Factors Associated With Healthcare Clinician Stress and Resilience: A Scoping Review.

GOAL: Clinician stress and resilience have been the subjects of significant research and interest in the past several decades. We aimed to understand the factors that contribute to clinician stress and resilience in order to appropriately guide potential interventions. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review (n = 42) of published reviews of research on clinician distress and resilience using the methodology of Peters and colleagues (2020). Our team examined these reviews using the National Academy of Medicine's framework for clinician well-being and resilience. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found that organizational factors, learning/practice environment, and healthcare responsibilities were three of the top four factors identified in the reviews as contributing to clinician distress. Learning/practice environment and organizational factors were two of the top four factors identified in the reviews as contributing to their resilience. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Clinicians continue to face numerous external challenges that complicate their work. Further research, practice, and policy changes are indicated to improve practice environments for healthcare clinicians. Healthcare leaders need to promote resources for organizational and system-level changes to improve clinician well-being.

Social cognitive mechanisms in healthcare worker resilience across time during the pandemic.

PURPOSE: Healthcare workers are at increased risk for mental health problems during disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying resilience mechanisms can inform development of interventions for this population. The current study examined pathways that may support healthcare worker resilience, specifically testing enabling (social support enabled self-efficacy) and cultivation (self-efficacy cultivating support) models. METHODS: Healthcare workers (N = 828) in the Rocky Mountain West completed self-report measures at four time points (once per month from April to July of 2020). We estimated structural equation models to explore the potential mediating effects that received social support and coping self-efficacy had (at time 2 and time 3) between traumatic stress symptom severity (at time 1 and time 4). Models included covariates gender, age, minority status, and time lagged co-variations between the proposed mediators (social support and coping self-efficacy). RESULTS: The full model fit the data well, CFI = .993, SRMR = .027, RMSEA = .036 [90% CIs (0.013, 0.057)]. Tests of sequential mediation supported enabling model dynamics. Specifically, the effects of time 1 traumatic stress severity were mediated through received social support at time 2 and time 3 coping self-efficacy, in sequential order to reduce time 4 traumatic stress severity. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show the importance of received social support and coping self-efficacy in mitigating psychopathology risk. Interventions can support mental health by focusing on social resource engagement that facilitates coping empowerment, which may decrease risk for mental health job-related problems among frontline healthcare workers exposed to highly stressful events.

Influence of Provider Gender on Mental Health Stigma.

This study examined gender differences in mental health providers' stigma toward people with mental illness. As part of a larger professional education needs assessment at a VA healthcare system, 77 mental health providers of various disciplines completed a self-report measure of stigma towards people with various mental health diagnoses. Results indicated that male mental health providers hold significantly more stigmatizing views toward people with schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is consistent with provider gender differences found in other areas of study and theories of stigma and masculinity. These results can be used to build on stigma reduction interventions. Future research should continue to examine the underlying reasons for gender differences among providers.

Understanding Moral Injury Morbidity: A Qualitative Study Examining Chaplain's Perspectives.

Moral injury tends to be conceptualized through an interplay of psychological and religious concerns. Recent qualitative research has begun utilizing chaplains to bolster the understanding of moral injury within veterans. The current study examined qualitative data regarding how moral injury is viewed through the lens of Chaplain Services within the Veterans Health Administration (VA). Specifically, chaplains were asked to describe how moral injury presents, what kinds of complaints veterans voice with regard to moral injury, and how moral injury impacts social functioning. Chaplains highlighted how moral injury is a pervasive issue affecting veterans across multiple domains. Clinical implications discussed further.

Developing Organizational Interventions to Address Stigma Among Mental Health Providers: A Pilot Study.

This article outlines a pilot study of "It's Just Us," an organizational intervention designed to reduce stigma among mental health providers by increasing awareness of the stigma they hold toward both clients and other providers with lived experience of mental health challenges. The targeted organization was the Mental Health Service Line in a large, Midwestern VA health care system. About 30% of the clinicians in the service provided information about their levels of stigma toward clients and providers who manage mental health challenges at baseline, 1 year later, and 2 years later. Educational and contact interventions targeting stigma are detailed; the first year included education and short-term contact interventions, while the second year included continuous contact interventions. At the end of the first year, scores on a measure of stigma toward mental health providers with lived experience were significantly lower, while scores on (a) a self-report measure of stigma toward clients and (b) self-disclosure of lived experience to professional peers were unchanged. At the end of the second year, scores for stigma toward clients had improved, and providers in the sample were more likely to share their lived experience with professional peers. Further research is necessary to validate these findings. Data provides preliminary support for the use of the "It's Just Us" curriculum as a means of reducing stigma among mental health providers. This model may also be useful in addressing stigma among other types of health care providers as well.

Spiritual/Religious Distress Is Associated with Pain Catastrophizing and Interference in Veterans with Chronic Pain.

Objective: Few studies have examined relations between one important aspect of spiritual/religious functioning-spiritual distress-and pain-related outcomes, and none has examined how spiritual distress and depression conjointly relate to chronic pain. The goal of the present study, then, was to examine veterans' spiritual distress as a predictor of two aspects of chronic pain, catastrophizing and interference, testing a mediational model of depression. Design: Four hundred thirty-six patients seeking treatment in a chronic pain management clinic responded to a mailed survey assessing demographics, spiritual distress, depression, pain catastrophizing, and pain interference. Setting: Participants were drawn from a list of patients enrolled in a chronic pain rehabilitation program at a large Midwestern Veterans Affairs health care system. Subjects: Participants were 436 veterans seeking chronic pain rehabilitation. The sample was predominantly Caucasian and male. Methods: Survey data were subjected to mediational analysis, assessing both direct effects of spiritual distress on pain outcomes and indirect effects of spiritual distress through depression. Results: Results showed that spiritual distress was moderately strongly related to both pain outcomes. Further, depression mediated links between spiritual distress and pain catastrophizing (partially) and interference (fully). Conclusions: These results have implications for further research in spiritually integrated care as a component of holistic, integrative approaches to the management of chronic pain.

Moral Distress and Moral Injury in Military Healthcare Clinicians: A Scoping Review.

Introduction: Healthcare clinicians are often at risk of psychological distress due to the nature of their occupation. Military healthcare providers are at risk for additional psychological suffering related to unique moral and ethical situations encountered in military service. This scoping review identifies key characteristics of moral distress and moral injury and how these concepts relate to the military healthcare clinician who is both a care provider and service member. Methods: A scoping review of moral distress and moral injury literature as relates to the military healthcare clinician was conducted on the basis of the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework. Databases searched included CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycInfo, 2 U.S. Defense Department sources, conference papers index, and dissertation abstracts. Reference lists of all identified reports and articles were searched for additional studies. Results: A total of 573 articles, published between the years 2009 and 2021, were retrieved to include a portion of the COVID-19 pandemic period. One hundred articles met the inclusion criteria for the final full-text review and analysis. Discussion: This scoping review identified moral distress and moral injury literature to examine similarities, differences, and overlaps in the defining characteristics of the concepts and the associated implications for patients, healthcare clinicians, and organizations. This review included the unfolding influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on moral experiences in health care and the blurring of those lines between civilian and military healthcare clinicians. Future directions of moral injury and moral distress research, practice, and care are discussed.

Implementing a Multi-Disciplinary, Evidence-Based Resilience Intervention for Moral Injury Syndrome: Systemic Barriers and Facilitators.

Moral injury syndrome (MIS) is a mental health (MH) problem that substantially affects resilience; the presence of MIS reduces responsiveness to psychotherapy and increases suicide risk. Evidence-based treatment for MIS is available; however, it often goes untreated. This project uses principles of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess barriers and facilitators to the implementation of Building Spiritual Strength (BSS), a multi-disciplinary treatment for MIS. Interviews were conducted with chaplains and mental health providers who had completed BSS facilitator training at six sites in the VA. Data were analyzed using the Hamilton Rapid Turnaround method. Findings included multiple facilitators to the implementation of BSS, including its accessibility and appeal to VA chaplains; leadership by VA chaplains trained in the intervention; and effective collaboration between the chaplains and mental health providers. Barriers to the implementation of BSS included challenges in engaging mental health providers and incorporating them as group leaders, veterans' lack of familiarity with the group format of BSS, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results highlight the need for increased trust and collaboration between VA chaplains and mental health providers in the implementation of BSS and treatment of MIS.

Who owns spiritual care, and why does it matter?

At our unique juncture in history, challenged by a global pandemic, the impact of climate change, and a polarized political landscape, more and more people are seeking mental health assistance (Mochari-Greenberger & Pande, 2021), and a larger proportion of those who seek help are describing existential or spiritual concerns (Chirico, 2021; Kondrath, 2022). Many psychologists may be experiencing themselves as insufficiently prepared to help with spiritual concerns (Vogel et al., 2013); the mission of this special section is to facilitate discourse and dissemination of resources among chaplains and psychologists to explore the interdisciplinary dynamics of spiritual care and to establish a foundation for the expansion of ethically appropriate, spiritually integrated care where needed. All of the articles presented in this special section were reviewed by both chaplains and psychologists, and often by professionals cross-trained in both fields. Our hope is that this special section will serve to increase interdisciplinary collaboration so that both chaplains and psychologists can provide appropriate services to rise to the present constellation of crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Chaplains' perspectives on standardizing spiritual assessments.

Chaplains are an integral part of mental health treatment within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and over the past decade, efforts have been made to integrate chaplain services into behavioral health treatment. One unique duty of chaplains is to conduct spiritual assessments, which are characterized as collaborative discussions with veterans to understand their overall religious and belief system, identify spiritual injuries, and how to integrate one's spiritual values into medical care. Although spiritual assessments in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers have evolved throughout the years to adopt a more structured approach, spiritual assessments can vary depending on site, clinical setting, and medical center. The present study sought to examine chaplains' perspectives on standardizing spiritual assessments and incorporating empirically validated measures into the assessments. Thematic analysis was conducted on two focus groups of chaplains from a large VHA medical center. Overall, chaplains appeared interested in standardizing spiritual assessments, with an expressed desire to maintain their current conversational format. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Using a person-centered approach in clinical care for patients with complex chronic conditions: Perspectives from healthcare professionals caring for Veterans with COPD in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration's Whole Health System of Care.

BACKGROUND: The largest nationally integrated health system in the United States, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), has been undergoing a transformation toward a Whole Health (WH) System of Care. WH Clinical Care, a component of this system, includes holistically assessing the Veteran's life context, identifying what really matters to the Veteran, collaboratively setting and monitoring personal health and well-being goals, and equipping the Veteran with access to conventional and complementary and integrative health resources. Implementation of WH Clinical Care has been challenging. Understanding healthcare professionals' perspectives on the value of and barriers and facilitators to practicing WH Clinical Care holds relevance for not only VHA's efforts but also other health systems, in the U.S. and internationally, that are engaged in person-centered care implementation. OBJECTIVES: We sought to understand perspectives of healthcare professionals at VHA on providing WH Clinical Care to Veterans with COPD, as a lens to understand the broader issue of WH Clinical Care for Veterans living with complex chronic conditions. DESIGN: We interviewed 25 healthcare professionals across disciplines and services at a VA Medical Center in 2020-2021, including primary care providers, pulmonologists, palliative care providers, and chaplains. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. KEY RESULTS: Each element of WH Clinical Care raised complex questions and/or concerns, including: (1) the appropriate depth/breadth of inquiry in person-centered assessment; (2) the rationale for elicitation of what really matters; (3) the feasibility and appropriate division of labor in personal health goal setting and planning; and (4) challenges related to referring Veterans to a broad spectrum of supportive services. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to promote person-centered care must account for healthcare professionals' existing comfort with its elements, advocate for a team-based approach, and continue to grapple with the conflicting structural conditions and organizational imperatives.

Exposure to potentially morally injurious events and mental health outcomes among frontline workers affected by the coronavirus pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The current studies explored associations between exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and mental health outcomes among frontline workers affected by the coronavirus pandemic. METHOD: We administered online self-report surveys to emergency responders (N = 473) and hospital personnel (N = 854) in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States between April and June of 2020. Surveys assessed frequency and intensity of exposure to PMIEs alongside psychological and functional outcomes. RESULTS: Between 20% and 30% of frontline workers reported exposure to PMIEs of at least moderate frequency and intensity. Exposure to more intense PMIEs was associated with greater psychological symptoms (i.e., stress, depression, and anxiety) and functional impairment (i.e., professional burnout), especially among emergency responders who reported frequent exposure but also hospital workers who reported few exposures. CONCLUSION: Efforts to facilitate and maintain the well-being of the public health workforce should specifically address critical incidents encountered by frontline workers that have embedded moral and ethical challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Chronic pain and problematic substance use for veterans during COVID-19: the moderating role of psychological flexibility.

Background: Chronic pain and problematic substance use are commonly co-occurring and highly detrimental issues that are especially prevalent in U.S. veteran populations. Although COVID-19 made clinical management of these conditions potentially difficult, some research suggests that certain veterans with these conditions did not experience this period as negatively as others. It is thus important to consider whether resilience factors, such as the increasingly-studied process of psychological flexibility, might have led to better outcomes for veterans managing pain and problematic substance use during this time of global crisis. Methods: This planned sub-analysis of a larger cross-sectional, anonymous, and nationally-distributed survey (N = 409) was collected during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Veteran participants completed a short screener and battery of online surveys assessing pain severity and interference, substance use, psychological flexibility, mental health functioning, and pandemic-related quality of life. Results: For veterans with chronic pain and problematic substance use, the pandemic resulted in a significant lowering of their quality of life related to meeting basic needs, emotional health, and physical health compared to veterans with problematic substance use but no chronic pain diagnosis. However, moderation analyses revealed that veterans with these comorbid conditions experienced less negative impacts from the pandemic on quality of life and mental health when they reported greater psychological flexibility. For veterans with problematic substance use only, psychological flexibility was also related to better mental health functioning, but did not significantly correlate with their quality of life. Conclusion: Results highlight how COVID-19 differentially impacted veterans with both problematic substance use and chronic pain, such that this group reported particularly negative impacts of the pandemic on multiple areas of quality of life. However, our findings further emphasize that psychological flexibility, a modifiable resiliency process, also buffered against some of the negative impacts of the pandemic on mental health and quality of life. Given this, future research into the impact of natural crises and healthcare management should investigate how psychological flexibility can be targeted to help increase resiliency for veterans with chronic pain and problematic substance use.

Moral injury and psychosocial functioning in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Studies of moral injury among nonmilitary samples are scarce despite repeated calls to examine the prevalence and outcomes of moral injury among civilian frontline workers. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of moral injury and to examine its association with psychosocial functioning among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed health care workers (N = 480), assessing exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and psychosocial functioning. Data were analyzed using latent class analysis (LCA) to explore patterns of PMIE exposure (i.e., classes) and corresponding psychosocial functioning. The minimal exposure class, who denied PMIE exposure, accounted for 22% of health care workers. The moral injury-other class included those who had witnessed PMIEs for which others were responsible and felt betrayed (26%). The moral injury-self class comprised those who felt they transgressed their own values in addition to witnessing others' transgressions and feeling betrayed (11%). The betrayal-only class included those who felt betrayed by government and community members but otherwise denied PMIE exposure (41%). Those assigned to the moral injury-self class were the most impaired on a psychosocial functioning composite, followed by those assigned to the moral injury-other and betrayal-only classes, and finally the minimal exposure class. Moral injury is prevalent and impairing for health care workers, which establishes a need for interventions with health care workers in organized care settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Religious distress and coping with stressful life events: a longitudinal study.

HYPOTHESIS: Religious strain would mediate the relationship between stress symptoms at baseline and stress symptoms 1 year later. METHOD: Seventy-nine people with a history of stressful life events (55 women, 23 men, one unknown gender, average age 58 years) from community churches reported stressful life events, spiritual adjustment, and posttraumatic stress symptoms at initial assessment and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Religious strain mediated the relationship between baseline and follow-up posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Because religious distress contributed to prediction of stress symptoms over time, it appears that religious distress is related to adjustment to stressful life events.

Disclosure of lived experience of mental illness in training: Reasons for disclosure.

Students in mental health (MH) professions often face MH symptoms themselves related to the stress of graduate training and have been shown to benefit from supportive mentoring. Little is known, however, about trainees who already have a mental illness, and how best to help them succeed. Snowball sampling was used to survey 35 MH professionals with lived experience of mental illness (LE), also known as "prosumers." The survey included questions about participants' past disclosure about mental illness when they were in a training role. Questions were also asked about participants' experience supervising or teaching students who had disclosed LE. The survey included quantitative and qualitative data. Of participants who disclosed experiences of mental illness during past training, most disclosed to a clinical supervisor, with the most common reason for disclosure being to seek social support. A majority (83%) of those who endorsed having a trainee disclose to them were "out" about their own LE at the time. The majority of participants (78%) indicated they would like accessible examples of how others had dealt with trainee disclosure to use as a tool in working with trainees. We conclude with implications for future research and resources on this topic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Moral Injury in the Context of Substance Use Disorders: a Narrative Review.

The rate of annual drug overdose deaths in the USA recently topped 100,000 (CDC/National Center for Health Statistics 2021), an illustration of the critical need to prevent and treat substance use disorders (SUDs). As a complex, chronic medical condition, substance use treatment requires psychological, emotional, and spiritual interventions along with medical care. The recently developed concept of moral injury has been increasingly studied and applied to military service members who experience conflict between the expectations or survival needs of combat and their moral values. This review explores whether moral injury, along with the related emotional, psychological, and spiritual symptoms, can also develop in the context of SUDs. This review identified 5 manuscripts related to moral injury arising in a substance use context. These studies were small in sample size and qualitative in nature but did indicate the presence of moral injury within the context of substance use. Further studies are needed to better understand and treat moral injury related to SUDs. A conceptualization of how moral injury may arise in the context of substance use is presented here. It is suggested that the activation of the primitive dopaminergic reward system causes a potential conflict between the experienced need for the addictive substance and a person's moral code or values. The moral injury resulting from this collision may impact treatment and recovery.

Workplace bullying among mental health providers with lived experience of a mental health challenge.

Mental health care providers who have a personal lived experience of mental health challenges are valuable employees who may be vulnerable to workplace bullying, which causes harm both to these individuals and to their organizations. We used snowball sampling to survey 40 mental health professionals with lived experience about their history of workplace bullying and whether or not their lived experience was known ("out") or concealed ("closeted"). We found that our sample experienced workplace bullying at much higher rates than published samples from the general population. More than three-quarters of our sample reported having ever experienced bullying and almost half had been bullied in the past year. Furthermore, most of those who had ever experienced bullying reported having been closeted at the time. Further exploratory analyses identified some specific aspects of bullying that might be fruitful areas for future research. We conclude with implications for employee recruitment and retention, vocational rehabilitation, and organizational development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of COVID-19 on Self-Reported Substance Use, Well-Being, and Functioning Among United States Veterans: A Cross-Sectional Study.

As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps the globe, many veterans with substance use issues have faced the closure of treatment facilities, mandates to shelter in place, and social distancing measures. To better understand their pandemic experiences, substance use changes, and functioning, a survey was nationally administered to a sample of United States veterans reporting substance use issues during the pandemic. The purpose of this cross-sectional online survey for veterans (N = 409) was to report on COVID-19 experiences, safety behaviors, and infection experiences while also investigating the relationship among addictive behaviors, mental and physical health, and COVID-19 impact. Measures also assessed specific substance use concerns, pandemic-related loneliness, and functioning. Though few veterans reported personally receiving a confirmed COVID-19 medical diagnosis (10.5%), the impact of pandemic stressors was evident, with a majority reporting anxiety related to contracting COVID-19 (61.4%) or fear of a family member or close friend contracting COVID-19 (58.7%). Participants reported increased use of alcohol (45.3%), sedatives (36.6%), inhalants (35.7%), tobacco (35.0%), and cannabis (34.9%), attributed specifically to the pandemic. Regression analyses revealed that even when controlling for the contribution of problematic substance use issues, negative pandemic impacts and self-reported COVID-19 related loneliness were related to more impaired physical and mental health functioning during the pandemic. Findings from this sample of veterans with addiction issues add to the growing literature suggesting unique and adverse effects of COVID-19 stressors on functioning while also revealing specific pandemic impacts for this group.