RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Higher ventricular mass has been reported in non-white US-Americans with low educational status and in socially isolated people. To assess the impact of education on cardiac mass and function in the general population and to identify mediators. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from a German population-based sample were used (CARLA cohort, n = 1779 at baseline, n = 1436 at the four-year follow-up). Ventricular mass indexed on height (LVMI) and ejection fraction, using Teichholz's formula (EFTZ), were measured. Education was assessed using the ISCED classification. Mediator analyses were performed using the R-macro 'mediation' to compute the average direct effect and the average causal mediated effect after confounder adjustment. Sensitivity analyses for unobserved confounders were performed. Considered mediators were BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, HbA1c, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. We found differences in LVMI and EFTZ, both at baseline and follow-up, between educational levels in women (lowest vs highest educational level: 15.6 g, 95% CI: -25.7, -5.6), but not in men. Similarly, women (lowest vs highest educational level at baseline: 3.3%, 95% CI: 0.8-5.7), but not men, of higher educational levels had a higher EFTZ of comparable magnitude at baseline and follow-up. Of the considered mediators, BMI explained 55.9% at baseline and 54.1% at follow-up of the educational effect, while other potential mediators had no significant effect. Relations remained constant between baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Women with low educational levels tend to have a higher ventricular mass and lower EF, which can be explained by a higher BMI in this group.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Escolaridade , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Volume Sistólico , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
AIM: To validate the German Diabetes Risk Score within the population-based cohort of the Cardiovascular Disease - Living and Ageing in Halle (CARLA) study. METHODS: The sample included 582 women and 719 men, aged 45-83 years, who did not have diabetes at baseline. The individual risk of every participant was calculated using the German Diabetes Risk Score, which was modified for 4 years of follow-up. Predicted probabilities and observed outcomes were compared using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit tests and receiver-operator characteristic analyses. Changes in prediction power were investigated by expanding the German Diabetes Risk Score to include metabolic variables and by subgroup analyses. RESULTS: We found 58 cases of incident diabetes. The median 4-year probability of developing diabetes based on the German Diabetes Risk Score was 6.5%. The observed and predicted probabilities of developing diabetes were similar, although estimation was imprecise owing to the small number of cases, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test returned a poor correlation (chi-squared = 55.3; P = 5.8*10⻹²). The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95% CI 0.64-0.77), and after excluding participants ≥66 years old, the AUC increased to 0.77 (95% CI 0.70-0.84). Consideration of glycaemic diagnostic variables, in addition to self-reported diabetes, reduced the AUC to 0.65 (95% CI 0.58-0.71). A new model that included the German Diabetes Risk Score and blood glucose concentration (AUC 0.81; 95% CI 0.76-0.86) or HbA(1c) concentration (AUC 0.84; 95% CI 0.80-0.91) was found to peform better. CONCLUSIONS: Application of the German Diabetes Risk Score in the CARLA cohort did not reproduce the findings in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Potsdam study, which may be explained by cohort differences and model overfit in the latter; however, a high score does provide an indication of increased risk of diabetes.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Modelos Biológicos , Estado Pré-Diabético/diagnóstico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Glicemia/análise , Estudos de Coortes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The CARLA study (Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle) is a population-based cohort study of the elderly general population of the city of Halle (Saale) aged 45-83 years. The aim is to investigate established cardiovascular risk factors and a reduced heart rate variability (HRV) as indicator of autonomous dysfunction. In total, 1779 probands (812 women and 967 men) were investigated at baseline. Of those, 1436 participants were re-examined at a 4-years follow-up. The corresponding response rates were 64.1% in the baseline and 92% in the follow-up investigation. In the cross-sectional analysis a clear decrease was found in all parameters of HRV with increasing age, but no consistent associations to cardiovascular classical risk factors and diseases could be shown. Compared to other German cohorts a striking risk constellation was found consisting of high prevalence of hypertension, frequent occurrence of central overweight (measured by waist-hip ratio) and high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. These findings will be further scrutinized in the ongoing analyses of the 4-year follow-up and the 10-years follow-up which will start in 2012.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Alemanha Oriental/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The topic "prevention and health promotion" (Q10) was introduced into the medical training in Germany by the new medical licensing regulations in 2004. For the conception of an effective curriculum in the context of quality assurance, a continuous evaluation by the target group is necessary. Of importance are particularly the subjective success in learning and its interdependence to invested time, achievement expenditure and perceived relevance of the topics. METHODS: Medical students (N=660) of the fifth academic years of 2007-2009 at the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg were asked about their opinion after completing their Q10 curriculums by means of a standardised questionnaires. Emphasis of the questioning was placed on self estimates about success in learning, expenditure of time, evaluation of instruction elements, perceived relevance of prevention topics and the motivation for further occupation with the topic field. The collection instruments covered multiple choice questions, decimal number data and 5-point Likert scales. RESULTS: 510 questionnaires (77% return) could be evaluated. The curriculum "prevention and health promotion" was continuously evaluated over 3 years with increasingly indicated performance requirements and expenditure of time regarding instruction elements and success in learning. The invested time in lecture visits correlated positively with relevance-attribution (r=0.16, p<0.01) and subjective success in learning (r=0.29, p<0.001). The strongest correlations regarding subjective success in learning were shown in the evaluation of the instruction elements (r=0.65, p<0.001), perceived relevance of the topic (r=0.42, p<0.001) and motivation (r=0.45, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-estimated success in learning within the interdisciplinary field of prevention and health promotion can be fostered by elucidating the relevance of the topic. Increasing requirements and expenditure of time for the preparation of performance records seem to be a less effective stimulus for successes in learning as the promotion of the lecture visit. The selection of suitable teaching and testing formats for prevention and health should orient itself - apart from objective success measurement - also on student evaluations.
Assuntos
Currículo , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação Educacional , Promoção da Saúde , Medicina Preventiva/educação , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Alemanha , HumanosRESUMO
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) frequently suffer from stage IV disease at the time of presentation. Survival of these patients is disadvantageous although they may benefit from chemotherapy. The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of the metastatic localisation in unselected patients. The second purpose was to evaluate the impact of clinical characteristics on the kind of decision-making in patients with stage IV NSCLC in an epidemiological manner.[nl]Clinical data as well as survival of 336 patients with stage IV NSCLC were analysed. The recruitment period was 3? years, mean follow-up was 24 months. This investigation was part of the HALLUCA studies which were sponsored by the German Ministry of Health.[nl]Localisation-dependent median and 1-year survivals were significantly different and varied between 2.2 months and 4.7â% (liver metastases) and 11.0 months and 44.5â% (lung metastases). The different survival remained significant in the multivariate analyses with age, performance status, treatment and histology as co variables. The chemotherapy rate of all patients with stage IV NSCLC was 39â%. Patients with liver, bone and multiple metastases received less often chemotherapy compared to patients with other metastases although the performance status was not different to the other groups.[nl]Although there are some limitations in this investigation, these epidemiological data demonstrate the prognostic heterogeneity of stage IV NSCLC patients which should be considered for stratification in controlled clinical trials. Regional treatment decision-making is different from guidelines and controlled clinical trials. Further regionally orientated trials are necessary to improve the transformation from clinical trials to regional medical care.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Risk stratification of metastatic and relapsed Ewing's tumors (ETs) has been a matter of debate during the last decade. Patients with bone or bone marrow metastases or early or multiple relapses constitute the worst risk group in ET and have a poorer prognosis than patients with primary lung metastases or late relapses. In this article, the results of the present Meta European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study (MetaEICESS) (tandem melphalan/etoposide [TandemME]) were compared with the result of the previous study (hyper melphalan/etoposide [HyperME]), both at 5 years, in a patient population within the same high-risk stratum to determine toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 54 eligible patients, 26 were treated according to the HyperME protocol, and 28 were treated according to TandemME protocol. Patients received six cycles of the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study treatment in HyperME and six cycles of the EICESS treatment in TandemME as induction chemotherapy. Patients also received involved-compartment irradiation for local intensification and myeloablative systemic intensification consolidation with hyperfractionated total-body irradiation (TBI) combined with melphalan/etoposide in HyperME or two times the melphalan/etoposide in TandemME followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation. RESULTS: The event-free survival (EFS) rate +/- SD in HyperME and TandemME was 22% +/- 8% and 29% +/- 9%, respectively. The dead of complication rate was 23% in HyperME and 4% in TandemME. CONCLUSION: TandemME offers a decent, albeit still not satisfactory, rate of long-term remissions in most advanced ETs (AETs), with short-term treatment and acceptable toxicity. TBI was not required to maintain EFS level in this setting but was associated with a high rate of toxic death. Future prospective studies in unselected patients are warranted to evaluate high-dose therapy in an unselected group of patients with AET.
Assuntos
Sarcoma de Ewing/tratamento farmacológico , Irradiação Corporal Total , Adolescente , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Neoplasias da Medula Óssea/secundário , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Terapia Combinada , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Etoposídeo/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Melfalan/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Sarcoma de Ewing/radioterapia , Análise de Sobrevida , Irradiação Corporal Total/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer currently ranks second in global cancer mortality. Most patients are either diagnosed at an advanced stage, or develop a relapse after apparently curative operation. Apart from supportive measures, systemic chemotherapy is the only treatment option available in this situation. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of chemotherapy versus best supportive care, combination versus single agent chemotherapy and different combination chemotherapy regimens in advanced gastric cancer. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2004), MEDLINE and EMBASE up to February 2004 and reference lists of articles. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies as well as national and international experts. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials on systemic intravenous chemotherapy versus best supportive care, combination versus single agent chemotherapy and different combination chemotherapies in advanced gastric cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data. A third investigator was consulted in case of disagreements. We contacted study authors to obtain missing information. MAIN RESULTS: Chemotherapy versus best supportive care consistently demonstrated a significant benefit in terms of overall survival in favour of the group receiving chemotherapy (Hazard Ratios (HR) 0.39; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.28 to 0.52). Combination versus single-agent chemotherapy provides evidence for a survival benefit in favour of combination chemotherapy (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96). Numbers included in these comparisons were 184 and 1338 participants respectively. This benefit is achieved at the price of increased toxicity in the combination chemotherapy arms. When comparing 5-FU/cisplatin-containing combination therapy regimens with anthracyclines versus those without anthracyclines (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.95 based on 501 participants) and 5-FU/anthracycline-containing combinations with cisplatin versus those without cisplatin (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.91 based on 1147 participants), there was a significant survival benefit for regimens including 5-FU, anthracyclines and cisplatin. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy significantly improves survival in comparison to best supportive care. In addition, combination chemotherapy improves survival compared to single-agent 5-FU, but the effect size is much smaller. Among the combination chemotherapy regimens studied, best survival results are achieved with regimens containing 5-FU, anthracyclines and cisplatin. In this category, ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin and continuous infusion 5-FU) is tolerated best.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Antraciclinas/administração & dosagem , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
This study aimed to assess the mediating role of anthropometric parameters in the relation of education and inflammation in the elderly. Cross-sectional data from the population-based CARdio-vascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle study were used after excluding subjects with a plasma level of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) above 10 mg L(-1) (916 men/760 women remaining). Education was categorized in accordance with International Standard Classification of Education. As inflammation parameters, the soluble tumour necrosis factor type 1 (sTNF-R1), hsCRP and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were taken into account. Anthropometric parameters were the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHeR). We used covariate adjusted mixed models to assess associations. Effect measures were the natural indirect effect (NIE), controlled direct effect and total effect (TE). Education was associated with sTNF-R1, hsCRP and IL-6 in men, and sTNF-R1 and hsCRP in women. Anthropometric parameters correlated with all inflammation parameters after covariate adjustment. BMI and WHeR were strong mediators of educational differences in sTNF-R1 (percentage of NIE of TE: 28% in men; 33% in women) and hsCRP (percentage of NIE of TE: 35% in men; 52% in women), while WHR was the weakest mediator. General obesity mediates roughly one-third of the association of education with chronic inflammation in the elderly.
Assuntos
Escolaridade , Inflamação/diagnóstico , Obesidade/complicações , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Classe Social , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This case-control study was conducted to estimate the renal cell cancer (RCC) risk for exposure to occupation-related agents, besides other suspected risk factors. METHODS: In a population-based multicentre study, 935 incident RCC cases and 4298 controls matched for region, sex, and age were interviewed between 1991 and 1995 for their occupational history and lifestyle habits. Agent-specific exposure was expert-rated with two job-exposure matrices and a job task-exposure matrix. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate smoking adjusted odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: Very long exposures in the chemical, rubber, and printing industries were associated with risk for RCC. Males considered as 'substantially exposed to organic solvents' showed a significant excess risk (OR = 1.6, 95% CI : 1.1-2.3). In females substantial exposure to solvents was also a significant risk factor (OR = 2.1, 95% CI : 1.0-4.4). Excess risks were shown for high exposure to cadmium (OR = 1.4, 95% CI : 1.1-1.8, in men, OR = 2.5, 95% CI : 1.2-5.3 in women), for substantial exposure to lead (OR = 1.5, 95% CI : 1.0-2.3, in men, OR = 2.6, 95% CI : 1.2-5.5, in women) and to solder fumes (OR = 1.5, 95% CI : 1.0-2.4, in men). In females, an excess risk for the task 'soldering, welding, milling' was found (OR = 3.0, 95% CI : 1.1-7.8). Exposure to paints, mineral oils, cutting fluids, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and asbestos showed an association with RCC development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that substantial exposure to metals and solvents may be nephrocarcinogenic. There is evidence for a gender-specific susceptibility of the kidneys.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Alemanha , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , FumarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This multicentre population-based case-control study was conducted to estimate the urothelial cancer risk for occupational exposure to aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorinated hydrocarbons besides other suspected risk factors. METHODS: In a population-based multicentre study, 1035 incident urothelial cancer cases and 4298 controls matched for region, sex, and age were interviewed between 1991 and 1995 for their occupational history and lifestyle habits. Exposure to the agents under study was self-assessed as well as expert-rated with two job-exposure matrices and a job task-exposure matrix. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate smoking adjusted odds ratios (OR) and to control for study centre and age. RESULTS: Urothelial cancer risk following exposure to aromatic amines was only slightly elevated. Among males, substantial exposures to PAH as well as to chlorinated solvents and their corresponding occupational settings were associated with significantly elevated risks after adjustment for smoking (PAH exposure, assessed with a job-exposure matrix: OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, exposure to chlorinated solvents, assessed with a job task-exposure matrix: OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Metal degreasing showed an elevated urothelial cancer risk among males (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8). In females also, exposure to chlorinated solvents indicated a urothelial cancer risk. Because of small numbers the risk evaluation for females should be treated with caution. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to aromatic amines could not be shown to be as strong a risk factor for urothelial carcinomas as in the past. A possible explanation for this finding is the reduction in exposure over the last 50 years. Our results strengthen the evidence that PAH may have a carcinogenic potential for the urothelium. Furthermore, our results indicate a urothelial cancer risk for the use of chlorinated solvents.
Assuntos
Aminas/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Urológicas/induzido quimicamente , Idoso , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Neoplasias Urológicas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In a randomized prospective study of lung cancer detection in a high-risk population of over 6000 heavy smokers semiannual screening by X-ray and sputum cytology was compared to screening at a 3-year interval. The comparison of Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival curves done without and with correcting for lead-time bias disclosed a rather important impact of lead-time bias on survival comparisons. On the contrary, controlling for possible length bias had no obvious effect on the shape of survival curves. The evaluation of mortality from lung cancer, being used as a basic criterion, indicated no traceable benefit from semiannual screening. The higher incidence of lung cancer in the frequently screened group was paralleled by a higher mortality. It is concluded that currently available screening techniques will not solve the problem of lung cancer mortality in smokers. The results underline the importance of primary prevention for lung cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Adulto , Tchecoslováquia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição Aleatória , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Genetic polymorphisms of enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism have been found to influence susceptibility to cancer. Ethanol-inducible CYP2E1 is an enzyme of major toxicological interest because it metabolizes several drugs, precarcinogens and solvents to reactive metabolites. In the present study, we investigated the cytochrome P450 2E1 genetic polymorphism in renal cell/urothelial cancer patients from two German regions, Jena and Halle, different with respect to their environmental pollution degree in comparison with healthy controls from the same regions. DNA of peripheral white blood cells was isolated both from 224 renal cell/urothelial cancer patients and 304 controls. We focussed on polymorphisms in the promoter region and intron 6 of the CYP2E1 gene. The polymorphisms were identified as RFLP's by amplification of the appropriate DNA fragment and subsequent digestion with the restriction enzymes PstI, RsaI and DraI. In Jena as well as in Halle, the frequency distributions of the PstI/RsaI, DraI and combined DraI + PstI/RsaI genotypes showed no significant differences between controls and renal cell/urothelial cancer patients. We did not find significant differences between Jena and Halle. 86.2% of all subjects with a homozygote PstI/RsaI genotype also carried a heterozygote DraI genotype, whereas 5.1% of the subjects with a heterozygote PstI/RsaI genotype also carried a heterozygote DraI genotype. Renal cell cancer as well as urothelial cancer risk was not elevated in patients with heterozygote DraI, PstI/RsaI and combined DraI + PstI/RsaI genotypes (odds ratios slightly insignificantly increased). Interestingly enough, an association between these polymorphisms and renal cell cancer risk was found in the female subgroup but not in the male subgroup. The basis of these sex-specifically increased risks are different frequencies concerning heterozygote and homozygote genotypes in controls and cancer patients. In controls, the heterozygote genotype frequency was lower in females than in males. In renal cell cancer patients, the results were quite the contrary. Summing up, our results demonstrate an lack between CYP2E1 genetic polymorphism and renal cell/urothelial cancer risk.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/enzimologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/enzimologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Neoplasias Renais/enzimologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/enzimologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Primers do DNA/química , DNA de Neoplasias/análise , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The reason for the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is the lack of epidemiological studies with a broad range of health indicators. Furthermore, in Germany there is a need for studies that take into account the particular situation of life after the reunification. One objective of SHIP is to provide prevalence estimates on a broad range of diseases, risk and health factors for a defined region in the former GDR. METHODS: A sample of 7008 women and men aged 20 to 79 years in a north-east region of Germany, 4900 expected participants. The sample was drawn in two steps: First, 32 communities in the region were selected. Second, within the communities a simple random sample was drawn from residence registries, stratified by gender and age. The data collection and instruments include four parts: oral health examination, medical examination, health-related interview, and a health- and risk-factor-related questionnaire. The oral health examination includes the teeth, periodontium, oral mucosa, craniomandibular system, and prosthodontics. The medical examination includes blood pressure measurements, electrocardiography, echocardiography, carotid, thyroid and liver ultrasounds, neurological screening, blood and urine sampling. The computer-aided health-related interview includes cardiovascular symptoms, utilisation of medical services, health-related behaviours, and socioeconomic variables. The self-administered questionnaire comprises housing conditions, social network, work conditions, subjective well-being and individual consequences from the German reunification.
Assuntos
Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Morbidade , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Mudança SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between inflammation and selective echocardiographic parameters (EP) characteristic for ventricular hypertrophy in cross-sectional and longitudinal population-based analyses. METHODS: Baseline (711 men, 659 women: 45-83â years) and 4-year follow-up data (622 men, 540 women) of the prospective, population-based CARdio-vascular disease, Living and Ageing in Halle (CARLA)study after exclusion of participants with cardiacvascular diseases were analysed. Inflammation parameters: soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). EPs: left ventricular mass (LVM), left atrial systolic dimension (LADS), interventricular septum diameter (IVSD), posterior wall dimension (PWD), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), ejection fraction according to Teichholz (EF). For the longitudinal analyses baseline to follow-up differences were considered. Effect sizes were determined by using multiple linear regression and mixed models. Missing values were replaced by means of multiple imputations. RESULTS: Men had higher sTNF-R1 levels; means of hsCRP and IL-6 were similar in men and women. In multiple regression models, sTNF-R1 was associated with LADS (1.4â mm/1000â pg/mL sTNF-R1, 95% CI 0.6 to 2.1) in men. Respecting confounder hsCRP was associated with LVM (5.2â g/10â mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 1.6 to 8.8), IVSD (0.2â mm/10â mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 0 to 0.3) and PWD (0.2â mm/10â mg/L hsCRP, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.3) in women, while there were no relevant effects in analysis of IL-6 in both sexes. The baseline to follow-up change in EPs was not relevantly associated with sTNF-R1, hsCRP or IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: STNF-R1, hsCRP and IL-6 were inadequate predictors for structural changes of the heart at follow-up, while weak cross-sectional associations are restricted to certain EPs and depend on sex.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The IABP SHOCK trial was designed as a morbidity-based randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of intraaortic balloon pulsation (IABP) in patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS). The primary endpoint was the change in the APACHE II score over a 4-day period. The prospective hypothesis was that adding IABP therapy to "standard care" would reduce CS-triggered multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The primary endpoint showed no difference between conventionally managed cardiogenic shock patients and those with additional IABP support. In an inflammatory marker substudy, we analyzed the prognostic value of the cytokines interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß (MIP-1ß), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1ß (MCP-1ß). We also investigated the influence of IABP support, age, and gender on cytokine levels. DESIGN: The inflammatory marker substudy of the prospective, randomized, controlled, open label IABP SHOCK Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT00469248). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, single-center study in a 12-bed intensive care unit at a university hospital was performed. A total of 40 consecutive patients were enrolled. The observational period was 96 h. RESULTS: The investigated cytokines showed a significant contribution in the prediction of mortality. Initial (on admission) and maximal cytokine levels during the observational period showed a similar predictive power. Patients with elevated levels of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines had a higher risk of dying. The maximal level measured over the observation period in the hospital was also suited to identify the survivors. Close correlations between maximal cytokine levels resulted in the choice of only one independent marker (MIP-1ß) into the multivariate model (OR 1.024, 95% CI 1.005-1.043). Initial cytokine levels were also suitable to predict the survivors; the risk of death significantly increases with increasing IFN-γ level (OR 1.119, 95% CI 1.005-1.246). Cytokine levels were not affected by the presence of IABP support. Age (< 75 or > 75 years) and gender did not have a clinically relevant effect on INF-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1ß, G-CSF, and MCP-1 in CS patients. CONCLUSION: The inflammatory response in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by CS, as reflected by the inflammatory markers INF-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1ß, G-CSF, and MCP-1ß, have been shown to be of prognostic value in estimating clinical outcome.
Assuntos
Citocinas/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/sangue , Choque Cardiogênico/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Quimiocina CCL2/sangue , Quimiocina CCL4/sangue , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/sangue , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Interferon gama/sangue , Balão Intra-Aórtico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/sangue , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/mortalidade , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/terapia , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Risco , Choque Cardiogênico/mortalidade , Choque Cardiogênico/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The course of Crohn's disease prior to the establishment of the diagnosis is widely unknown. Therefore, we instigated a survey amongst newly diagnosed patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with CD less than 12 months before enrollment were included. Data on demography, social status, time interval to diagnosis, symptoms, and health care service use were collected in a retrospective, web-based, census. Patients were contacted in cooperation with two organizations: a German patients' organization (Deutsche Morbus Crohn/Colitis ulcerosa Vereinigung e.V. [DCCV]) and a professional organization of German gastroenterologists (Berufsverband der Niedergelassenen Gastroenterologen Deutschlands e.V. [bng]). Study participation was anonymous by use of a transaction number. RESULTS: The median interval period between onset of first symptoms and diagnosis was 13 months. During this time, participants reported having five doctor consultations on average, with 44% of them having a mean of 1.5 hospitalizations. 65% were unfit for work with a 14 day median (2 to 480 days) due to their symptoms. A mean (+/-SD) of 8.6 (+/-7.1) diagnostic tests were performed before the diagnosis was established. Overall health state was judged as temporarily bad or very bad by 84% of the participants. Age at diagnosis, characteristic symptoms, and localization of the disease for the participants did not differ from previously reported international data. DISCUSSION: This web-based survey shows a substantial time interval of over one year until diagnosis of Crohn's disease amongst the study participants. This period is characterized by both psychological stress and impaired ability to work.
Assuntos
Doença de Crohn/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Coleta de Dados , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Educação , Emprego , Estudos de Viabilidade , Alemanha , Nível de Saúde , Hospitalização , Humanos , Internet , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In nail apparatus melanomas (NAM), the role of standard melanoma prognostic factors is under discussion. The prognostic influence of traumas to the clinically apparent tumour has not been sufficiently examined. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the influence of traumas against the background of standard prognostic factors on the course of NAM. METHODS: In 33 patients (20 women, 13 men, median age 65.0 years) with NAM (median tumour thickness 3.5 mm), we retrospectively examined a detailed history of trauma to the affected extremity at first presentation. Histological or other standard prognostic factors and follow-up were studied prospectively using a standardized protocol. RESULTS: Of 33 patients, 21 had suffered injury to the clinically apparent melanoma primary between 4 and 72 months prior to definitive surgical treatment (diagnostic biopsy up to 3 months ahead of excision of the melanoma was not considered). Eight of these patients had undergone inadequate therapy procedures. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, trauma to the clinically apparent tumour and tumour thickness were found to be significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival, and trauma to the clinically apparent tumour, Clark level and tumour thickness were significant prognosis predictors for overall survival. In Cox's proportional hazards model, trauma to the clinically apparent tumour was found to be a significant and independent risk factor with regard to overall survival (hazard ratio 5.39; P = 0.029). An influence of trauma on the primary pathogenesis of NAM could not be confirmed. Only three patients reported trauma prior to the onset of tumour. CONCLUSIONS: From our data, trauma to the clinically apparent tumour might be a considerable risk factor in NAM. The diagnosis of NAM should be considered in lesions of the nail apparatus and further deterioration of the prognosis due to inadequate therapeutic attempts or injury to the NAM should be avoided.
Assuntos
Traumatismos dos Dedos/complicações , Traumatismos do Pé/complicações , Melanoma/complicações , Doenças da Unha/complicações , Neoplasias Cutâneas/complicações , Idoso , Amputação Cirúrgica , Feminino , Traumatismos dos Dedos/cirurgia , Traumatismos do Pé/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças da Unha/cirurgia , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
In a semiprospective study on the prognosis of liver cirrhosis we investigated whether common, selected cholestasis parameters in liver diagnostics are associated with the survival time and the probability of survival and whether they permit prognostic statements. In 93 patients with liver cirrhosis of different aetiology the serum-bilirubin, gamma-GT, AP and AAP were determined for this purpose and applied in the same way as a clinically proven icterus to the survival time of the patients. The mean time of observation was 13.8 years (+/- 1.9 years). In the simple correlation matrix none of the cholestasis parameters correlated with the survival time. There was no difference in the frequency with which deceased and surviving patients suffered from icterus and, with the exception of AAP, there was no different serum concentration of the cholestasis parameters according to univariate analysis. However, icterus in the early phase of the observation time and increased gamma-GT (over 3000 nmol/l.s) in the late phase of observation were associated with a reduced probability of survival. Correspondingly, the serum-bilirubin of deceased patients (only slightly) correlated in the simple linear regression with their survival time. In multivariate analysis gamma-GT proved to be non-redundant for the estimation of the patients' probability of survival.