The Predictors of Seizures in Patients with Encephalocele: An 11-Year Experience from a Tertiary Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate and identify the predictors associated with the incidence of seizures in patients with encephalocele (EC). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients treated for EC at a tertiary medical center in Tehran between 2010 and 2021. Data including age at presentation, gender, location, size, and content of EC, ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, associated anomalies, and neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) were evaluated for their prognostic value. In addition, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the correlation between independent predictors and seizure incidence. RESULTS: One hundred and two cases of EC were identified. Seventy-one ECs (69.6%) were posterior ECs, while 31 (30.4%) were anterior. Neural tissue was found in 43 (42.2%) of the ECs. Thirty-three patients (32.4%) had ventriculomegaly, of which 90.9% underwent shunt placement for progressive or symptomatic hydrocephalus. Seizure was found in 26 (25.5%) patients. On univariate analysis, presence of other anomalies, postoperative infections, and NDD were associated with seizures (p < 0.05). When the anomalies were categorized into intracranial and extracranial groups in univariate analysis, none was associated with statistically significant increase in seizure (p values of 0.09 and 0.61, respectively). Although according to multivariate analysis, only the association between other associated anomalies and seizure was near significant (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 0.95-4.2, p = 0.049). Children with NDD and postoperative infection were, respectively, 3.04 and 1.3 times more at risk to experience seizures compared to other patients. CONCLUSION: We found a rate of 25.5% risk of seizure in patients with EC. This study could not find any significant predictors of seizure in children with EC. However, pediatric patients with postoperative infections including sepsis, wound infection, and NDD require more consideration to reduce the risk of seizure.

Different Behavior and Response of Staphylococcus Epidermidis and Streptococcus Pneumoniae to a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt: An in vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal shunt infection is a rare event. There is no consensus on the therapeutic management of this kind of shunt infection according to literature reviews, and it seems to be different from infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis. We studied 2 shunted patients with pneumococcal meningitis, both of whom were treated with only antibiotics. The management of these cases seems to be different from that of shunt catheter infection due to these bacteria. We conducted a laboratory study to show the different behavior of pneumococcus compared to S. epidermidis regarding shunt catheter colonization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients were incubated in sterile media. Forty-five segments of shunt catheter from silicone material were placed in 45 separate media of S. epidermidis and pneumococcus. Then each catheter was washed and cultured in blood chocolate agar growth medium in separate petri dishes via the roll plate method. The dishes were extracted from the incubator and the colony count was calculated after 72 h. RESULTS: The colony count was obviously different between the 2 bacteria groups, with a higher count related to S. epidermidis dishes. The colony count of the pneumococcal petri dishes was 25-35,000 (mean 14,337) and for dishes with S. epidermidis it was 14,000-100,000 (mean 50,125) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The adherence of pneumococcus to shunt catheters seems to be much less than that of S. epidermidis, which produced a very low colony count when incubated with the catheter in the medium culture. S. pneumoniae meningitis in shunted patients can be managed successfully with only antibiotics. This approach can prevent problems related to the several additional surgeries required for shunt removal, a new shunt insertion, and the management of high intracranial pressure.

Spontaneous regression and complete disappearance of the vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation.

INTRODUCTION: Thrombosis is frequently observed in Galen malformation, but propagation of thrombosis resulting in the disappearance of the aneurysmal malformation is a very rare clinical condition. CASE REPORT: A rare case of spontaneous regression and disappearance of the vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VoGAM) in a pediatric patient with repeated generalized seizure, increased head circumference, and congestive heart failure is recorded. The course of regression from infancy to 8 years of age has been depicted. Radiological studies initially demonstrated VoGAM complicated by an intra-cerebral hemorrhage and hydrocephalus, which later underwent spontaneous regression. Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up is presented. DISCUSSION: Different conditions including hemodynamic alteration, compression of adjacent hematoma, and narrowing of related vascular structures have been described to cause thrombosis of VoGAM. The relevant literature to address possible mechanism is reviewed.

Predicting ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection in children with hydrocephalus using artificial neural network.

OBJECTIVES: The relationships between shunt infection and predictive factors have not been previously investigated using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The aim of this study was to develop an ANN model to predict shunt infection in a group of children with shunted hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among more than 800 ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures which had been performed between April 2000 and April 2011, 68 patients with shunt infection and 80 controls that fulfilled a set of meticulous inclusion/exclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled. Univariate analysis was performed for a long list of risk factors, and those with p value < 0.2 were used to create ANN and logistic regression (LR) models. RESULTS: Five variables including birth weight, age at the first shunting, shunt revision, prematurity, and myelomeningocele were significantly associated with shunt infection via univariate analysis, and two other variables (intraventricular hemorrhage and coincided infections) had a p value of less than 0.2. Using these seven input variables, ANN and LR models predicted shunt infection with an accuracy of 83.1 % (AUC; 91.98 %, 95 % CI) and 55.7 % (AUC; 76.5, 95 % CI), respectively. The contribution of the factors in the predictive performance of ANN in descending order was history of shunt revision, low birth weight (under 2000 g), history of prematurity, the age at the first shunt procedure, history of intraventricular hemorrhage, history of myelomeningocele, and coinfection. CONCLUSION: The findings show that artificial neural networks can predict shunt infection with a high level of accuracy in children with shunted hydrocephalus. Also, the contribution of different risk factors in the prediction of shunt infection can be determined using the trained network.

Controlled Trial to Compare Therapeutic Efficacy of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Plus Choroid Plexus Cauterization with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Infants with Obstructive Hydrocephalus.

CONTEXT: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) are the established surgical treatments for obstructive hydrocephalus (HCP). Powerful evidence regarding the best therapeutic approach for infants with obstructive HCP is lacked. AIMS: Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of VP shunt and ETV/choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) in infants with obstructive HCP. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a randomized, active control, unblind, single-center, clinical trial. METHODS: Infants with obstructive HCP were randomly allocated to each intervention group (ETV/CPC or VP shunt). They were monitored for at least 6 months for any sign of raised intracranial pressure (rICP). The recurrence of rICP signs requiring surgical intervention was considered as intervention failure. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The association between intervention group and outcome was tested with Chi-square test, and P = 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the total fifty patients entering the study, 49 were included in the final analysis, 27 of them were in VP shunt and 22 in ETV/CPC group. Seventeen patients (34%) were female and 33 (66%) were male with mean age of 3.74 ± 3.1 months (range = 10 days - 11 months). Thirty-nine (79.6%) were under 6 months of age and the remaining were 6 months or older. The overall success rate in 36-month follow-up was 88.5% and 68.2% for VP shunt and ETV/CPC, respectively, with the difference being not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The current study determined no inferiority of ETV/CPC compared to VP shunt, and therefore, it may become an efficient treatment for obstructive HCP in infants.

Emergency separation of craniopagus twins: case report.

Craniopagus is a very rare congenital anomaly that tends to affect females more often than males. It is classified as partial or total. Most affected twins are either stillborn or die during the perinatal period. Those who survive birth should undergo detailed radiological evaluations soon after their condition becomes stable so that the precise anatomy of the conjoined part can be defined and surgery can be planned in detail by a multidisciplinary team. Recommendations for decreasing the risk of unsuccessful surgery include performing surgery on an elective basis after extensive preoperative radiological evaluations as well as when the twins are at an acceptable age and weight for a complex surgical separation, generally as staged procedures. In addition, the operation should be performed by a well-equipped expert multidisciplinary team. When one of the conjoined twins dies, however, surgical separation cannot be postponed because the shared circulatory system predisposes the alive child to life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy. The authors report on the successful separation of craniopagus twins performed on an emergency basis at 32 weeks of gestational age because of the sudden death of one of them. At the time of separation surgery, the twins each weighed 1250 g. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the youngest age and lowest weight yet reported for successful surgical separation. The surviving twin developed a pseudomeningocele, which required a second operation and placement of a cystoperitoneal shunt 4 months after the operation. Additional surgery is planned to repair a cranial defect that resulted from the pseudomeningocele, but his general physical and mental condition was otherwise good at latest follow-up (12 months after separation surgery).

Electrocatalytic oxidation behavior of NADH at Pt/Fe3O4/reduced-graphene oxide nanohybrids modified glassy carbon electrode and its determination.

We have developed Pt/Fe3O4/reduced-graphene oxide nanohybrids modified glassy carbon (Pt/Fe3O4/RGO/GC) electrode as a novel system for the preparation of electrochemical sensing platform. Characterization of as-made composite was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) where the Pt, Fe, Si, O and C elements were observed. The Pt/Fe3O4/RGO/GC electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Due to the synergistic effect between Pt, Fe3O4 and RGO, the nanohybrid exhibited excellent performance toward dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution, pH7.0, with a low detection limit of 5nM.