Selenized non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their potential use in fish feed.

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element, essential for growth and other biological functions in fish. Its significance lies in its role as a fundamental component of selenoproteins, which are crucial for optimal functioning of the organism. The inclusion of Se in the diets of farmed animals, including fish, has proved invaluable in mitigating the challenges arising from elemental deficiencies experienced in captivity conditions due to limitations in the content of fishmeal. Supplementing diets with Se enhances physiological responses, particularly mitigates the effects of the continuous presence of environmental stress factors. Organic Se has been shown to have higher absorption rates and a greater impact on bioavailability and overall health than inorganic forms. A characteristic feature of yeasts is their rapid proliferation and growth, marked by efficient mineral assimilation. Most of the selenized yeasts currently available in the market, and used predominantly in animal production and aquaculture, are based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which contains selenomethionine (Se-Met). The object of this review is to highlight the importance of selenized yeasts. In addition, it presents metabolic and productive aspects of other yeast genera that are important potential sources of organic selenium. Some yeast strains discussed produce metabolites of interest such as lipids, pigments, and amino acids, which could have applications in aquaculture and further enrich their usefulness.

[Changes in body composition in patients following bariatric surgery: gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy]. / Cambios de la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica: bypass gástrico y gastrectomía en manga.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: among the surgical techniques that promote greater weight loss are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). These procedures generate changes in muscle mass (MM) and fat mass (FM). Objective: the aim of this study was to determine changes in body composition in patients undergoing RYGB and SG in a period of one-year after surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in three clinical centers of bariatric surgery in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Information on MM and FM was obtained through bioimpedance analysis of 96 women and 32 men, operated between 2013 and 2017. Results: RYGB operated subjects presented higher MM content preoperatively and at the end of the first year compared to SG. In the first six months, the loss for MM, FM and % total fat (%FM) was similar in both techniques. Men with RYGB present greater loss of MM and FM in the first trimester post-surgery than those who submitted to SG (p = 0.0453). Subjects submitted to RYGB presented higher weight and body mass index (BMI) in the preoperative (p = 0.0109); the BMI at the end was similar in both surgical techniques (p = 0.6936). The lost kilos of MM were greater in the subjects submitted to RYGB (p = 0.0042), however, the % loss of MM exceeds the recommended (up to 22%) in both techniques. Conclusion: the nutritional approach is necessary to increase protein intake pre- and post-surgery as well as physical activity in order to preserve this compartment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: dentro de las técnicas quirúrgicas que promueven pérdida de peso se encuentran el bypass gástrico (BPG) y la gastrectomía en manga (GM). Estos procedimientos generan modificaciones en la masa muscular (MM) y masa grasa (MG). Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar cambios en la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a BPG y GM en el periodo de un año postcirugía. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo transversal multicéntrico realizado en tres centros clínicos de cirugía bariátrica de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Se obtuvo información de MM y MG a través de bioimpedanciometría de 96 mujeres y 32 hombres, operados de BPG y GM, entre los años 2013 y 2017. Resultados: los sujetos operados de BPG presentaron mayor contenido de MM en el preoperatorio y al finalizar el primer año. En los seis primeros meses, la pérdida para MM, MG y % grasa total (%GT) fue similar en ambas técnicas. Los hombres con BPG presentan mayor pérdida de MM y MG en el primer trimestre postcirugía que aquellos que realizaron GM (p = 0,0453). Los sujetos sometidos a BPG presentaron mayor peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en el preoperatorio (p = 0,0109) y el IMC al final fue similar en ambas técnicas quirúrgicas (p = 0,6936). Los kilos perdidos de MM fueron mayores en los sujetos sometidos a BPG (p = 0,0042). Sin embargo, el % de pérdida de MM sobrepasó el recomendado (hasta 20%) en ambas técnicas y sexos. Conclusión: se hace necesario el abordaje nutricional para aumentar la ingesta proteica pre y postcirugía con la finalidad de preservar este compartimiento.

Impact of Dietary Lipids on Colonic Function and Microbiota: An Experimental Approach Involving Orlistat-Induced Fat Malabsorption in Human Volunteers.

OBJECTIVES: High-fat diets alter gut microbiota and barrier function, inducing metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation. Whether these effects are due to the high dietary lipid content or to the concomitant decrease of carbohydrate intake is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether higher amounts of dietary fat reaching the colon (through orlistat administration) affect the colonic ecosystem in healthy volunteers and the effect of the prebiotic oligofructose (OF) in this model. METHODS: Forty-one healthy young subjects were distributed among four groups: Control (C), Prebiotic (P), Orlistat (O), and Orlistat/Prebiotic (OP). They consumed a fat-standardized diet (60 g/day) during Week-1 (baseline) and after 1 week of washout, Week-3. During Week-3, they also received their respective treatment (Orlistat: 2 × 120 mg/day, OF: 16 g/day, and maltodextrin as placebo). A 72-h stool collection was carried out at the end of Week-1 (T0) and Week-3 (T1). Fecal fat, calprotectin, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as the antioxidant activity of fecal waters (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), fecal microbiota composition (by deep sequencing), and gut permeability (Sucralose/Lactulose/Mannitol test) were determined at these times. RESULTS: Fecal fat excretion was higher in the O (P=0.0050) and OP (P=0.0069) groups. This event was accompanied, in the O group, by an increased calprotectin content (P=0.047) and a decreased fecal antioxidant activity (P=0.047). However, these alterations did not alter gut barrier function and the changes observed in the composition of the fecal microbiota only affected bacterial populations with low relative abundance (<0.01%); in consequences, fecal SCFA remained mainly unchanged. Part of the colonic alterations induced by orlistat were prevented by OF administration. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of an equilibrated diet, the acute exposition of the colonic ecosystem to high amounts of dietary lipids is associated with an incremented excretion of fecal calprotectin and pro-oxidant activity of the colonic content, in the absence of significant changes in the microbiota.

Cambios de la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica: bypass gástrico y gastrectomía en manga / Changes in body composition in patients following bariatric surgery: gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy

Introducción: dentro de las técnicas quirúrgicas que promueven pérdida de peso se encuentran el bypass gástrico (BPG) y la gastrectomía en manga (GM). Estos procedimientos generan modificaciones en la masa muscular (MM) y masa grasa (MG). Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar cambios en la composición corporal en pacientes sometidos a BPG y GM en el periodo de un año postcirugía. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo transversal multicéntrico realizado en tres centros clínicos de cirugía bariátrica de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Se obtuvo información de MM y MG a través de bioimpedanciometría de 96 mujeres y 32 hombres, operados de BPG y GM, entre los años 2013 y 2017. Resultados: los sujetos operados de BPG presentaron mayor contenido de MM en el preoperatorio y al finalizar el primer año. En los seis primeros meses, la pérdida para MM, MG y % grasa total (%GT) fue similar en ambas técnicas. Los hombres con BPG presentan mayor pérdida de MM y MG en el primer trimestre postcirugía que aquellos que realizaron GM (p = 0,0453). Los sujetos sometidos a BPG presentaron mayor peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en el preoperatorio (p = 0,0109) y el IMC al final fue similar en ambas técnicas quirúrgicas (p = 0,6936). Los kilos perdidos de MM fueron mayores en los sujetos sometidos a BPG (p = 0,0042). Sin embargo, el % de pérdida de MM sobrepasó el recomendado (hasta 20%) en ambas técnicas y sexos. Conclusión: se hace necesario el abordaje nutricional para aumentar la ingesta proteica pre y postcirugía con la finalidad de preservar este compartimiento

Introduction: among the surgical techniques that promote greater weight loss are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). These procedures generate changes in muscle mass (MM) and fat mass (FM). Objective: the aim of this study was to determine changes in body composition in patients undergoing RYGB and SG in a period of one-year after surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in three clinical centers of bariatric surgery in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Information on MM and FM was obtained through bioimpedance analysis of 96 women and 32 men, operated between 2013 and 2017. Results: RYGB operated subjects presented higher MM content preoperatively and at the end of the first year compared to SG. In the first six months, the loss for MM, FM and % total fat (%FM) was similar in both techniques. Men with RYGB present greater loss of MM and FM in the first trimester post-surgery than those who submitted to SG (p = 0.0453). Subjects submitted to RYGB presented higher weight and body mass index (BMI) in the preoperative (p = 0.0109); the BMI at the end was similar in both surgical techniques (p = 0.6936). The lost kilos of MM were greater in the subjects submitted to RYGB (p = 0.0042), however, the % loss of MM exceeds the recommended (up to 22%) in both techniques. Conclusion: the nutritional approach is necessary to increase protein intake pre- and post-surgery as well as physical activity in order to preserve this compartment

Management of post-orthodontic white-spot-lesions: clinical handling of the resin infiltration technique (Icon®, DMG) / Manejo de lesiones de manchas blancas post-ortodoncia: manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon, DMG)

To treat initial caries lesions using the technique of resin infiltration for a restoration of natural enamel appearance. Case report of a 19 year old female who presented with moderate post-orthodontic white-spot lesions (WSLs) at the upper central and lateral incisors following two years of active treatment with a fixed orthodontic appliance, and requested an aesthetic improvement of decalcified enamel surfaces. The technique of resin infiltration (Icon®, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) is presented as a means for not only inhibiting lesion progression, but also for an adequate rehabilitation of dentofacial esthetics. Practical tips and cues for clinical handling of the infiltration technique are provided. Resin infiltration augments the therapeutic spectrum for orthodontist as well as pediatric or general dentists in that enamel areas affected by post-orthodontic WSLs can be restored to their original appearance.

El objetivo fue mostrar el tratamiento de lesiones de caries iniciales usando la técnica de infiltración de resina para una restauración de la apariencia natural del esmalte. Reporte de caso de una joven de 19 años de edad, de sexo femenino que presentó lesiones moderadas de manchas blancas (WSLs) en los incisivos centrales y laterales superiores, luego del tratamiento de ortodoncia con aparatos fijos por dos años, y solicitó una mejoría estética de las superficies descalcificadas del esmalte. La técnica de infiltración de resina (Icon®, DMG, Hamburgo, Alemania) se presenta como un medio efectivo, no sólo para inhibir la progresión de la lesión, sino también para una rehabilitación adecuada de la estética dentofacial. Se proporcionan además consejos prácticos y claves para el manejo clínico de la técnica de infiltración. La infiltración de resina aumenta el espectro terapéutico del ortodoncista, así como de odontopediatras y odontólogos generales en las áreas del esmalte afectadas con WSLs post-ortodoncia y que pueden ser restauradas a su apariencia original.