Citrus limon phytocompounds decorated nanoparticles control poultry pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to the global health, food security, and environment. In poultry and livestock, antibiotics are beneficial since they improve poultry performance and are economically effective. Therefore, it is crucial to search for alternatives that can be environmentally safe and successful in treating these infections. In this study, we employed molecular docking to evaluate lemon peel phytochemical's protein binding capability against various poultry pathogens. The nanoparticles (LP AgNPs) obtained from the lemon peel were characterized and tested for their antibacterial activity against more poultry pathogens. LP AgNPs were characterized by using UV-Visible absorption spectra, which revealed an absorption peak at a wavelength of 420-440 nm. The FT-IR analysis demonstrated that flavonoids and phenolic acids acted as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents during the biosynthesis of AgNPs. EDAX showed a strong peak was observed at 3 keV which revealed the absorption of metallic silver nanoparticles. The mean diameter was from 2 to 20 nm through HRTEM. Zeta potential of the LP AgNps at - 17.2 mV showed the high stability of the green synthesized AgNps. Maximum inhibitory concentrations of LP AgNps against the isolated poultry pathogens were 50 µg/ml concentration. The toxicity tests were performed in the Vigna radiata seedlings and Artemia nauplii, which showed less toxic effects and eco-friendly nature of the LP AgNps. LP AgNps have the potential to treat antibiotic resistant poultry pathogens, thereby paving the way for the development of value-added novel products incorporated with nanoparticles for treating various infection caused by antibiotic-resistant poultry pathogens.

Fabrication, Characterization of Basic Blue 7 Dye-Doped PVA Films and Their Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties.

In this work, we report on the fabrication, characterization and the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of basic blue 7 (BB 7) dye‒doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer thin films. The absorption spectra of BB 7 dye‒PVA films were measured by UV‒visible absorption studies. The functional groups of BB 7‒PVA films have been identified by FT‒IR spectroscopic analysis. The surface morphology was examined by AFM and SEM analysis which shows that the BB 7 dye‒doped PVA films have a homogenous and smooth surface. The nonlinear absorption and refraction of BB 7‒PVA films were respectively explored by open aperture and closed aperture Z‒scan technique using a 5 mW semiconductor diode laser of 635 nm wavelengths. The BB 7‒PVA films exhibit the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and self-defocusing effect and the measured third‒order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) values of these films were found to be of the order of 10- 5 esu. The present experimental results show that BB 7‒PVA films may have potential applications in future photonic and NLO devices.

Isolation and genetic analysis of Porcine circovirus 2 in southern India evidences high circulation of Porcine circovirus 2d genotype.

BACKGROUND: Porcine circovirus 2 is globally noted swine pathogen with multiple genotypes associated with vast clinical and subclinical outcomes. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PCV2 genotypes circulating in southern states of India. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 434 field samples comprising of serum (n = 273), tissues (n = 109) and swabs (n = 52) collected from swine during 2019 to 2021 from southern states of India were screened for PCV2 by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Molecular prevalence of PCV2 in southern India was found to be 12.21% (n = 53). All the 53 PCV2 positive samples were further subjected to the PCR assay with designed primers targeting full length amplification of ORF2 gene of PCV2 for molecular characterization. Randomly 32 positive samples by full length PCV2-ORF2 gene PCR were sequenced for genotyping. Signature motif and phylogenetic analysis of 32 PCV2 sequences revealed 62.5% (n = 20) prevalence of PCV2d genotype followed by 21.8% (n = 7) of PCV2h or PCV2-IM1 and 15.6% (n = 5) of PCV2b genotypes. Twenty five PCR positive field samples were subjected for virus isolation in PK15 cells and characterized. Out of 25 samples processed 5 (20%) PCV2 isolates obtained in this study were confirmed by PCR and immune fluorescence assay. Molecular characterization of PK15 adapted five PCV2 isolates confirmed circulation of PCV2d, PCV2h and PCV2b genotypes in pigs under field conditions in southern India. CONCLUSIONS: Isolation and molecular epidemiological study of PCV2 in southern states of India evidences high circulation of PCV2d genotypes in field conditions in comparison to other genotypes.

Molecular detection of porcine parvovirus 1-associated reproductive failure in southern India.

This study used 56 aborted and stillborn fetuses from organized swine farms in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, southern states of India. All samples were screened by using a PCR assay that targets the NS1 gene for PPV. Furthermore, the PCR positive samples were subjected to amplification of the VP2 gene of PPV1 with designed primers and sequenced for further study. The PCR screening of 56 samples found that 14.3% (n = 8) were positive for PPV genome. According to VP2 gene-based PCR for PPV1, 897 bp specific amplicons were detected in all eight of the samples. Two of the eight positive samples (L17 and T5) were sequenced and annotated randomly. The BLAST analysis of contig sequence INDTNCHN-T5 revealed 100% sequence homology with Chinese PPV1genome, whereas sequence from INDTNCHN-L17 revealed 99.43% sequence homology with Spain, Chinese, and German. PPV1 sequences and both the sequences INDTNCHN-T5 and INDTNCHN-L17 were submitted to the GenBank under the accession numbers MW822566 and MW822567 respectively. A phylogenetic analysis of the sequences in this study revealed specific grouping along with PPV1 strains in cluster E. Amino acid analysis of both isolated sequences in addition to the reference sequence from PPV1 showed variations in position 215 (I to T) in both the isolates, variation at position 228 (Q to E) in T5 isolate and variations at position 59 (L to M) and 314 (K to E) in L17 isolate. This study represents the first report of PPV1 cluster E in Tamil Nadu, southern India.

Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of rhizomes of Cryptocoryne spiralis Fisch. ex Wydler: antimotility and antisecretory effects.

The antidiarrhoeal activity of Cryptocoryne spiralis rhizomes extract (250, 500, 750 mg/kg, po) was evaluated using faecal excretion, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation, gastric emptying and PGE2 induced enteropooling models in rats. In addition, various biochemical estimations, histopathological studies and antibacterial evaluations on strains responsible for diarrhoea were also performed. The results illustrated a significant reduction in normal faecal output rate after 5th and 7th h of treatment, while castor oil-induced diarrhoea model depicted a protection of 55.44% at same dose level from diarrhoea. The other models except, gastric emptying test demonstrated more pronounced effect at same dose level. A significant inhibition in nitric oxide, increase in carbohydrates, protein, DNA, Na(+) and K(+) level with minimum degeneration of colonic fibrous tissues and potent antibacterial activity were also observed. The antidiarrhoeal potential of C. spiralis may be as a result of antimotility and antisecretory type effect mediated through nitric oxide pathway.

Gastroprotective activity of polyphenolic-rich extract of Potentilla mooniana.

CONTEXT: Potentilla mooniana Wight. (Rosaceae) is a plant found in the Himalayan region where the root is traditionally used to treat stomach problems including gastric-ulcer. OBJECTIVE: To scientifically validate the gastro-protective effect and derive the possible mechanistic activity of the ethanol root extract from P. mooniana (EPM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gastroprotective effect of EPM (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated on both the physical (Pyloric ligation, PL; Cold restrain stress, CRS) and chemical (absolute ethanol, EtOH; aspirin, ASP) ulcerogens induced ulceration in rats. The mechanistic activity of EPM was tested on various gastric-ulcer parameters, namely gastric pH, volume, acid-pepsin output, DNA content, histamine level, H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity, mucus content, microvascular permeability, antioxidant markers, and gastric-histopathological study. RESULTS: EPM significantly reduces the ulcer score against all the four tested gastric-ulcer models. In the PL model, EPM showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in acid-pepsin output and cell shedding; however, no significant effect was observed on gastric volume, cell proliferation, stomach glandular weight, and histamine levels. EPM (400 mg/kg, p.o.) when compared with ulcer control showed significant increase in gastric pH by 41.6% and decrease in H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity by 47.73%. In addition, EPM showed significant increase in mucus content by 58.60% and a decrease in the microvascular permeability of Evans Blue by 85.00%, justifying its protective effects. Furthermore, EPM also showed significant antioxidant activity and histopathologically possessed excellent cytoprotective effect. CONCLUSION: The gastro-protective effect of EPM is attributed mainly to the defensive mechanism owing to the presence of a good quantity of polyphenolic components.

Identifying pests in precision agriculture using low-cost image data acquisition.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), often called drones, have gained progressive prevalence for their swift operational ability as well as their extensive applicability in diverse real-world situations. Of late, UAV usage in precision agriculture has attracted much interest from scientific community. This study will look at drone aid in precise farming. Big data has the ability to analyze enormous amounts of data. Due to this, it is one of the diverse crucial technologies of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which had applied in precision agriculture for the abstraction of critical information as well as for assisting agricultural practitioners in the comprehension of the most feasible farming practices, and also for better decision-making. This work analyses communication protocols, as well as their application toward the challenge of commanding a drone fleet for protecting crops from infestations of parasites. For computer-vision tasks as well as data-intensive applications, the method of deep learning has shown much potential. Due to its vast potential, it can also be used in the field of agriculture. This research will employ several schemes to assess the efficacy of models includes Visual Geometry Group (VGG-16), the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as well as the Fully-Convolutional Network (FCN) in plant disease detection. The methods of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) can be used in order to adapt deep neural networks to the immediate situation. Simulated outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method is providing superior performance over various other technologically-advanced methods.

The functional roles of short chain fatty acids as postbiotics in human gut: future perspectives.

The significance of gut microbiome and their metabolites (postbiotics) on human health could be a promising approach to treat various diseases that includes inflammatory bowel diseases, colon cancer, and many neurological disorders. Probiotics with potential mental health benefits (psychobiotics) can alter the gut-brain axis via immunological, humoral, neuronal, and metabolic pathways. Recently, probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been demonstrated for SCFAs production, which play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. These acids could enhance the production of mucins, antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins and peptides), cytokines (Interleukin 10 and 18) and neurotransmitters (serotonin) in the intestine to main the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier system and other immune functions. In this review, we discuss about two mechanisms such as (i) SCFAs mediated intestinal barrier system, and (ii) SCFAs mediated gut-brain axis to elucidate the therapeutic options for the treatment/prevention of various diseases.

Myconanoparticles Break Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.

In this current study, the extracts of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus niger) were utilized to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AnNps). In silico screening was carried out by docking secondary metabolites of Aspergillus niger with drug-resistant proteins such as penicillin-binding protein (pbp2a) and clumping factor A of Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-binding protein (PBP3), and outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter baumannii. The molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction between secondary metabolites of Aspergillus niger with virulence factors of the pathogenic bacteria. AnNps are characterized by various physicochemical methods to determine the size, shape, and stability. Antibacterial efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles (AnNps) was screened in clinical pathogens. AnNp treatment significantly reduced the growth of MDR pathogens. The results suggested that AnNps can be incorporated to produce antimicrobial agents to control drug resistant pathogenic bacteria.

Toxicity Evaluation, Plant Growth Promotion, and Anti-fungal Activity of Endophytic Bacteria-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles.

In recent years, the uses of silver nanoparticles have increased, which lead to nanoparticles discharge into aquatic bodies which may, if not well controlled, have harmful effect on different organisms. This calls for the need to constantly evaluate the toxicity level of nanoparticles. In this study, green biosynthesized silver nanoparticles mediated by endophytic bacteria Cronobacter sakazakii (CS-AgNPs) were subjected to toxicity evaluation by brine shrimp lethality assay. The ability of CS-AgNPs to improve plant growth by nanopriming of Vigna radiata L seeds treated with different concentrations (1ppm, 2.5ppm, 5ppm and 10ppm) in order to enhance biochemical constituents was investigated, also its inhibitory effect to growth of phytopathogenic fungi Mucor racemose was examined. Results showed that Artemia salina treated with CS-AgNPs exhibited good hatching percentage and LC50 value of 688.41 µg/ml when Artemia salina eggs were exposed to CS-AgNPs during hatching. Plant growth was enhanced at 2.5ppm CS-AgNPs, with increased photosynthetic pigments, protein, and carbohydrate content. This study suggests that silver nanoparticles synthesized via endophytic bacteria Cronobacter sakazakii are safe to use and can be utilized as means of combating plant fungal pathogens.

Bioactive Compounds from Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn as Potential Inhibitors of Janus Kinases (JAKs) Involved in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Nyctanthes arbor tristis L (NAT) is one of the herbal plants whose parts are commonly used to treat diverse ailment including RA. Although the etiology of the autoimmune disorder RA is still unclear, actions of cytokines have been greatly associated with the mechanism of RA. Despite the huge development of drugs to combat this disorder, the search for alternative medicine is increasing due to the adverse effects of these synthetic drugs. Here, the ability of 30 selected bioactive compounds from the parts of NAT to bind effectively to target proteins of the Janus kinases as a potent inhibitor was predicted in an in silico manner through molecular docking procedure using Autodock 4.2.6 and their interactions visualized using Discovery Studio, followed by evaluating the physiochemical and ADMET properties of compounds of the lowest binding energy comparable to the reference drug baricitinib. Comparing the predicted target information with the standard drug baricitinib, 7 bioactive compounds may be potential lead drug for the treatment of RA owing to their lowest binding energy ranging from - 7.0 kcal/mol to - 10.49 kcal/mol and their pharmacokinetics properties. This can be used for further in vivo and in vitro studies to establish their potency as JAKs inhibitors to treat RA.

Identification of natural CTXM-15 inhibitors from aqueous extract of endophytic bacteria Cronobactersakazaki.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of India's valuable and populous medicinal plants which belongs to the family Oleaceae, and widely recognize as night jasmine. Over the years till date, different parts of the plant are used to treat or cure different ailments via various means of traditional medicine. Endophytes are organisms that live in the cell or body of other organisms with no apparent negative impact on the host which they inhabit and are of great source of novel bioactive compounds possessing important economic value. Secondary metabolites were identified in the aqueous extract of Cronobactersakazakii through quantitative phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity of the extract against clinical and ATCC strains of E. coli was assessed. Biological activity spectra of these compounds were predicted and categorized either as probably active (Pa) or probably inactive (Pi). Drug-likeness of bioactive compounds was determined as well as their ability to target protein (CTXM-15) responsible for antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed the presence of active compounds with pharmacological activities and considerable pharmacokinetics parameters. In addition, ligand-protein interactions of compounds with CTXM-15 proteins were identified. These results suggest that bioactive compounds of endophytic Cronobactersakazakii could contain novel chemical entities for the development of antibiotics against pathogenic microbes and other drugs for the amelioration of several infections.

Anti-bacterial activity of Cymbopogon citratus nanoparticles against Vibrio species infecting aquatic organisms.

The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi in aquatic organisms causes vibriosis, leading to their significant mortality. The efficacy of antibiotic treatment is reduced due to increasing antibiotic resistance. As a result, novel therapeutic agents are increasingly needed to treat outbreak of such diseases in aquatic organisms and humans. This study focuses on utilizing the bioactive compounds of Cymbopogon citratus as they are rich in a variety of secondary metabolites which promotes growth, natural immune response and disease resistance against pathogenic bacteria in various ecosystems. In silico studies were performed to evaluate the binding potential of the bioactive compounds against targeted protein beta - lactamase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and metallo - beta - lactamase in V. alginolyticus via molecular docking. Cymbopogon citratus nanoparticles (CcNps) were synthesized, characterized and toxicity studies were performed by using Vigna radiata, and Artemia nauplii at different concentrations of Cymbopogon citratus nanoparticles. The results revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles were non-ecotoxic and act as potential growth promoters in plants. The antibacterial activity of synthesized Cymbopogon citratus was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. MIC, MBC, and biofilm assays performed by using different concentrations of synthesized nanoparticles. Thus, it was proved that Cymbopogon citratus nanoparticles showed better antibacterial activity against Vibrio species.

Prosopis cineraria: a potential nootropic agent.

CONTEXT: Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Leguminosae), a plant of the Thar Desert of India and Pakistan is used traditionally by local people for the treatment of memory disorders and to arrest wandering of the mind. OBJECTIVE: The study includes scientific validation of P. cineraria for nootropic activity. To elucidate the possible mechanism, the anticholinesterase activity was also investigated in different parts of the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanol extract of P. cineraria stem bark (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight p.o.) was administered once in a day for 7 days to rats and these rats were then subjected to Morris water-maze (MWM) test for spatial reference memory (SRM) and spatial working memory (SWM) versions of memory testing. The inhibitory effect of the extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in discrete rat brain regions (prefrontal cortex [PFC], hippocampus [HIP] and amygdala [AMY]) was also investigated using acetyl thiocholine iodide and dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid reagent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The oral administrations of methanol extract of P. cineraria in all doses tested, significantly (p < 0.05) improved both spatial reference and working memories in the MWM test in terms of decrease in escape latency during SRM and increase in time spent in the target quadrant during SWM probe trial. A ceiling effect was observed at 400 mg/kg. Pre-treatment for 7 days significantly inhibited the activity of AChE in the HIP, PFC and AMY. CONCLUSION: The extract exerted significant nootropic activity in the MWM test which may be attributed to the inhibition of brain AChE.

Autophagy and Programmed Cell Death Are Critical Pathways in Jasmonic Acid Mediated Saline Stress Tolerance in Oryza sativa.

Saline stress is the most limiting condition impacting the plant growth, development, and productivity. In this present study, jasmonic acid (JA) was used as a foliar spray on the rice seedlings grown under saline stress. Increase in photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin, and total protein content was observed with JA treatment while NaCl showed reduction in biochemical constituents and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. The leaf cells of NaCl-treated seedlings accumulated more ROS and had more fragmented nuclei, whereas JA decreased the accumulation and fragmentation during saline stress. In NaCl treatment, gene expression analysis showed many fold upregulation in comparison with other treatments. The results suggest that JA acts as a promoter for growth, physiological, biochemical, and cellular contents, as well as ameliorate the effects of saline stress. The expression of genes demonstrated that saline stress may promote autophagy, which leads to autophagic cell death, and improve tolerance to saline stress in rice seedlings via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. However, the mechanism by which jasmonate signaling induces autophagy and cell death is unknown and requires further exploration.

Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals Targeting GFRs as Therapeutic Sites for Cancer: an In Silico Study.

Drug delivery in a safe manner is a major challenge in the drug development process. Growth factor receptors (GFRs) are known to have profound roles in the growth and progression of cancerous cells making these receptors a therapeutic target in the effective treatment of cancer. This work focused on exploring bioactive compounds that can target GFRs using in silico method. In this study, 50 bioactive compounds from different plant sources were screened as anticancer agent against GFRs using drug likeness parameters of Lipinski's rule of five. The molecular docking was performed between phytochemicals and GFRs. Ligands with acceptable drug likeness and binding energy comparable to the standard drugs were further screened to determine their pharmacokinetic activities. This study showed phytochemicals with the binding energy comparable with the standard drugs (Dovitinib and Gefitinib), while ADME, bioactivity score, and bioavailability radar analysis gave further insight on these compounds as potent anticancer agents.

Moringa oleifera Nanoparticles Demonstrate Antifungal Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi.

Fungal diseases in plants are creating numerous problems in the developed and developing nations. Silver, a notable metal because of its inertness and its role in nanoscience, has received a considerable amount of focus in the development of an ecofriendly green solution to control many microbial infections. The herbal product from various plant sources with the combination of silver was used to develop nanoparticles, against the pathogens. In this study, we developed Moringa oleifera leaf- and flower-mediated silver nanoparticles with the particle size of 77.45 nm and 63.20 nm respectively. Fungicidal activity of both Moringa oleifera leaf (MLNp) and flower (MFNp) nanoparticles was studied in vitro against plant pathogenic fungi Pestalotiopsis mangiferae isolated from infected coconut palm. Nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera leaves and flowers reduced the radial growth of fungi significantly even at lower concentrations and acted as a potent fungistatic agent.

Silver Decorated Myconanoparticles Control Growth and Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli.

Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of nanoparticles that have been used in the therapeutic application for treating diseases. In this present study, we have adopted the synthesis of myconanoparticles from the extracellular extract of endophytic fungi Penicillium sclerotiorum (PsNps) and validated its antibacterial potential against antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and ATCC (25,922) strain of Escherichia coli. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the healthy leaves of Tamarindus indica. The genomic DNA from endophytic fungi was isolated and the ITS region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced for the identification of endophytic fungal isolates. Penicillium sclerotiorum extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (PsNps) and was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, FE-SEM, and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Antibacterial activity of PsNps was tested against the antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and ATCC (25,922) strain of E. coli. Further experiments were carried out to explore the potential of PsNps in regulating the CTX-M-15 gene. The antimicrobial activity showed that the PsNps inhibited growth, biofilm formation in both the strains of E. coli. The expression of the gene encoding CTX-M-15 was downregulated in a resistant strain of uropathogenic E. coli. Our results suggest that the PsNps could be used as an alternative source for antibiotics. Thus, further studies can be conducted to prove the in vivo potential of PsNps and can be formulated for commercialization.

Novel Polyherbal Nanocolloids to Control Bovine Mastitis.

Mastitis is a widespread disease in dairy cattle occurring throughout the world. The increased use of antibiotics brings about the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes. The application of antibiotics in dairy farming led to increased antibiotic resistance and represents a major obstacle for the treatment of mastitis. Recent advancements in nanotechnology led to the development of nanocolloids to overcome disadvantages posed by conventional antimicrobial agents. Hence, a novel, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, biocompatible, and long-term antibacterial represents a promising solution for medicine and farming. Hence, polyherbal nanocolloids (PHNc) was formulated by using the extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, and Cymbopogon citratus and physicochemically characterized. From mastitis milk samples, microorganisms were isolated including Acinetobacter junii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Acinetobacter baumannii and screened for antibiotic susceptibility. All the isolated strains were tested with PHNc and compared with antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm assays were performed at different concentrations, and antibacterial effects were quantified. In our results, PHNc showed potent bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activity against all the strains. Our results indicated that PHNc can reduce the virulence factors responsible for infection by different bacterial strains. This study confirmed that PHNc had the potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains and could be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics to inhibit multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens in cattle.

Gelidiella acerosa Compounds Target NFκB Cascade in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

In carcinogenesis, increased metabolism, abnormal functioning of mitochondria, peroxisomes, aberrant cell signaling, and prolonged inflammation can result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In turn, excess ROS can upregulate the expression of various signaling pathways including the MAP kinase, PI3K/Akt, and NFκB cascades in cancer. The constitutive expression of NFκB causes drug resistance in lung cancer. Hence, drugs that can enhance the antioxidant activity of enzymes and regulate the NFκB activity are of prime target to manage the drug resistance and inflammation in cancer. This study evaluated the effect of compounds present in ethyl acetate extract of Gelidiella acerosa on inflammation and on antioxidant enzymes in lung cancer. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined under in silico and in vitro conditions. The in silico analysis showed that the phyto-constituents of G. acerosa inhibit the IKBα-NFκB-p65-p50 complex in a similar way as that of doxorubicin and dexamethasone. Similarly, G. acerosa treatment enhanced the efficiency of antioxidant enzymes peroxidases and superoxide dismutase in A549 lung cancer cells. Furthermore, the results of in vitro analysis showed that G. acerosa can decrease the activation of NFκB and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulate the expression of IL 10. As inflammation causes cancer progression, the inhibition of inflammation inhibits tumorigenesis. Hence, based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that G. acerosa exerts anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the expression of NFκB cascade and moreover, the phyto-constituents of G. acerosa may have the potential to regulate the inflammatory response.