Metabolic and hormonal changes in IDDM during long-distance run.

Hormonal and metabolic changes were compared in five insulin-dependent diabetic men and five control men during a 3-h marathon-training run. Insulin was withheld 16-26 h before the start of the run, and a normal breakfast was finished 2.5 h before the start of the run. Blood glucose concentrations decreased significantly in the diabetic subjects but remained constant in the control subjects. During the run, plasma free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and alanine concentrations behaved similarly in both groups. Only postexercise ketosis was more pronounced in the diabetic subjects. Peripheral serum free-insulin concentrations were slightly lower in the diabetic subjects at the start of the study, but these insulin concentrations became significantly elevated afterward compared with the control subjects. Plasma glucagon levels increased in the diabetic but not in the control subjects. Growth hormone levels increased sharply and to significantly higher levels in the diabetic than in the control subjects, who presented a slow gradual increase. Plasma cortisol levels were slightly, but at some moments significantly, higher in the diabetic subjects. The plasma catecholamine concentrations increased in both groups but to significantly higher levels in the diabetic subjects. There is no evidence from this study for an insufficient secretion of counterregulatory hormones if a hypoglycemic reaction occurs during a long-distance run in reasonably well controlled, well-trained diabetic subjects without long-term complications.

Fibrinolytic system during long-distance running in IDDM patients and in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Endurance exercise has been advocated in diabetes mellitus to improve both metabolic control and prevent atherosclerotic complications. The response of the fibrinolytic system during prolonged exercise has not been studied in diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In seven male marathon runners with IDDM and eight healthy nondiabetic male control subjects, matched for age and degree of training, we studied fibrinolytic and coagulation parameters during a 3-h 32-km outdoor running session. Measurements included t-PA, u-PA, PAI-1, PAP (as a measure of in vivo activation of fibrinolysis), FbDPs, FGN, vWF, and VIII:C. RESULTS: In both IDDM and control subjects, levels of t-PA, u-PA, PAP, vWF, and VIII:C continued to rise throughout the exercise, whereas PAI-1 showed a similar decline in both groups. FbDP rose slightly in both groups, and FGN remained unchanged. t-PA levels during exercise correlated closely with exercise intensity. These findings indicate that continued stimulation by exercise does not deplete endothelial PA stores. Differences between IDDM and control subjects were seen only for t-PA, vWF, and u-PA. The AUC during exercise (AUC0.5-3.0) of t-PA in IDDM was insignificantly lower than in control subjects (53 +/- 19 vs. 67 +/- 31 ng.ml-1.h), but the ratio of t-PA to exercise intensity was lower in IDDM (0.24 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.31 +/- 0.13, P less than 0.05). The AUC0.5-3.0 of vWF was lower in IDDM than in control subjects (569 +/- 268 vs. 880 +/- 265%.h, P less than 0.05). The AUC0.5-3.0 of u-PA was higher in IDDM than in control subjects (15.1 +/- 3.5 vs. 11.2 +/- 1.8 ng.ml-1.h, P less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a defect in the exercise-induced endothelial release of vWF and t-PA, the overall potential to activate fibrinolysis is intact in IDDM, possibly by enhancement of u-PA after exercise. Our data suggest that in IDDM, as in nondiabetic subjects, long-distance running may slow the progression of atherosclerosis by stimulating fibrinolysis.

Piroxicam in acute musculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries.

Approximately 20 percent of athletes have an acute or chronic injury related to their sport. In acute musculoskeletal disorders, inflammation is an important component of the symptomatology. Recent clinical studies are showing that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can significantly reduce inflammation and help speed return to full function. In an international study, the efficacy and toleration of piroxicam were compared with that of indomethacin, naproxen, and aspirin in three multicenter, double-blind, parallel studies involving a total of 1,290 patients with acute sprains and tendinitis. The centers compared piroxicam 40 mg once daily for the first two days followed by 20 mg once daily for the remainder of the studies. This regimen was compared with either indomethacin, 50 mg three times per day for two days and 25 mg three times per day for the remainder of the treatment period; naproxen 500 mg twice daily for two days followed by 250 mg in the morning and 500 mg in the evening thereafter; or aspirin 4 g per day for the duration of the study. Treatment normally lasted 14 days; the minimal duration was seven days, with a maximum of 28 days. Overall assessment of efficacy was excellent or good in more than 80 percent of patients. Statistical differences were seen favoring piroxicam over aspirin (p less than 0.05) regarding reduction in tenderness and resumption of daily activities within 16 days (p less than 0.02). The study comparing piroxicam and naproxen showed a statistically significant difference in favor of piroxicam (p less than 0.025). There was no difference between piroxicam and indomethacin in the number of patients who were able to accomplish normal daily activity within 16 days. Furthermore, although efficacy was comparable among the NSAIDs, piroxicam was significantly better-tolerated than either naproxen or indomethacin. Piroxicam was also better-tolerated than aspirin, but a statistical difference was not reached.

[Diabetes mellitus in children and sports]. / Diabetes mellitus bij kinderen en sport.

The short-term and longterm effects of physical exercise and sports on the regulation of diabetes mellitus in children are described. The precise tuning of insulin dosage, food and sports can be achieved with self-control and self-regulation. Advisable sports activities and limitations like poor metabolic control are being discussed. Regular physical exercise for diabetic children is advised to prevent lack of movement, also for their health in older age.

Piroxicam in acute musculoskeletal disorders and sport injuries.

In two multicentre double-blind, parallel studies, piroxicam was found to be as well tolerated and significantly more effective than placebo in relieving moderate and severe pain, swelling, and limitation of movement resulting from acute musculoskeletal injuries. The efficacy and toleration of piroxicam were then compared with those of indomethacin and naproxen in two international multicentre double-blind trials involving 1,004 patients suffering from acute sprains or tendinitis resulting from sports injuries; a common study protocol was used in all centres. In all treatment groups, spontaneous pain, pain on movement, joint swelling, and tenderness were reduced significantly as early as three days after the start of treatment, and overall assessment of efficacy was excellent or good in more than 80% of patients. The study results indicated that the efficacy of all drugs was comparable, but analysis of side effects reports showed that piroxicam was significantly (p less than 0.005) better tolerated by the patients.