Effects of different fabrics on the Hoffmann reflex during local heat exposure.

[Purpose] The effects of multifunctional garments on neuromuscular performance have gained significant research attention in the health sciences. However, the spinal responses to different fabrics have not yet been considered. In the present study, we examined the effects of typical fabrics (cotton and polyester) on the Hoffmann reflex during local heat exposure. [Participants and Methods] Sixteen healthy males aged 20-40 years participated in this study. A heating device comprising a thermal mat, fabric, and a data logger was fabricated. The fabric was affixed to the skin as the contact surface. The temperature of the right posterior lower leg was increased to 39°C followed by 10 min for adaptation at 39-40°C. The H- and M-waves were recorded at each point, including those without heating. An identical trial was conducted seven days later using the alternative fabric. [Results] M-wave amplitude and latency were significantly decreased during heat exposure without fabric. The H-wave latency was prolonged by sustained thermal heat during the session with polyester. Interestingly, the H-wave amplitudes normalized by the maximal M-wave amplitudes decreased with prolonged heat exposure during the session with cotton. However, this index remains unchanged during the sessions using polyester. [Conclusion] During prolonged localized thermal exposure, cotton reduced spinal excitability, whereas polyester preserved spinal excitability.

Significant differences of brain blood flow in patients with chronic low back pain and acute low back pain detected by brain SPECT.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine and compare the areas of brain blood flow in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) without structural abnormality and acute low back pain (ALBP) with lumber disc herniation (LDH). Functional neuroimaging studies provide evidence of abnormalities in the regional cerebral blood flow during low back pain. Recent studies have shown that CLBP is associated with plastic, pathophysiological changes in the brain. However, there has been no report yet statistically or by neuro-images on the compared brain single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings between CLBP and ALBP patients. METHODS: The subjects comprised 14 patients, 7 CLBP and 7 ALBP patients. The CLBP group included the patients who had no or minor structural abnormality in the lumbar spine on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and met the criteria for a classification of "pain disorder" (chronic) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. The ALBP group included the patients who had symptoms within 3 months of onset and LDH revealed by MRI. All patients were assessed using brain SPECT. We then performed a two-tailed view analysis using the easy Z score imaging system, determined the mean Z scores, and performed vBSEE software (Fujifilm RI Pharma, Tokyo, Japan) for both CLBP and ALBP patients. RESULTS: The CLBP group showed significantly reduced blood flow in the bilateral prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe and increased blood flow in the bilateral posterior lobe of the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: SPECT images and statistical analyses revealed the brain blood flow alterations in the patients with ALBP and CLBP. These results may suggest that the dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex could lead to the appearance of unconscious pain behavior controlled by the cerebellum in the patients with CLBP.

Brain perfusion abnormality in patients with chronic pain.

We performed single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain in 15 patients with chronic pain (males, 7; females, 8; average age 49.1 +/- 17.9 years) and identified the locus of cerebral blood flow reduction by a new analytical method (easy Z-score Imaging System: eZIS) to clarify the functional neuroanatomical basis of chronic pain. Of the 15 patients, 6 had backache, 2 neck pain, 2 gonalgia, and 5 pain at other sites, with an average Visual analog scale of pain (VAS) value of 6.1 +/- 1.9. In comparison with a information on a data base on physically unimpaired persons, the dorsolateral prefrontal area (both sides, right dominant), medial prefrontal area (both sides), dorsal aspect of the anterior cingulate gyrus nociceptive cortex (both sides) and the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex (right side) were found to have blood flow reduction in the group of patients with chronic pain. As for chronic pain and its correlation with clinical features such as a depressive state, anticipation anxiety, PTSD, and conversion hysteria, the mechanism in the brain that was suggested by this study should be followed-up by functional neuroimaging studies.

Rehabilitation of Executive Function Impairments after Stroke.

Recent advances in neuropsychological research reveal the importance of cognitive function in stroke rehabilitation. Executive function is the highest function of the cognitive process, however, studies focused on rehabilitation outcomes are rare. Three ACoA aneurysm rupture survivors are trained with self-instructional training, a problem-solving procedure, and physical-set changing exercises for 6 months. Two subjects improved their scores on a neuropsychological test (Tinker-Toy Test) after problem-solving training. Patients revealed improvement in all activities in their everyday lives, including ADLs, instrumental ADLs, leisure activities, etc. These results suggest that a remedy for executive function impairments must be a fruitful area for future research in stroke rehabilitation.