Unveiling complementarities between national sustainable development strategies through network analysis.

The 2030 agenda of the United Nations provides a framework of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 232 indicators for its members to fulfill. The overall achievement critically depends on how nations understand the interactions between these SDGs and set priorities for development pathways. This study provides a comprehensive network analysis of global SDG complementarities, measured by the co-occurrences of SDG pairs' comparative advantages in the same region by adopting the 'product space' concept from economics. We construct the 'SDG space' at goal and indicator levels with the most recently available data and then validate its robustness by comparing it to the commonly used correlation network and confirm its predictive power using historical data. Network analysis reveals a strongly connected socioeconomic-related core and an environmental-related periphery, with 'bridge' indicators connecting different clusters. The goal-level space identifies the 'bridge' goals as SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 15 (Life on Hand) in the environmental-related cluster, while identifying SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 6 (Clean water and Sanitation), and SDG 16 (Justice and Strong Institutions) in the socioeconomic cluster. The indicator-level space provides details to explain how they act as 'bridges' in the network. In particular, 16-9: Free Press Index is the 'bridge' indicator with the highest betweenness centrality value and acts as the bottleneck indicator in China for its overall sustainable development. Improving it can enhance connected indicators' performance, leading to positive cascading effects on different aspects of sustainability.

A qualitative systematic review of governance principles for mangrove conservation.

Management of mangrove ecosystems is complex, given that mangroves are both terrestrial and marine, often cross regional or national boundaries, and are valued by local stakeholders in different ways than they are valued on national and international scales. Thus, mangrove governance has had varying levels of success, analyzed through concepts such as principles of good governance and procedural justice in decision-making. Although there is substantial research on case studies of mangrove management, global comparisons of mangrove governance are lacking. This research aims to fill this gap by comparing relationships among qualities of governance across mangrove social-ecological systems worldwide. Through a systematic literature search and screening process, we identified 65 articles that discussed mangrove governance and conservation. Case studies in these articles, drawn from 39 countries, were categorized as top-down, bottom-up, or comanaged and thematically coded to assess the influence of eight principles of good governance in mangrove conservation success. Across all three governance systems, the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and integration were most important in determining conservation success or failure. These principles are closely related to the concept of procedural justice, highlighting the importance of stakeholder inclusion throughout all stages of mangrove management. Thus, we recommend clearly defined roles for all governance actors, transparent communication of policy development to stakeholders, fairness in both process and outcome, and careful consideration of sustainable access to conservation resources.

Una Revisión Cualitativa de los Principios de Gestión para la Conservación de los Manglares Resumen El manejo de los manglares es complejo dado que son terrestres y marinos, con frecuencia cruzan las fronteras regionales o nacionales y están valorados por los actores de diferentes maneras de cómo son valorados en las escalas nacionales e internacionales. Por lo tanto, la gestión de los manglares ha tenido diferentes niveles de éxito al ser analizados con medidas como los principios de buena gestión de Lockwood et al. (2010) y con conceptos como la justicia procesal (O'Beirne et al. 2020) en la toma de decisiones. Aunque existe una cantidad sustancial de información de estudios de caso del manejo de manglares, existen pocas comparaciones mundiales de la gestión de los manglares. Este trabajo busca cerrar esta brecha mediante la comparación de relaciones entre la calidad de las gestiones en los sistemas socio-ecológicos de manglares a nivel mundial. Identificamos 65 artículos que abordaban la conservación y gestión de los manglares mediante una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura y un proceso de análisis. Los estudios de caso en estos artículos, realizados en 39 países, fueron categorizados como gestión ascendiente, descendiente o de co-manejo y codificados por tema para analizar la influencia de los ocho principios de buena gestión de Lockwood et al. (2010) en el éxito de conservación de los manglares. En los tres sistemas de gestión, los principios de legitimidad, equidad e integración fueron los más importantes para determinar el éxito o fracaso de la conservación. Estos principios están fuertemente relacionados con el concepto de justicia procesal, resaltando la importancia de la inclusión de los actores durante todas las etapas del manejo de los manglares. Por lo tanto, recomendamos que todos los actores gestores tengan papeles claramente definidos, que exista una comunicación transparente del desarrollo de las políticas a los actores, equidad tanto en el proceso como en los resultados y la consideración meticulosa del acceso sustentable a los recursos de conservación.

Evolution of multiple global virtual material flows.

The world is connected through multiple flows of material, but a comprehensive assessment of their temporal dynamics and interactions is rare. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the evolution and interactions of global flows of virtual water, energy, land, CO2, nitrogen as well as financial capital embodied in international trade from 1995 to 2008. We found that the volumes of all these flows, except for land flow, increased over time. Financial capital flows increased most (188.9%), followed by flows of CO2 (59.3%), energy (58.1%), water (50.7%) and nitrogen (10.5%), while land transfer decreased by 8.8%. Volumes of virtual material flows among distant countries were much higher than those among adjacent countries. The top five countries accounted for a surprisingly large proportion (47% to 80%) of total flow volumes. Different kinds of virtual material flows tended to enhance each other through synergistic effects, and CO2 and nitrogen flows tended to have stronger positive synergetic impacts on the other virtual material flows. Our results suggest that it is important to pay particular attention to such fast-growing material flows, promote cooperation between distant countries, and target countries with the largest flows to achieve global sustainable development goals.

Interactive national virtual water-energy nexus networks.

Across the globe, many regions import virtual resources to support their development. Although many researchers have studied transfers of a single virtual resource, interactions across two types of virtual resource transfer networks - energy and water, for example - have rarely been explored simultaneously. To address these knowledge gaps, we constructed and analyzed interprovincial virtual water and energy transfer networks, using China (the largest energy consumer and is undergoing severe water scarcity) as a demonstration. The results unexpectedly showed that more than 40% of provinces gained one kind of resource (either water or energy) through trade at the expense of losing the other kind of internal resource (energy or water), and 20% of provinces suffered a double loss of both water and energy. The remaining provinces gained both water and energy. Surprisingly, approximately 40% of transferred water/energy was from relatively water/energy-scarce provinces to water/energy-abundant provinces, further deepening resource inequality. Moreover, 33.3% and 26.7% of the provinces relied more on cross-border trade than on internal resources to support their water and energy consumption, respectively. Furthermore, in terms of total trade volume, 83.3% and 73.3% of provinces depended more on distant provinces via trade than adjacent ones to support their water and energy consumption, respectively. Overall, virtual water-energy networks tended to enhance each other. Trade largely shaped the nexus relationship between water and energy consumption in provinces. Our study suggests that there is an urgent need to assess multiple virtual resource networks simultaneously in other countries to uncover unintended consequences and to develop cross-sectoral and holistic policies to achieve global sustainability and human well-being.

[A 2013-based Atmospheric Ammonia Emission Inventory and Its Characteristic of Spatial Distribution in Henan Province].

Based on the best available activity data at a city level from top down and bottom up methods, a 2013-based emission inventory of NH3 was established for the Henan Province using an emission factors method. The 3 km×3 km spatial gridded distribution was carried out by using GIS technology. The results showed that the total amount of atmospheric NH3 emission in Henan Province in 2013 was 1035.3 kt, and the average emission intensity reached levels of 6.4 t/km2. Livestock and nitrogen fertilizer applications were the top two emission sources, accounting for 52.71% and 31.53% of the total emissions, respectively. Beef, laying hen, and goats were the main contributors in the livestock category, accounting for 34.98%, 16.63%, and 14.02% of the total emissions, respectively. There were different characteristics between emission source contributions and emission intensities in each city. Nanyang, Zhoukou, Shangqiu, and Zhumadian were the prefecture-level cities with large emissions, accounting for 11.53%, 9.84%, 9.62%, and 9.57% of the total amount in Henan Province, respectively. The NH3 emission intensities of Puyang and Louhe were larger than those of other cities, reaching up to 10.7 t·km-2 and 10.2 t·km-2, respectively. The spatial distribution revealed that emissions in the middle eastern region were relatively higher; whereas, the western region emissions were relatively low. The areas with high emissions were concentrated in the plains and densely populated areas.

Refined 2013-based vehicle emission inventory and its spatial and temporal characteristics in Zhengzhou, China.

Vehicle emission is becoming one of the most important pollution sources because of the increase in vehicle population and activity in China. A more reasonable and complete vehicle emission inventory in Zhengzhou for the year 2013 was developed in this study. This inventory is suitable for local emission factors and vehicle kilometers of travel. Estimates show that the total carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were 291Gg, 35Gg, 106Gg, 6Gg, 7Gg, and 3Gg, respectively. Approximately 55% of CO and HC emissions were from light duty gasoline vehicles and normal gasoline motorcycles, whereas approximately 60% of NOX, PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 were from heavy duty diesel vehicles, heavy duty diesel trucks, and medium duty diesel trucks. The spatial distribution of emissions was allocated in grid cells based on a road network and traffic flows with a resolution of 1km×1km at different road types and locations, which shows that the six aforementioned air pollutants have similar characteristics in administrative districts. Emissions are mainly concentrated on the central grid cells of each part and in good agreement with line sources. The spatial characteristics were compared at a resolution of 3km×3km and in a population-based approach. The network approach yields better level estimates in this study. Meanwhile, the preliminary temporal profiles were also established for on-road mobile source.