Patient-Reported Dry Eye Treatment and Burden of Care.

OBJECTIVES: Dry eye is a common condition that can decrease the quality of life. This survey-based study of persons with dry eye investigated self-reported treatments (initial, current), out-of-pocket expenses, time spent on self-management, sources of care, and sources of information about their condition. METHODS: Online dry eye newsletters and support groups were emailed a link to an electronic survey asking members to participate. Survey respondents were not required to answer every question. RESULTS: In total, 639 persons with self-reported dry eye responded (86% women, 14% men [n=623]; mean ± SD age, 55 ± 14 years [n=595]). Artificial tears were the most reported intervention (76% initially, 71% currently). The median (interquartile range) out-of-pocket treatment cost annually was $500 ($200-$1,320 [n=506]). In addition, 55% (n=544) estimated 5 to 20 min daily on self-management; 22% spent an hour or more. Ophthalmologists provided most dry eye care (67%, n=520). Only 48% (n=524) reported that their primary source of dry eye information came from their eye care clinician. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial tears are the primary treatment for dry eye. Ophthalmologists provide most dry eye care, but half of patients report that their eye care provider is not their primary source of information. Almost one fourth of patients spend an hour or more daily on treatments.

Process and Outcomes of Fitting Corneoscleral Profilometry-Driven Scleral Lenses for Patients With Ocular Surface Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of obtaining cornea scleral profile (CSP) measurements using Scheimpflug imaging and report on the fitting process of free-form custom scleral lenses (SLs) for patients with ocular surface disease (OSD). METHODS: This prospective study of patients fit with free-form SLs collected data on the following: demographics, indications for wear, corneal and scleral tomography, scan acquisition process, and SL fitting process. RESULTS: Cornea scleral profile scans were acquired on 15 eyes of nine patients. Mean scan time for right eyes was 10.7, and 9.7 min for left eyes. A mean of 2.9 follow-up visits were required to complete SL fitting, with a mean of 2.1 lenses ordered. One eye did not tolerate lens wear, and one eye could not be fit using the CSP scan because of insufficient data. The initial lens ordered was dispensed at the first follow-up visit for seven of the remaining 13 eyes, all of which were ultimately fit successfully in free-form lenses. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of profilometry-guided SL fitting for eyes with OSD and low magnitude corneal astigmatism, the number of lenses and follow-up visits required were similar to outcomes of previous studies that described the diagnostic approach to SL fitting. In addition, imaging technology does not negate the need for skilled clinical observation while fitting SLs.

Prevalence of Keratoconus Based on Scheimpflug Corneal Tomography Metrics in a Pediatric Population From a Chicago-Based School Age Vision Clinic.

PURPOSE: Determine the pediatric prevalence of keratoconus (KC) using Scheimpflug corneal tomography. METHODS: A prospective observational study was done on subjects aged 3 to 18 years at the Princeton Vision Clinic, Chicago, IL. Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR, OCULUS Optikgerate GmbH) scans (Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia BAD3) yielded BAD Final D (Final D) and Back Elevation at the Thinnest Point (BETP) measurements. Criteria differentiating non-KC from KC suspects & KC were, Non-KC -Final D <2.00 in both eyes; KC suspect -Final D ≥2.00 and <3.00 in combination with BETP ≥18 µm for myopia and ≥28 µm for hyperopia/mixed astigmatism in at least one eye; and KC -Final D of ≥3.00 with BETP ≥18 µm for myopia or ≥28 µm for hyperopia/mixed astigmatism in at least one eye. Two thousand two hundred and six subjects were recorded, removing duplicate and poor-quality scans leaving 2007 subjects. RESULTS: Of 2007 subjects, six were classified as KC -prevalence of 1:334, three subjects were KC suspects -prevalence of 1:669, and total prevalence of KC suspects and KC was 1:223. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of KC in children is higher than previously reported, emphasizing the importance of sensitive screening for KC at its earliest manifestation as standard in pediatric comprehensive eye examinations.

Correlation of Adenoviral Titers with Severity of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis and Time to Viral Clearance for 21 Days.

SIGNIFICANCE: This investigation reports the correlation of conjunctival viral titers in adenoviral conjunctivitis with patient-reported symptoms and clinician-graded signs for 21 days of follow-up. PURPOSE: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious viral eye infection with significant morbidity and economic impact. This study investigates whether severity of signs and symptoms and time to viral clearance are correlated with conjunctival viral titers at baseline and during 21 days of follow-up. METHODS: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days study was a pilot study of the efficacy of a single in-office administration of ophthalmic 5% povidone-iodine. This article outlines longitudinal analyses after the primary outcome report. Of 212 participants screened, 28 participants with quantitative polymerase chain reaction-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis were randomized and had follow-up visits on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21. At each visit, clinician-graded signs, participant-reported symptoms, and a conjunctival swab for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were obtained. The correlation of viral titers with symptoms and signs was calculated: (1) cross-sectionally at each visit and (2) longitudinally for 21 days using a repeated-measures mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 28 participants had sufficient data for this report. Higher viral titers for 21 days were correlated with greater severity of symptoms (tearing, matting, and redness, r ≥ 0.70; P < .02) and greater severity of clinical signs (bulbar redness and serous discharge, r ≥ 0.60; P < .01). Eyes with highest baseline viral titers required longer time to viral clearance ( r = 0.59, P = .008). Signs and symptoms persisted in approximately half of the eyes even after viral clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher conjunctival viral titers across 21 days were strongly correlated with more severe signs and symptoms and longer time to viral clearance. Our results also indicate that symptoms and signs can persist after viral clearance.

Trends in Scleral Lens Fitting Practices: 2020 Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice Evaluation Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To explore trends in demographic characteristics of scleral lens (SL) practitioners and primary indications for SL fitting over 5 years. METHODS: An online survey similar to the 2015 Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice Evaluation (SCOPE) study was designed and administered from November 8, 2019, through March 31, 2020, to attendees at two international contact lens meetings, members of the Scleral Lens Education Society, and participants in the 2015 SCOPE study. Practitioners reporting at least five completed SL fits were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of 922 respondents, 777 had fit at least five SLs: 63% from the United States (59 other countries were represented), findings similar to the 2015 survey, in which 799 respondents (72%) were US-based and 49 from other countries. Most practitioners were in community practice (76%) than academic practice (24%). In 2015, 64% were in community practice and 36% in academic practice. A median of 84% of SLs were fit for corneal irregularity, 10% for ocular surface disease, and 2% for uncomplicated refractive error. In comparison, the 2015 indications were 74%, 16%, and 10%, respectively. The median number of fits completed per practitioner was 100 (range, 5-10,000; mean [SD] 284 [717]; n=752). In 2015, the median was 36 (range, 5-3,600; mean [SD] 125 [299]; n=678). CONCLUSIONS: The number of experienced SL practitioners is increasing, as is international representation. Most practitioners practice in community rather than academic settings. SLs continue to be primarily prescribed for corneal irregularity and are rarely used solely for correction of refractive error.

Success of Masking 5% Povidone-Iodine Treatment: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days Study.

SIGNIFICANCE: The effectiveness of masking is rarely evaluated or reported in single- or double-masked clinical trials. Knowledge of treatment assignment by participants and clinicians can bias the assessment of treatment efficacy. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of masking in a double-masked trial of 5% povidone-iodine for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days study is a double-masked, randomized trial comparing a one-time, in-office administration of 5% povidone-iodine with artificial tears for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Masking was assessed by asking participants and masked clinicians at designated time points if they believed the treatment administered was povidone-iodine or artificial tears, or if they were unsure. Adequacy of masking was quantified using a modified Bang Blinding Index. RESULTS: Immediately after treatment, 34% of participants who received povidone-iodine and 69% of those who received artificial tears guessed incorrectly or were unsure of their treatment (modified Bang Indices of 0.31 and -0.38, respectively). On day 4, 38% of the povidone-iodine participants and 52% of the artificial tear participants guessed incorrectly or were unsure of their treatment (modified Bang Indices of 0.24 and -0.05, respectively), indicating adequate and ideal masking. On days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21, masked clinicians guessed incorrectly or were unsure of treatment in 53%, 50%, 40%, 39%, and 42% among povidone-iodine participants compared with 44%, 35%, 38%, 35%, and 39% among artificial tears participants, respectively. The modified Bang Indices for clinician masking in the povidone-iodine group ranged from -0.05 to 0.25 and from 0.13 to 0.29 in the artificial tears group. CONCLUSIONS: Masking of participants and clinicians was adequate. Successful masking increases confidence that subjective measurements are not biased. We recommend quantitative assessment and reporting the effectiveness of masking in ophthalmic clinical trials.

Assessment of a Novel Lens Surface Treatment for Scleral Lens Wearers With Dry Eye.

OBJECTIVES: To compare lens comfort and dry eye (DE) symptoms of DE scleral lens (SL) wearers fit with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based surface-treated and untreated SLs. Dry eye signs, comfortable SL wearing time (WT), vision quality, and lens-related ocular surface changes were also assessed. METHODS: Twenty-one SL wearers with DE and SL discomfort were enrolled in a double-masked crossover study. Participants were randomized to wear their untreated or PEG (Tangible Hydra-PEG, Tangible Science; Redwood, CA) surface-treated SL of the same parameters first for 30 days. Lens comfort, DE symptoms, and ocular surface assessments were measured at baseline, after the first test period, and after the crossover. Comfortable lens WT and frequency of foggy vision were recorded. Comparisons were assessed using paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Polyethylene glycol-treated SL wear resulted in significantly improved: lens comfort (P=0.003), DE symptoms (P=0.004), corneal sodium fluorescein staining (P=0.01), temporal conjunctival lissamine green staining (P=0.01), lid wiper epitheliopathy (P=0.002), conjunctival papillae (P=0.003), frequency of foggy vision (P=0.002), tear break-up time (TBUT) (P=0.01), and comfortable lens WT (P=0.002) compared with untreated wear. There were no significant changes between treated and untreated lens wear for TBUT over the SL (P=0.14) and nasal conjunctival lissamine green staining (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Polyethylene glycol surface-treated SLs provided improved comfort, reduced DE symptoms, and reduced ocular surface compromise compared with untreated SLs for participants with DE.

Comparison of Pneumatonometry and Transpalpebral Tonometry Measurements of Intraocular Pressure during Scleral Lens Wear.

SIGNIFICANCE: As scleral lens wear becomes more common, understanding the impact of these lenses upon ocular physiology is critically important. Studies on the effect of scleral lens wear upon intraocular pressure (IOP) have used different instruments and have reported conflicting results. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare assessment of IOP during scleral lens wear using pneumatonometry and transpalpebral tonometry. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects wore a small-diameter (15.2 mm) and a large-diameter (18.0 mm) scleral lens on the right eye, each for 1 hour in randomized order. IOP was assessed with pneumatonometry and transpalpebral tonometry on both eyes before lens application, immediately after lens application, after 1 hour of lens wear, and immediately after lens removal. Paired t test compared mean IOP in the study eye to the control eye. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to take instrumentation, lens diameter, and their interaction into account in an analysis of the change in IOP in the study eye. RESULTS: Mean peripheral IOP measured with pneumatonometry was not significantly different from baseline at any subsequent measurement. Measurements with transpalpebral tonometry, however, were significantly different during scleral lens wear immediately after application and after 1 hour of wear with both diameter lenses (P < .005), but were not significantly different after either sized lens was removed. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the instrument used to measure IOP was a significant factor in IOP changes found during lens wear (P ≤ .001). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of IOP during scleral lens wear varies based upon the instrument that is used. Although further studies are clearly needed to further elucidate this issue, clinicians should continue to monitor optic nerve structure and function in scleral lens wearers, as they do in all patients.

Clinical Evaluation of Large Diameter Rigid-Gas Permeable Versus Soft Toric Contact Lenses for the Correction of Refractive Astigmatism. A MultiCenter Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to address the clinical performance of a large diameter rigid gas permeable lens (LRGP) in a group of subjects with low-to-moderate (0.75-2.75 D) refractive astigmatism. An additional goal was to determine whether soft toric or LRGP contact lenses performed better objectively in the correction of astigmatism and to determine which modality is preferred by subjects. METHODS: This was a multisite prospective cross-over clinical study. Ten asymptomatic contact lens wearers per site (four university clinics) were recruited and randomly assigned to group A or group B. Group A was assigned to start wearing Comfilcon A soft toric lens first, for two weeks, and then crossed over to LRGP lenses (Boston XO, 14.3 mm diameter miniscleral lens). Group B initially wore LRGP lenses and then crossed over to soft toric lenses. For each type of lens worn, low-contrast and high-contrast visual acuity (VA) were evaluated at distance. At the conclusion of the study, after two months, all subjects completed a questionnaire in which they were asked to indicate their preference for one type of lens (soft toric or LRGP) and to rate the quality of vision in day-to-day activities. RESULTS: Thirty-six of 38 (94.7%) subjects completed the study with 75% preferring the vision of the LRGP lens as compared to the soft toric lenses worn in the study. 52.7% expressed a preference to continue with this modality despite only 38.8% reporting that these LRGP lenses are easy or very easy to handle. Wear time, subjective comfort, and subjective vision ratings exhibited no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of asymptomatic contact lens wearers, LRGP lenses can be considered as a good alternative to soft toric lenses for the correction of refractive astigmatism.

Natural history of adenoviral conjunctivitis in a US-based population: Viral load, signs, and symptoms.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical signs, symptoms, and viral clearance in individuals in the United States with adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). METHODS: Individuals ≥ 18 years presenting within 4 days of symptoms of Ad-Cs who met eligibility criteria and tested positive with both point-of-care immunoassay antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing were enrolled. Patient-reported symptoms, clinician-graded signs, and qPCR viral titers were collected at baseline, days 1-2, 4 (days 3-5), 7 (days 6-10), 14 (days 11-17) and 21 (days 18-21). RESULTS: There was no detectable viral titers by the day 14 visit in 6/8 patients. By day 21, there was no detectable viral titers in the 7 participants who completed the visit; however, signs and symptoms persisted including: blurry vision (5/7), discomfort (2/7) or redness (1/7). Masked clinicians also noted conjunctival redness (4/7), follicular conjunctivitis (4/7) and bulbar edema (3/7). CONCLUSION: Many patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs persist after viral titers are no longer detectable by qPCR. Using clinical signs and symptoms to determine quarantine duration may result in patients being furloughed longer than the time that the patient is infectious.

Scleral lens prescription and management practices: Emerging consensus.

PURPOSE: To describe international scleral lens prescription and management practices across multiple practice types. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, scleral lens practitioners were asked to complete an electronic survey that requested information about a single scleral lens patient. Data collected included practitioner demographics (practice type, country, years of experience) and patient indications for scleral lens wear, fitting process, lens design, and care products. RESULTS: Data were collected for 259 patients (419 eyes). Most participants (60%) practiced in the US, 75% worked primarily in community practice, and 58% claimed more than 5 years' experience fitting scleral lenses. Indications for scleral lens wear were corneal irregularity (87%), ocular surface disease (9%), and uncomplicated refractive error (4%). During the fitting process, the mean (SD) number of lenses ordered was 2.4 (1.6) (range, 1-16 lenses) during 3.8 (2.4) visits (range, 1-18 visits). Of patients, 62% used a daily surfactant cleaner, 47% used hydrogen peroxide disinfection, and 67% used single-use vials of nonpreserved saline. Mean lens diameter was 16.2 (1.1) mm (range, 11.8-23.0 mm). The landing zones were spherical (64%), toric (26%), quadrant-specific (7%), and custom (3%) designs. Optical power was spherical in 70%, toric in 27%, and higher-order aberration correcting in 3% of lenses. Only 5 lenses had multifocal optics. CONCLUSIONS: General consensus regarding prescribing patterns (lens design, wearing schedules, care products) between US vs non-US, community vs academic, and new vs established providers is reported in this study. Relatively low percentages of patients wearing lenses with advanced landing zones or optical designs suggest that these new options have not been widely adopted.

Analysis of corneal tomography in select Black and LatinX children.

PURPOSE: Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral and often asymmetric disease which can progress to corneal thinning and protrusion. Keratoconus in children appears to be more aggressive than in adults. Research on pediatric keratoconus is limited, and treatments rely on research and experience in adult populations. The current study aimed to provide an analysis on the distribution of the corneal tomography measurements in an underserved, Black and LatinX, primarily low-income pediatric population. METHODS: This was a prospective study approved by the Illinois College of Optometry's IRB. A total of 2133 children, presented to a school-based vision clinic within the Chicago Public Schools, were included in the analysis and were classified into three age groups: 3-6 years, 7-12 years, and 13-18 years. Four specific tomography measurements were obtained from the Pentacam (BAD Final D, ART-Max, I-S Ratio, and Thinnest Point Asymmetry). RESULTS: The mean front corneal astigmatism of the study cohort was -1.39D ± 1.45. Tomography indices means were 0.95 ± 0.74 for BAD Final D, 457.34 ± 94.83 for ART-Max, 0.01 ± 0.68 for I-S ratio, and 9.60 ± 25.55 for Thinnest Point Asymmetry. A statistically significant difference was observed among age groups for BAD Final D (p < 0.001), ART-Max (p < 0.001) and Thinnest Point Asymmetry (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: This study provided the first set of normative data for a pediatric population on the four tomography measurements, offering a reference for potential diagnosis of keratoconus for Black and LatinX children. Further study could include evaluation of additional races along with a comparison with the adult data, which will provide guidance on evaluating the current keratoconus diagnosis criteria to aid early diagnosis of keratoconus in the pediatric population.

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs, symptoms and point-of-care testing for early adenoviral conjunctivitis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study identifies key signs and symptoms of acute conjunctivitis, that when combined with a point-of-care test, can improve clinician accuracy of diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. BACKGROUND: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection with the potential for high economic impact due to widespread outbreaks and subsequent furloughs from work and school. In this report, we describe clinical signs and participant-reported symptoms that most accurately identify polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: Adults with 'red eye' symptoms of four days or less were enrolled. Participants rated 10 ocular symptoms from 0 (not bothersome) to 10 (very bothersome), and indicated the presence or absence of systemic flu-like symptoms. Clinicians determined the presence or absence of swollen lymph nodes and rated the severity of eight ocular signs using a 5-point scale. An immunoassay targeting adenovirus antigen was utilised for the point-of-care test, and conjunctival swab samples were obtained for subsequent adenovirus detection by PCR analyses. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify symptoms and signs associated with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. The diagnostic accuracy of these clinical findings, and the potential benefit of incorporating point-of-care test results, was assessed by calculating areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: Clinician-rated bulbar conjunctival redness, participant-rated eyelid swelling and overall ocular discomfort had the best predictive value in the multivariate logistic regression model with an AUC of 0.83. The addition of the point-of-care test results to these three clinical sign/symptom scores improved diagnostic accuracy, increasing the AUC to 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival redness severity and participant-reported eyelid swelling and overall discomfort, along with adenoviral point-of-care test results, were highly predictive in identifying individuals with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. Improved diagnostic accuracy by clinicians at the initial presenting visit could prevent unnecessary work furloughs and facilitate earlier treatment decisions.

Current U.S. based optometric scleral lens curricula and fitting recommendations: SCOPE educators survey.

OBJECTIVES: To describe current components of scleral lens curricula at U.S. based optometry colleges and universities. METHODS: Contact lens educators were surveyed between June 2019 and August 2019 regarding their optometric scleral lens curriculum. Respondents were asked to describe their experience and involvement in optometric scleral lens education as well as to describe components of scleral lens curricula. Educators were also asked to identify sources of information upon which they rely on in order to stay informed about new developments and best practices in scleral lens prescription and management. RESULTS: Most programs begin scleral lens education during the 3rd year of optometric education (71.2 %; n = 52). Students complete an estimated 18.0 ± 18.1 (range 2-100) scleral lens evaluations during training (n = 36). Ideal fitting characteristics taught include central corneal clearance of 206.3 ± 44 microns (range 150-350, n = 40), limbal clearance of 62.1 ± 23.6 microns (range 20-100, n = 36) with one clock hour or less of conjunctival vascular compression (n = 41). Educators ranked in-person continuing education (61 %, 22/36) followed by contact lens laboratory consults (22 %, 8/36) as the two most important sources of information on best practices in scleral lens prescription and management. CONCLUSIONS: Educators are uniquely positioned to guide the next generation of eyecare providers by incorporating and disseminating new research findings into their scleral lens curricula.

Multicenter review of impression-based scleral devices.

OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes using impression based-scleral devices for the management of anterior segment disease. METHODS: Retrospective chart review identified all patients who were fitted with impression-based scleral devices between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2019 at three specialty contact lens practices. Patient demographic data, indication for device use, visual and physiological outcomes, as well as details of the fitting process and survival of device use were determined. RESULTS: Forty-four patients (70 eyes) were included in the study. Primary indications for device use included corneal irregularity (28 patients, 44 eyes) and ocular surface disease (16 patients, 26 eyes). Fifty-four percent of patients had more than one ocular surface condition, and 39 % of patients had undergone at least one anterior segment surgical procedure. Twenty-nine patients had unsuccessfully attempted to wear standard scleral lenses prior to being fit with impression-based devices. Visual acuity improved significantly with impression-based devices compared to habitual correction (p < 0.001). Completion of the fitting process (including visit to acquire the impression and post-fitting assessments) required an average of 4 [1.5] visits.Ideal haptic alignment was achieved with 74 % and complete limbal clearance was achieved in 83 % of fits. Device use was discontinued due to complications in two eyes. CONCLUSION: Patients with complex eye disease who are unable to successfully wear standard scleral lenses successfully may achieve visual and therapeutic success with impression-based devices.

Efficacy of a Single Administration of 5% Povidone-Iodine in the Treatment of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single, in-office administration of 5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) compared to artificial tears (AT) for adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). DESIGN: Double-masked pilot randomized trial. METHODS: Patients presenting with presumed adenoviral conjunctivitis were screened at 9 U.S. clinics. INCLUSION CRITERIA: ≥18 years of age, symptoms ≤4 days, and a positive AdenoPlus test. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: thyroid disease, iodine allergy, recent ocular surgery, and ocular findings inconsistent with early-stage Ad-Cs. Randomization was to a single administration of 5% PVP-I or AT in 1 eye and examinations on days 1-2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 with conjunctival swabs taken at each visit for quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Primary outcome was percent reduction from peak viral load. Secondary outcomes were improvement in clinical signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Of 56 patients randomized, 28 had detectable viral titers at baseline. Day 4 posttreatment, viral titers in the 5% PVP-I and AT groups were 2.5% ± 2.7% and 14.4% ± 10.5% of peak, respectively (P = .020). Severity of participant-reported tearing, lid swelling, and redness as well as clinician-graded mucoid discharge, bulbar redness, and bulbar edema were lower in the 5% PVP-I group than AT group on day 4 (P < .05). After day 4, viral titers and severity of signs and symptoms decreased markedly in both groups and no differences between groups were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Pilot data suggest a single, in-office administration of 5% PVP-I could reduce viral load and hasten improvement of clinical signs and symptoms in patients with Ad-Cs.

Predictive Accuracy and Densitometric Analysis of Point-of-Care Immunoassay for Adenoviral Conjunctivitis.

Purpose: Accurate diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs) is important for timely and appropriate patient management to reduce disease transmission. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a commercially available point-of-care adenovirus immunoassay and determined whether its predictive accuracy is influenced by signal intensities of test result bands. Methods: Point-of-care immunoassay (AdenoPlus) testing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing was performed on conjunctival swab samples obtained from eyes of 186 eligible adult participants with presumed infectious conjunctivitis and symptoms of ≤4 days. Masked observers assessed signal intensities of the immunoassay test and control bands using densitometry. Results: Ad-Cs was confirmed by qPCR in 28 of the 56 eyes that tested positive on the AdenoPlus, a 50% positive predictive value (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36.9, 63.1). No adenovirus was detected by qPCR in 128 of 130 eyes that tested negative on AdenoPlus, a 98.5% negative predictive value (CI = 96.3, 100). Sensitivity and specificity were 93% (CI = 84.4, 100) and 82% (CI = 76.0, 88.1), respectively. Viral titers significantly correlated with ratio of test band signal intensities (R2 = 0.32, P = 0.002). Higher positive predictive value was associated with higher densitometry ratios (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59, 0.83). Conclusions: Densitometric analyses suggest that the diagnostic accuracy of AdenoPlus is influenced by the signal intensity of the test result bands. Visual comparison of the test band intensities by clinicians could reduce the false positive rate of point-of-care immunoassays and aid in the diagnosis of viral infections. Translational Relevance: Ratiometric densitometry of point-of-care immunoassays could aid clinicians' decision making in diagnosing infectious diseases, including Ad-Cs.

Therapeutic uses of scleral contact lenses for ocular surface disease: patient selection and special considerations.

Scleral lenses are being prescribed for the management of corneal irregularity, uncomplicated refractive error, and ocular surface disease. There are many potential therapeutic uses of scleral lenses in addition to providing similar benefits as corneal gas permeable lenses. Scleral contact lenses are a valuable therapeutic tool for patients with ocular surface disease as these lenses protect the ocular surface, provide continuous corneal hydration while providing optimal visual correction, and are often used in conjunction with other therapies.

Demodex blepharitis: clinical perspectives.

Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are two mites which infest the human eye and which may, in excess, lead to a wide range of anterior segment findings. Demodex mites have been implicated in anterior and posterior blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, blepharokeratitis, and beyond. Due to significant overlap with other anterior segment conditions, Demodex infestation remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Definitive diagnosis can be made with lash sampling, and the most common mode of treatment is with tea tree oil in varying concentrations. This article summarizes elements of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management critical to clinical care of this common condition.