comme pour beaucoup de maladies humaines, les analyses génétiques en cas d'azoospermie étaient initialement limitées à la réalisation d'un caryotype, conduisant au diagnostic de réarrangements chromosomiques comme pour le syndrome de Klinefelter ou autres syndromes. L'avènement de la biologie moléculaire, dans les années 1980, a permis l'élargissement du dépistage génétique à la recherche des microdélétions du chromosome Y et aux anomalies du gène CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Il a fallu attendre plusieurs décennies et l'apparition des techniques d'analyses du génome entier pour que soit réalisée l'identification d'autres anomalies génétiques associés à l'azoospermie humaine. Si les anomalies des gènes TEX11 et ADGRG2 sont fréquemment décrites dans la littérature pour les hommes présentant une azoospermie, la plupart des altérations génétiques découvertes à ce jour sont privées, identifiées dans un petit nombre de familles souvent consanguines.L'objectif dans cette revue est de fournir un aperçu actualisé de toutes les anomalies génétiques décrites dans la littérature et associées à l'azoospermie humaine tout en essayant de fournir des guides de conduite diagnostique en fonction du phénotype de l'azoospermie. En plus des mutations homozygotes et délétères, les polymorphismes et les défauts épigénétiques sont également brièvement abordés. Néanmoins, comme ces variations ne sont que de potentiels facteurs de prédisposition à l'azoospermie, une étude spécifique sera nécessaire pour compiler l'ensemble des données de la littérature pour chaque variant génétique.

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