Pre-fertilization zona pellucida hardening by different cross-linkers affects IVF in pigs and cattle and improves embryo production in pigs.

Zona pellucida (ZP) hardening (resistance to proteolysis) has been classically identified as a post-fertilization event that contributes to the block to polyspermy. Di-(N-succinimidyl)-3,3'-dithiodipropionate (DSP), a permeable amine-reactive cross-linker, was recently shown to induce pre-fertilization ZP hardening and to improve porcine IVF productivity. The objectives of this study were to investigate i) how DSP affects pre-fertilization ZP hardening and IVF in cattle, ii) if a non-permeable amine-reactive cross-linker such as bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) affects ZP hardening and IVF in cattle and pigs, and iii) whether DSP or BS3, if improvement in IVF productivity was demonstrated in either species, affects in vitro embryo development. Bovine and porcine in vitro matured oocytes were incubated with the cross-linkers (0.06, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/ml) for 30 min. Then they were subjected to ZP digestion or IVF. In cattle, both DSP and BS3 induced ZP hardening and decreased the penetration rate, although monospermy, penetration, or male pronuclear formation was not affected. In pigs, BS3 treatment induced ZP hardening, decreased penetration and male pronuclear formation, and increased monospermy. IVF productivity only improved when porcine oocytes were exposed to DSP. When porcine zygotes derived from this treatment were further cultured in vitro, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates increased. These results support the idea that mechanisms involved in the prevention of polyspermic fertilization in cattle and pigs have different efficiencies, and ZP hardening induced by DSP cross-linker may be useful for improving porcine embryo production.

Supplementation of the dilution medium after thawing with reduced glutathione improves function and the in vitro fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of glutathione (l-gamma-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine; GSH) supplementation of the thawing extender on bull semen parameters to compensate for the decrease in GSH content observed during sperm freezing. To address these questions fully, we used a set of functional sperm tests. These included tests of sperm motility assayed by computer-assisted semen analysis, membrane lipid packing disorder, spontaneous acrosome reaction, free radical production [reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation], sperm chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling and acridine orange staining measured by flow cytometry. Finally, the in vitro penetrability of in vitro matured oocytes and the in vitro production of embryos were evaluated. The main findings emerging from this study were that addition of GSH to the thawing medium resulted in: (i) a higher number of non-capacitated viable spermatozoa; (ii) a reduction in ROS generation; (iii) lower chromatin condensation; (iv) lower DNA fragmentation; (v) higher oocyte penetration rate in vitro and (vi) higher in vitro embryo production compared with control group. Nevertheless, GSH had no significant effect on motion parameters or the occurrence of the spontaneous acrosome reaction. Addition of GSH to the thawing extender could be of significant benefit in improving the function and fertilizing capacity of frozen bull spermatozoa.

Factors affecting porcine sperm mediated gene transfer.

"Sperm mediated gene transfer" (SMGT) is based on the ability of sperm cells to bind exogenous DNA. The main objective of this study was to improve the production of transgenic pigs by SMGT. Taking into account that there is a lack of repeatability in studies of SMGT and that the mechanism of binding and internalization of exogenous DNA is a question that has not been solved, different factors involved in the production of transgenic animals by SMGT method were evaluated. Here we set out to: (1) evaluate the sperm capacity to bind exogenous DNA after DMSO treatment; (2) determine the location of the transgene-spermatozoa interaction; and (3) evaluate the efficiency of production of transgenic piglets by deep intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) with sperm incubated with DNA. The percentage of DNA binding was higher than 30% after 2h of co-culture, but it was not affected by sperm treatment with DMSO (0.3% or 3%). The integrity of the sperm plasma membrane plays a critical role in DNA interaction, and altered plasma membranes facilitate interactions with exogenous DNA. DNA bound mainly to spermatozoa with reduced viability. DNA molecules were found to be mainly associated to the post-acrosomal region (61.9%). After deep intrauterine AI a total of 29 piglets were obtained, but none of them integrated the transgene. In conclusion, although it has been confirmed that DNA can associate with boar spermatozoa, the efficiency of producing transgenic pigs by AI was not confirmed by the present experiments, mainly due to a reduced DNA binding to functional spermatozoa.

Transgénesis mediada por espermatozoides en la especie porcina: efecto de la presencia de ADN exógeno sobre la calidad seminal y evaluación de la producción in vivo de embriones transgénicos / Sperm mediated gene transfer in pigs: Effect of exogenous DNA presence in seminal quality and evaluation of in vivo transgenic embryo production

Una alternativa biotecnológica para la producción de animales transgénicos es la transgénesis mediada por espermatozoides (SMGT), basada en la habilidad de las células espermáticas de unir e interiorizar ADN exógeno. En este estudio se plantearon dos objetivos principales: 1) evaluar el efecto de la presencia de ADN exógeno sobre la calidad seminal y 2) evaluar la eficiencia en la producción de embriones transgénicos porcinos in vivo mediante inseminación intrauterina quirúrgica con espermatozoides incubados con el transgén. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, los espermatozoides (libres de plasma seminal) fueron incubados en presencia del transgén EGFP (proteína verde fluorescente) durante 2 h a 16°C (en una relación de 10(8) cels/mL y 5 µg ADN/mL). Se valoró la motilidad, motilidad progresiva e integridad de membrana de los espermatozoides incubados, en presencia o ausencia del transgén. Los resultados mostraron que la presencia del ADN no afectó a ninguno de los parámetros seminales estudiados. Con muestras seminales incubadas con el transgén se llevaron a cabo inseminaciones intrauterinas mediante laparotomía en 4 hembras prepúberes. A los 6-7 días tras la inseminación se recolectaron los embriones, para evaluar la tasa de fecundación y la expresión de la proteína verde fluorescente EGFP en los mismos. El número medio de cuerpos lúteos por cerda fue de 10,50 ± 2,90 con una tasa de recolección de 11,90%. Se recolectó un total de 5 embriones presentando todos ellos un estado normal de desarrollo y una alta calidad (dos de ellos presentaban más de 400 células por embrión). Cuando fue analizada la expresión mediante microscopia de fluorescencia, ninguno de ellos expresaba la proteína EGFP. Este resultado, bajo las condiciones experimentales del presente estudio, podría indicar que el transgén se una en su mayoría a espermatozoides con baja viabilidad por lo que la probabilidad de que los espermatozoides vivos unan el ADN y sean capaces de fecundar en comparación con espermatozoides sin el transgén es realmente baja.

An alternative technology for producing transgenic animals is sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), based on the ability of sperm cells to bind and internalize exogenous DNA. The aims of this work were: 1) evaluate the effects of the presence of exogenous DNA in the seminal quality and 2) evaluate the efficiency of transgenic embryos production by surgery artificial insemination using sperm mediated gene transfer technique. Fresh spermatozoa (removed seminal plasma) were incubated with DNA (EGFP) at 16°C for 2 h (10(8) cells/mL and 5 µg DNA/mL). At first motility, progressive motility and viability were evaluated in spermatozoa incubated with or without exogenous DNA. The results showed that the presence of the DNA did not affect any of the studied sperm parameters (motility, progressive motility and viability). On the other hand insemination was carried out in 4 gilts by laparotomy in utero tubaric junction. Six-seven days after insemination blastocysts were collected and fertilization rate and transgene expression were determined. The mean number of corpora lutea/gilt was 10.50 ± 2.90 with a mean recovery rate of 11.90%. After the surgery, a total of 5 embryos were recovered and the percentage of normally developed embryos was 100% and with a high quality (two of them had more than 400 cells). When the blastocysts recovered after 6-7 days post-insemination were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, it was revealed that none of them expressed protein EGFP. These results show the possibility that exogenous DNA bound to the sperm with low viability and only a low percentage to viable sperm, so the probability that live sperm bind the DNA and are able to fertilize in comparison with live sperm without the transgene are really low.