Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic dynamic profiles of endopleura coloration during fruit maturation in three walnut cultivars.

BACKGROUND: The color of endopleura is a vital factor in determining the economic value and aesthetics appeal of nut. Walnuts (Juglans) are a key source of edible nuts, high in proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates. Walnut had a variety endopleura color as yellow, red, and purple. However, the regulation of walnut endopleura color remains little known. RESULTS: To understand the process of coloration in endopleura, we performed the integrative analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes at two developmental stages of walnut endopleura. We obtained total of 4,950 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 794 metabolites from walnut endopleura, which are involved in flavonoid and phenolic biosynthesis pathways. The enrichment analysis revealed that the cinnamic acid, coniferyl alcohol, naringenin, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside were important metabolites in the development process of walnut endopleura. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the DEGs and differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways. Through co-expression analysis, CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI (chalcone isomerase), CCR (cinnamoyl CoA reductase), CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), COMT (catechol-Omethyl transferase), and 4CL (4-coumaroyl: CoA-ligase) may be the key genes that potentially regulate walnut endopleura color in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS: This study illuminates the metabolic pathways and candidate genes that underlie the endopleura coloration in walnuts, lay the foundation for further study and provides insights into controlling nut's colour.

Electronic and Nonlinear Optical Properties of B(III)-Submonoazaporphyrin-π-Diimide Compounds: A Density Functional Theory Study.

Three hypothetical complexes were designed using diimides (PMDI, NTCDI, and PTCDI) as the acceptor unit and B(III)-submonoazaporphyrin (1) as the donor unit. These complexes have smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gaps (3.39-3.96 eV) than pristine 1 (6.61 eV). Further, the energy gap can be tuned by changing the number of benzene rings of these diimides. Remarkably, these proposed complexes possess considerable first hyperpolarizabilities (ß0) (4865-6921 a.u.), and the regularity of the ß0 values remained the same in the gas phase and toluene solvent conditions. There is an inverse relationship between the energy gap and the polarizability/first hyperpolarizability. In addition, absorption spectra, frontier molecular orbitals, and hole electron distributions were obtained using time-dependent density functional theory calculations to emphasize the relationship between structure and properties. Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectra reveals that all complexes show satisfying IR working regions. Further analysis of the first hyperpolarizability density reveals the nature of the excellent NLO properties of the studied systems. This study can provide valuable insights for the development of potential high-performance NLO molecules.

Design of High-Performance Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nonlinear Optical Materials Using Superhalogen Al13 and Dianhydrides.

Novel inorganic-organic hybrid complexes Al13-X (X represents the dianhydrides PMDA, NTCDA, and PTCDA) are theoretically designed and studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. These conjugated dianhydrides containing four acceptor carbonyl groups are commonly used as electron acceptor materials. These compounds possess large binding energies, reflecting the sufficient binding of Al13 to the dianhydride molecule. The binding nature of the complexes is of charge transfer type, i.e., electrons are transferred from the aluminum cluster to the dianhydride. All of the aimed complexes have large mean polarizability (α0) and first hyperpolarizability (ß0). The ß0 values are explained on the basis of electronic transitions in crucial excited states using the TD-DFT method. Additionally, the hole-electron distribution was analyzed, revealing the nature of electronic excitation. Absorption spectra analysis shows that these complexes have an excellent infrared (IR) transparent region (1000-5000 nm). Therefore, these inorganic-organic hybrid complexes with high stability can be considered as potential candidates for new IR nonlinear optical molecules.

Genome-wide identification and molecular expression profile analysis of FHY3/FAR1 gene family in walnut (Juglans sigillata L.) development.

BACKGROUND: Juglans sigillata L. (walnut) has a high economic value for nuts and wood and has been widely grown and eaten around the world. Light plays an important role in regulating the development of the walnut embryo and promoting nucleolus enlargement, which is one of the factors affecting the yield and quality of walnut. However, little is known about the effect of light on the growth and quality of walnuts. Studies have shown that far red prolonged hypocotyl 3 (FHY3) and far red damaged response (FAR1) play important roles in plant growth, light response, and resistance. Therefore, FHY3/FAR1 genes were identified in walnuts on a genome-wide basis during their growth and development to reveal the potential regulation mechanisms involved in walnut kernel growth and development. RESULTS: In the present study, a total of 61 FHY3/FAR1 gene family members in walnuts have been identified, ranging in length from 117 aa to 895 aa. These gene family members have FHY3 or FAR1 conserved domains, which are unevenly distributed on the 15 chromosomes (Chr) of the walnut (except for the Chr16). All 61 FHY3/FAR1 genes were divided into five subclasses (I, II, III, IV, and V) by phylogenetic tree analysis. The results indicated that FHY3/FAR1 genes in the same subclasses with similar structures might be involved in regulating the growth and development of walnut. The gene expression profiles were analyzed in different walnut kernel varieties (Q, T, and F). The result showed that some FHY3/FAR1 genes might be involved in the regulation of walnut kernel ripening and seed coat color formation. Seven genes (OF07056-RA, OF09665-RA, OF24282-RA, OF26012-RA, OF28029-RA, OF28030-RA, and OF08124-RA) were predicted to be associated with flavonoid biosynthetic gene regulation cis-acting elements in promoter sequences. RT-PCR was used to verify the expression levels of candidate genes during the development and color change of walnut kernels. In addition, light responsiveness and MeJA responsiveness are important promoter regulatory elements in the FHY3/FAR1 gene family, which are potentially involved in the light response, growth, and development of walnut plants. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide a valuable reference for supplementing the genomic sequencing results of walnut, and pave the way for further research on the FHY3/FAR1 gene function of walnut.

MJ-GAN: Generative Adversarial Network with Multi-Grained Feature Extraction and Joint Attention Fusion for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion.

The challenging issues in infrared and visible image fusion (IVIF) are extracting and fusing as much useful information as possible contained in the source images, namely, the rich textures in visible images and the significant contrast in infrared images. Existing fusion methods cannot address this problem well due to the handcrafted fusion operations and the extraction of features only from a single scale. In this work, we solve the problems of insufficient information extraction and fusion from another perspective to overcome the difficulties in lacking textures and unhighlighted targets in fused images. We propose a multi-scale feature extraction (MFE) and joint attention fusion (JAF) based end-to-end method using a generative adversarial network (MJ-GAN) framework for the aim of IVIF. The MFE modules are embedded in the two-stream structure-based generator in a densely connected manner to comprehensively extract multi-grained deep features from the source image pairs and reuse them during reconstruction. Moreover, an improved self-attention structure is introduced into the MFEs to enhance the pertinence among multi-grained features. The merging procedure for salient and important features is conducted via the JAF network in a feature recalibration manner, which also produces the fused image in a reasonable manner. Eventually, we can reconstruct a primary fused image with the major infrared radiometric information and a small amount of visible texture information via a single decoder network. The dual discriminator with strong discriminative power can add more texture and contrast information to the final fused image. Extensive experiments on four publicly available datasets show that the proposed method ultimately achieves phenomenal performance in both visual quality and quantitative assessment compared with nine leading algorithms.

Genome-wide association analysis of 101 accessions dissects the genetic basis of shell thickness for genetic improvement in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.).

BACKGROUND: Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that drive phenotypic variations is essential for enhancing the efficacy of crop improvement. Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), which is grown extensively worldwide, is an important economic tree fruit due to its horticultural, medicinal, and material value. The quality of the walnut fruit is related to the selection of traits such as thinner shells, larger filling rates, and better taste, which is very important for breeding in China. The complex quantitative fruit-related traits are influenced by a variety of physiological and environmental factors, which can vary widely between walnut genotypes. RESULTS: For this study, a set of 101 Persian walnut accessions were re-sequenced, which generated a total of 906.2 Gb of Illumina sequence data with an average read depth of 13.8× for each accession. We performed the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 10.9 Mb of high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 10 agronomic traits to explore the underlying genetic basis of the walnut fruit. Several candidate genes are proposed to be involved in walnut characteristics, including JrPXC1, JrWAKL8, JrGAMYB, and JrFRK1. Specifically, the JrPXC1 gene was confirmed to participate in the regulation of secondary wall cellulose thickening in the walnut shell. CONCLUSION: In addition to providing considerable available genetic resources for walnut trees, this study revealed the underlying genetic basis involved in important walnut agronomic traits, particularly shell thickness, as well as providing clues for the improvement of genetic breeding and domestication in other perennial economic crops.

Influence of Alkali Metal Doping and BN Substitution on the Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Graphyne: A Theoretical Perspective.

The electronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of BN-substituted graphynes and the corresponding alkali-doped hybrid systems have been determined using density functional theory. When the carbon atoms in the graphyne are replaced by BN pairs, the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap (Egap) increases to some extent, and the static first hyperpolarizabilities (ß0) of the novel systems hardly increase. However, when an alkali atom is introduced on the surface of BN-substituted graphyne, the doping effect can effectively modulate the electronic and NLO properties. Doping the alkali atom can significantly narrow the wide Egap of BN-substituted graphynes in the range of 1.03-2.03 eV. Furthermore, the doping effect brings considerable ß0 values to these alkali-doped systems, which are 52-3609 au for Li-doped systems and 3258-211 053 au for Na/K-doped ones. The result reveals that the ß0 values of alkali-doped complexes are influenced by the atomic number of alkali metals and the proportion of BN pairs. The nature of the excellent NLO responses of alkali-doped complexes can be understood by the low excitation energy of the crucial excited state and the analysis of the first hyperpolarizability density. Besides, these alkali-doped complexes have a deep-ultraviolet working region. Therefore, the combined effect of alkali metal doping and BN substitution can be an excellent strategy to design novel high-performance NLO materials based on graphyne.

Paroxetine suppresses reactive microglia-mediated but not lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in primary astrocytes.

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in a brain that mediate inflammatory responses and provide trophic support for neurons. We have previously disclosed that paroxetine, a common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, ameliorates LPS-induced microglia activation. However, it remains elusive for the role of paroxetine in astrocytic responses. METHODS: Isolated primary astrocytes were pretreated with paroxetine and stimulated with different stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or microglia conditioned medium pre-activated with LPS (M/Lps). Inflammatory and neurotrophic responses, underlying mechanisms and the impact on neuronal survival were assessed. RESULTS: Paroxetine had no impact on LPS-stimulated iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1ß expression, but inhibited M/Lps-induced TNF-α and IL-1ß expression in primary astrocytes. Paroxetine suppressed M/Lps- but not LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and had no impact on the activation of MAPKs and STAT3. Incubation with the resulted astrocyte conditioned media caused no change in the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. BDNF and MANF mRNA expressions were upregulated by M/Lps and paroxetine, respectively. However, M/Lps- or LPS-induced extracellular releases of NO, TNF-α, and/or BDNF in astrocytes were in minor amount compared to those by microglia. CONCLUSIONS: Paroxetine ameliorates the reactive microglia-mediated inflammatory responses in astrocytes partially via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway but has no impact on LPS-stimulated astrocyte activation. While the effects of paroxetine on secondary astrocytic responses are not robust compared to its effect on the innate immune responses of microglia, the results together may implicate a therapeutic potential of paroxetine against neuroinflammation-associated neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

Increased Sample Entropy in EEGs During the Functional Rehabilitation of an Injured Brain.

Complex nerve remodeling occurs in the injured brain area during functional rehabilitation after a brain injury; however, its mechanism has not been thoroughly elucidated. Neural remodeling can lead to changes in the electrophysiological activity, which can be detected in an electroencephalogram (EEG). In this paper, we used EEG band energy, approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) features to characterize the intrinsic rehabilitation dynamics of the injured brain area, thus providing a means of detecting and exploring the mechanism of neurological remodeling during the recovery process after brain injury. The rats in the injury group (n = 12) and sham group (n = 12) were used to record the bilateral symmetrical EEG on days 1, 4, and 7 after a unilateral brain injury in awake model rats. The open field test (OFT) experiments were performed in the following three groups: an injury group, a sham group, and a control group (n = 10). An analysis of the EEG data using the energy, ApEn, SampEn, and LZC features demonstrated that the increase in SampEn was associated with the functional recovery. After the brain injury, the energy values of the delta1 bands on day 4; the delta2 bands on days 4 and 7; the theta, alpha, and beta bands and the values of ApEn, SampEn, and LZC of the cortical EEG signal on days 1, 4 and 7 were significantly lower in the injured brain area than in the non-injured area. During the process of recovery for the injured brain area, the values of the beta bands, ApEn, and SampEn of the injury group increased significantly, and gradually became equal to the value of the sham group. The improvement in the motor function of the model rats significantly correlated with the increase in SampEn. This study provides a method based on EEG nonlinear features for measuring neural remodeling in injured brain areas during brain function recovery. The results may aid in the study of neural remodeling mechanisms.

Effect of vitamin A supplementation on gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorders - a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota are commonly reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may contribute to behavioral impairment. Vitamin A (VA) plays a role in regulation of gut microbiota. This study was performed to investigate the role of VA in the changes of gut microbiota and changes of autism functions in children with ASD. RESULTS: Sixty four, aged 1 to 8 years old children with ASD completed a 6-month follow-up study with VA intervention. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess plasma retinol levels. The Autism Behaviour Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to assess autism symptoms. CD38 and acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) mRNA levels were used to assess autism-related biochemical indicators' changes. Evaluations of plasma retinol, ABC, CARS, SRS, CD38 and RORA mRNA levels were performed before and after 6 months of intervention in the 64 children. Illumina MiSeq for 16S rRNA genes was used to compare the differences in gut microbiota before and after 6 months of treatment in the subset 20 of the 64 children. After 6 months of intervention, plasma retinol, CD38 and RORA mRNA levels significantly increased (all P < 0.05); the scores of ABC, CARS and SRS scales showed no significant differences (all P > 0.05) in the 64 children. Meanwhile, the proportion of Bacteroidetes/Bacteroidales significantly increased and the proportion of Bifidobacterium significantly decreased in the subgroup of 20 (all false discovery rate (FDR) q < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bacteroidetes/Bacteroidales were the key taxa related to VA. Moreover, VA played a role in the changes in autism biomarkers. It remains unclear whether the VA concentration is associated with autism symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was peer reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University in 2013 and retrospectively registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) on November 6, 2014 (TRN: ChiCTR-ROC-14005442 ).

Lower the electron affinity by halogenation: an unusual strategy to design superalkali cations.

A new kind of cationic superatom compounds (M-F)(+) (M = OLi4, NLi5, CLi6, BLi7, and Al14) with low vertical electron affinities (VEA) has been designed based on the distinctive electronic structure of superalkaline-earth atom. The stability of the studied superatom architectures is guaranteed by strong M-fluorine interactions, considerable HOMO-LUMO gaps, as well as large dissociation energies. What is extraordinary is that fluorination plays an important role in lowering the VEA value of M(+) and enables the resulting (M-F)(+) fluorides to join the superalkali family. However, the same strategy does not work as well for the alkaline-earth atoms whose valence electrons are more tightly bound. The comparative study on (OLi4-X)(+) (X = F, Cl, Br) reveals that fluorination is more effective than chlorination and bromination to reduce the VEA value of the OLi4(+) cation. As for the (Al14-X)(+) species, there is no obvious dependence of VEA values on halogen atomic number.

Co-infection of broilers with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and H9N2 avian influenza virus.

BACKGROUND: Since 2008, a progressive pneumonia has become prevalent in broilers and laying hens. This disease occurrs the first day after hatching and lasts more than 30 days, resulting in approximately 70% morbidity and 30% mortality in broilers. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogens that are responsible for the progressive pneumonia and establish an animal model for drug screening. RESULTS: 193 serum samples were collected from 8 intensive farms from 5 provinces in China and analysed in the current research. Our clinical survey showed that 65.2% to 100% of breeding broilers, breeding layers, broilers and laying hens were seropositive for ORT antibodies. From 8 intensive farms, six ORT isolates were identified by PCR and biochemical assays, and two H9N2 viruses were isolated. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious BronchitisVirus (IBV) were excluded. Typical pneumonia and airsacculitis were observed both in broilers inoculated intraperitoneally with an ORT isolate alone and in those co-infected with ORT and H9N2 virus isolates. Specifically, the survival rate was 30%, 20%, 70%, 50% and 90% in birds inoculated with ORT+H9N2 virus, ORT followed by H9N2 virus, H9N2 virus followed by ORT, and ORT or H9N2 virus alone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that ORT infections of domestic poultry have been occurring frequently in China. ORT infection can induce higher economic losses and mortality if H9N2 AIV is also present. Although the isolation of ORT and H9N2 virus has been reported previously, there have been no reported co-infections of poultry with these two pathogens. This is the first report of co-infection of broilers with ORT and H9N2 virus, and this co-infection is probably associated with the outbreak of broiler airsacculitis in China, which has caused extensive economic losses.

Trade Dependence, Uncertainty Expectations, and Sino-U.S. Political Relations.

This study applies a time-varying parameter/stochastic volatility vector autoregression (TVP-SV-VAR) model to explore the time-varying property of the link between Sino-US political relations and trade. The results indicate that the association of these two variables appears to be unstable. Sino-US political relations have positive and negative impacts on their bilateral trade, and the impact on Chinese imports is stronger than on its exports. In turn, Chinese imports from the US lead to political conflict, while Chinese exports promote peace. The interaction mechanism may originate from the expectations of the future trade environment caused by trade policy uncertainty. The interactions between Sino-US political relations and bilateral trade at different time points are also investigated. The results demonstrate that the link between these two variables is slightly different, depending on the specific status of the bilateral political relationship (friendly, neutral or hostile). Both China and the US should seek common interests to maintain a stable political relationship, and even with an increasing volume of bilateral trade, the risk of political conflicts should not be neglected.

circRNA LDLRAD3 Enhances the Malignant Behaviors of NSCLC Cells via the miR-20a-5p-SLC7A5 Axis Activating the mTORC1 Signaling Pathway.

Circular RNA LDLRAD3 behaved as an oncogene in several malignancies, but its effects in NSCLC and the involvement of downstream molecules and activation of signaling pathways had not been fully reported. We planned to explore how LDLRAD3 facilitated the malignancy of NSCLC. QRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of LDLRAD3, miR-20a-5p, and SLC7A5 in NSCLC tissues and cells. si-LDLRAD3 was transfected to A549 and H1299 cells to knock down intrinsic LDLRAD3 to determine its oncogenic roles. CCK-8 assay and transwell assay were executed to assess cell proliferative, migrative, and invasive abilities. Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay was manipulated to verify the ENCORI-predicted relationships between LDLRAD3 and miR-20a-5p and between miR-20a-5p and SLC7A5. Western blot, immunofluorescent assay, and immunohistochemistry were applied to explore the expression levels of SLC7A5, and the levels of mTORC1 pathway-related proteins were evaluated using western blot. Rescue experiments were conducted by transfecting si-LDLRAD3, miR-20a-5p inhibitor, and si-SLC7A5 to explore the influence of the LDLRAD3-miR-20a-5p-SLC7A5 axis on the malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells. The expression levels of LDLRAD3 and SLC7A5 were boosted, whereas miR-20a-5p was impeded in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LDLRAD3 weakened the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 and H1299 cells. LDLRAD3 was verified to sponge miR-20a-5p and miR-20a-5p targeted SLC7A5. LDLRAD3 activated the mTORC1 singling pathway via the miR-20a-5p-SLC7A5 axis to strengthen the malignant properties of A549 and H1299 cells. We concluded that LDLRAD3 exerted oncogenic effects via the miR-20a-5p-SLC7A5 axis to activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway in NSCLC. Our findings enlightened that LDLRAD3 could become a potential therapeutic target in the treatment and management of NSCLC.

Transcriptome analysis of walnut quality formation and color change mechanism of pellicle during walnut development.

Walnuts (including those covered with a pellicle) are loved for their rich nutritional value. And the popular varieties of walnut cultivation are Juglans sigillata L. The pellicle (seed coat) of these walnut cultivars has different colors and has an indispensable influence on the walnut quality formation. However, there are few reports on the pellicle color and quality formation in different developmental stages of walnut (Juglans sigillata L.). Therefore, in this study, three walnut cultivars (F, Q, and T) with different pellicle colors were selected for transcriptome sequencing and physiological index analysis of the color and quality formation mechanisms at different development stages. The results showed that with the development of walnut fruit, the starch sucrose metabolism pathway in the pellicle was activated and promoted starch hydrolysis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes related to the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathway were significantly increased during walnut maturation, especially in F2. Some physiological indicators related to lipid oxidation were also detected and analyzed in this study, such as MDA, CAT, POD and DPPH. These results were similar to the expression patterns of corresponding regulatory genes in the RNA-Seq profile. In addition, lignin synthesis genes were up-regulated in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, while key genes enriched in the flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis pathways were down-regulated. The results were consistent with the results of total anthocyanins and flavonoid content detection during walnut development. Therefore, this experiment suggested that with the maturation of walnut pellicle, the gene expression in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway flowed to the branch of lignin synthesis, especially in the Q variety, resulting in lower flavonoid and anthocyanin content at the maturity stage than immature. This is also the main reason for the pale pellicle of the three walnut varieties after mature. The findings of this study showed that changes in the expression levels of regulating genes for lipid, starch, sugar, and flavonoid synthesis during walnut development influenced the accumulation of the related metabolite for walnut quality formation and pellicle color. The results of this experiment provided the molecular basis and reference for the breeding of high nutritional quality walnut varieties.

Flavonoid Synthesis and Metabolism During the Fruit Development in Hickory (Carya cathayensis).

Hickory (Carya cathayensis) kernel is rich in powerful bioactive flavonoids, which can remove excess free radicals in the human body and play an important role in regulating the physiological metabolism of the plant. This study investigated the changes of flavonoids in hickory exocarp and embryo during development. In this study, 72 DEGs involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits were identified, and TT4, CCoAOMT1, UGT71D1, C4H, F3H, TT8, FLS1, and LDOX were identified as the core genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. A total of 144 flavonoid-related metabolites were detected by metabolite analysis. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis combined to construct the flavonoid biosynthesis regulatory pathway in the development stage of hickory fruit. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the exploration and regulation of functional genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism in hickory and other plants and the breeding of new walnut varieties.

Discovery of diagnosis pattern of coronary heart disease with qi deficiency syndrome by the T-test-based adaboost algorithm.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is still the leading cause of death for adults worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a history of 1000 years fighting against the disease and provides a complementary and alternative treatment to it. Syndrome is the core of TCM diagnosis and it is traditionally diagnosed based on macroscopic symptoms as well as tongue and pulse recognitions of patients. Establishment of the diagnosis method in the microcosmic level is an urgent and major problem in TCM. The aim of this study was to establish characteristic diagnosis pattern for CHD with Qi deficiency syndrome (QDS). Thirty-four biological parameters were detected in 52 patients having unstable angina (UA) with or without QDS. Then, we presented a novel data mining method, t-test-based Adaboost algorithm, to establish highest prediction accuracy with the least number of biological parameters for UA with QDS. We gained a pattern composed of five biological parameters that distinguishes UA with QDS patients from non-QDS patients. The diagnosis accuracy of the patterns could reach 84.5% based on a 3-fold cross validation technique. Moreover, we included 85 UA cases collected from hospitals located in the north and south of China to further verify the association between the pattern and QDS. The classification accuracy is 83.5%, which keeps consistent with the accuracy obtained by the cross-validation technique. The association between a symptom and the five biological parameters was established by the data mining method and it reached an accuracy of ∼80%. These results showed that the t-test-based Adaboost algorithm might be a powerful technique for diagnosing syndrome in TCM in the context of CHD.

[Edaphic FTIR finger print and the area choice of Chinese herb culture].

UNLABELLED: In order to search for the difference of the soil of Chinese herb growth, and provide useful information for the area choice of Chinese herb culture, 53 soil samples were detected by FTIR. The results showed that all the samples have 8 peaks at 3,621, 3,425, 1,642, 1,435, 1,029, 878, 760 and 690 cm(-1), respectively, but the relative intensity is different. In addition, the peaks at 1,796, 2,982 and 2,874 cm(-1) show difference too. This can be used to distinguish soil in different area. The study also showed that soil in Tianshui and Dingxi of Gansu province are similar to that in Shanxi province. CONCLUSIONS: FTIR finger print of soil can provide useful information for the area choice of Chinese herb culture and transplantation and can be used in the study of soil.

[Effects of aerobic exercise and resveratrol on the expressions of JAK2 and TGF-ß1 in renal tissue of type 2 diabetes rats].

Objective: To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and resveratrol on janus kinase 2(JAK2) and transforming growth factor-ß1(TGF-ß1) in renal tissue of type 2 diabetes rats and its mechanism. Methods: The model of type 2 diabetic rats was established through SD rats fed high-fat diet for 5 weeks together with intraperitoneal infecting after a low dose of STZ. The rats were randomly divided into diabetic control group(DC), diabetic exercise group(DE), diabetic resveratrol group(DR), diabetic exercise and resveratrol group(DER), normal control group(NC), 12 rats in each group. Exercise-related groups performed 8 weeks treadmill exercise (20 m/min, 60 min/day). Resveratrol was administered to drug-related groups for 8 weeks (45 mg/kg, 7 day/week). Eight weeks later, we examined blood glucose concentrations, 24 h microalbuminuria(UA), serum creatinine(Scr), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and the expressions of TGF-ß1, janus kinase 2(JAK2) and JAK2 mRNA in renal tissue. Results: After eight weeks of intervention, compared with NC group, the concentrations blood glucose, 24 h UA, Scr, BUN, the expressions of TGF-ß1, JAK2 and JAK2 mRNA were increased significantly in DC group(P＜0.05). Compared with DC group, the concentrations of blood glucose, 24 h UA, Scr, BUN, the expressions of TGF-ß1, JAK2 and JAK2 mRNA were decreased significantly in DE group, DR group and DER group(P＜0.05). Conclusion: Exercise, resveratrol and combined intervention may decrease the expressions of JAK2 mRNA, JAK2 and TGF-ß1, which further attenuate renal injury for type 2 diabetes. The renal protective effect produced by exercise and resveratrol combined intervention is better than that produced by exercise or resveratrol intervention alone.

Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease in China: An Updated Systematical Analysis.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two major neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Demographic aging is in rapid progress in China. Up-to-date estimates of AD and PD prevalence have not been provided. Methods: Studies that reported the prevalence of AD and PD in China were identified via a systematic database search from 1985 to 2018. Meta-analysis, local polynomial regression and autoregressive integrated moving average model were used for analyses. Results: A total of 99 studies were included in the study with populations of 385,312 and 227,228, respectively for AD and PD. The overall prevalence of AD and PD following age standardization was 3.20% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.17-3.23] and 1.06% (95% CI = 1.02-1.10), respectively in individuals over 60 years old. The rates increased drastically for every 10-years increment of age. The yearly prevalence of AD was predicted to increase from 3.81 to 6.17% in the next 5 years. Significant differences were observed between genders [male to female odds ratio (OR) for AD = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.51-0.64; OR for PD = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06-1.46], and between education levels (Illiterate to non-illiterate OR for AD = 2.99, 95% CI = 2.38-3.75), but not between urban and rural settings. Conclusion: Our results provide an updated insight into the epidemiology of AD and PD in China and their associated rates and ratios. The findings may facilitate China policy makers and health professionals mitigate the related health issues.