MRI monitoring of transplanted neonatal porcine islets labeled with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a mouse model.

Islet transplantation is a potential treatment option for certain patients with type 1 diabetes; however, it still faces barriers to widespread use, including the lack of tools to monitor islet grafts post-transplantation. This study investigates whether labeling neonatal porcine islets (NPI) with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PVP-SPIO) affects their function, and whether this nanoparticle can be utilized to monitor NPI xenografts with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a mouse model. In vitro, PVP-SPIO-labeled NPI in an agarose gel was visualized clearly by MRI. PVP-SPIO-labeled islets were then transplanted under the kidney capsules of immunodeficient nondiabetic and diabetic mice. All diabetic mice that received transplantation of PVP-SPIO-labeled islets reached normoglycemia. Grafts appeared as hypo-intense areas on MRI and were distinguishable from the surrounding tissues. Following injection of spleen cells from immunocompetent mice, normoglycemic recipient mice became diabetic and islet grafts showed an increase in volume, accompanied by a mixed signal on MRI. Overall, this study demonstrates that PVP-SPIO did not affect the function of NPI that PVP-SPIO-labeled islets were easily seen on MRI, and changes in MRI signals following rejection suggest a potential use of PVP-SPIO-labeled islets to monitor graft viability.

Initially Asymmetrical Function on MAG3 Renography Increases Incidence of Adverse Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To discriminate pathological from physiological hydronephrosis (99m)Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) diuretic renography is a fundamental imaging modality. Initial asymmetrical differential function or decreasing function on serial MAG3 scans is a classic surgical indication. However, prognostic evidence supporting this is limited. Therefore, we examined the association between initial function and outcomes. We hypothesized that patients with initially asymmetrical function would have higher odds of functional decline, and experience symptoms and surgical intervention compared to patients with initially symmetrical scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 1,124 pediatric patients with hydronephrosis seen at Stollery Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2014. A total of 387 cases of unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction were grouped by initial postnatal differential function with asymmetrical defined as a greater than 10% difference in relative function. Postnatal surveillance, followup MAG3 results, pyeloplasty rates and post-pyeloplasty outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Of 387 patients 143 (37%) had initially asymmetrical function. Of those undergoing MAG3 scan surveillance 17% experienced a 10% or greater decline in ipsilateral differential function vs a 6% rate of function loss in the initially symmetrical group (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6-6.4, p = 0.0008). The overall pyeloplasty rate in patients with asymmetrical and symmetrical function was 27% and 16%, respectively (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2, p = 0.013). Patients with initially asymmetrical function had an increased rate of pyeloplasty secondary to symptoms compared to those with initially symmetrical function (16% vs 8%, OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.0, p = 0.019). Mean time to functional decline and pyeloplasty was 19 and 17 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with initially asymmetrical differential function had increased ORs for subsequent renal decline, symptom onset and pyeloplasty.

False-positive Findings of Large Vessel Vasculitis on FDG-PET in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxygluocose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is increasingly used in the evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Incidental findings of increased vessel wall uptake may prompt the concern for ICI-induced large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Precise radiographic and clinical evaluation is required to determine if this represents true vasculitis, as use of immune suppression and ICI discontinuation can have significant impacts on patient outcomes. We performed a retrospective case analysis of 4 consecutive patients referred to 2 rheumatology clinics treated with ICI with incidental findings of LVV on FDG-PET, reviewing their clinical course and radiographic findings. All 4 cases had FDG-PET scans for routine oncology indications and had no associated clinical features of LVV. One patient was treated with corticosteroids and no patients developed any clinical evidence of vasculitis during a mean follow-up period of 17 months (range: 7-33 mo). All FDG-PET images reporting LVV underwent a standardized analysis to identify any technical issues or concerns with interpretation. In review of imaging, 3 of the cases may have been due to delayed tracer to scan interval leading to misinterpretation of vascular uptake as suspected LVV. Recognition of technical pitfalls in FDG-PET interpretation is crucial to inform the need for immunosuppression and the safety of continued ICI therapy.

Optimization of myocardial nulling in pediatric cardiac MRI.

BACKGROUND: Current protocols to determine optimal nulling time in late enhancement imaging using adult techniques may not apply to children. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal nulling time in anesthetised children, with the hypothesis that this occurs earlier than in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sedated cardiac MRI was performed in 12 children (median age: 12 months, range: 1-60 months). After gadolinium administration, scout images at 2, 3, 4 and 10 min and phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) images from 5 to 10 min were obtained. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and inversion time (TI) were determined. Quality of nulling was assessed according to a grading score by three observers. Data was analysed using linear regression, Kruskal-Wallis and quadratic-weighted kappa statistics. RESULTS: One child with a cardiomyopathy had late enhancement. Good agreement in nulling occurred for scout images at 2 (κ = 0.69) and 3 (κ = 0.66) min and moderate agreement at 4 min (κ = 0.57). Agreement of PSIR images was moderate at 7 min (κ = 0.44) and poor-fair at other times. There were significant correlations between TI and scout time (r = 0.61, P < 0.0001), and SNR and kappa (r = 0.22, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Scout images at 2-4 min can be used to determine the TI with little variability. Image quality for PSIR images was highest at 7 min and SNR optimal at 7-9 min. TI increases with time and should be adjusted frequently during imaging. Thus, nulling times in children differ from nulling times in adults when using standard adult techniques.

Development of a poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle formulation of STAT3 inhibitor JSI-124: implication for cancer immunotherapy.

Constitutively activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) in tumor and dendritic cells (DCs) plays a critical role in tumor-induced immunosuppression. This is considered a major challenge in effective immunotherapy of cancer. Herein we describe the development of a polymeric nanocarrier for the delivery of JSI-124 (a small molecule inhibitor of STAT3) to tumor and immunosuppressed DCs using poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs). For this purpose, JSI-124 was chemically conjugated to PLGA and the PLGA-JSI-124 conjugate was formulated into nanoparticles using the emulsification solvent evaporation method. The attachment of JSI-124 to PLGA was confirmed by a combination of thin layer chromatography and (1)H NMR. The level of JSI-124 in NPs, determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, was found to be 1.7 +/- 0.3 microg per mg of PLGA. The PLGA-JSI-124 NPs demonstrated a controlled drug release profile over a 1-month period and exhibited potent anticancer and STAT3 inhibitory activity comparable to the soluble JSI-124 after 24 h incubation with B16 melanoma cells, in vitro. Moreover, PLGA-JSI-124 NPs efficiently suppressed the level of p-STAT3 in p-STAT3(high) DCs, generated from mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of conditioned media of B16 cells (B16CM-DCs), and improved their function as assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Specifically cotreatment of B16CM-DCs with PLGA-JSI-124 NPs and PLGA NPs containing the DC adjuvant CpG resulted in higher levels of T cell proliferation in the MLR assay compared with B16CM-DCs untreated or treated with either CpG NPs or JSI-124 NPs alone. Our results indicate that PLGA NPs containing conjugated JSI-124 can potentially provide a useful platform for sustained JSI-124 release in tumor and its targeted delivery to DCs leading to the modulation of anticancer response by JSI-124 in tumor cells and immunosuppressed DCs, in vitro.

Pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma (PSCS) (formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma, MFH) of the spleen, mimics an atypical haemangioma on 99mTc-RBC, CT and Ultrasound: staging with 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A 63-year-old male was found to have a 7.5-cm splenic mass that had imaging appearances of an atypical haemangioma on CT, ultrasound and a 99mTc-RBC scan, and he was followed conservatively with serial ultrasounds. Sixteen months later, however, the splenic lesion grew and he developed numerous new liver masses which were biopsy confirmed to be a pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma (PSCS), formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). A staging 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed and showed innumerable, mostly necrotic hepatic and splenic masses. The patient passed away a few days after the PET/CT, before a treatment program could be implemented. The use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the staging of splenic PSCS has not been previously described. We present the 99mTc-RBC and 18F-FDG PET/CT image characteristics of a patient with splenic PSCS.

Imaging characteristics of an unusual, high-grade angiocentric glioma: a case report and review of the literature.

Angiocentric gliomas have recently been reclassified as a separate central nervous system tumor. Few cases have been reported, and most of those correspond to slow-growing, low-grade neoplasms in very young pediatric patients. Here we describe magnetic resonance imaging findings (including diffusion imaging, spectroscopy and tractography) in an unusual higher-grade neoplasm with pathologic features suggestive of an angiocentric glioma in a 15-year-old male. The tumor had mild heterogeneous enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, and a low apparent diffusion coefficient (9.9 × 10(-4) mm(2)s(-1)), consistent with an intermediate-to-high cellularity tumor. Spectroscopic imaging showed elevated choline/phosphocreatine and choline/N-acetyl aspartate ratios, suggesting an unusually aggressive tumor. We conclude that angiocentric glioma should not be excluded from consideration at primary diagnosis, particularly in teenaged patients nearing adulthood.

Targeting dendritic cells with nano-particulate PLGA cancer vaccine formulations.

Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview on the application of poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) as cancer vaccine delivery system and highlight their potential in the development of future therapeutic cancer vaccines. PLGA-NPs containing antigens along with immunostimulatory molecules (adjuvants) can not only target antigen actively to DCs, but also provide immune activation and rescue impaired DCs from tumor-induced immuosupression.

Active targeting of dendritic cells with mannan-decorated PLGA nanoparticles.

The purpose of this study was to identify an optimum targeted particulate formulation based on mannan (MN)-decorated poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), for efficient delivery of incorporated cargo to dendritic cells (DCs). In brief, NPs were formulated from two different types of PLGA; ester-terminated (capped) or COOH-terminated (uncapped) polymer. Incorporation of MN in NPs was achieved either through addition of MN during the process of NP formation or by attachment of MN onto the surface of the freeze dried NPs by physical adsorption or chemical conjugation (to COOH terminated polymer). The formulated NPs were characterized in terms of particle size, Zeta potential and level of MN incorporation. The effect of polymer type and the incorporation method on the extent of fluorescently labelled NP uptake by murine bone marrow-derived DCs have been investigated using flowcytometry. The results of this study showed MN incorporation to enhance the uptake of PLGA NPs by DCs. Among different MN incorporation strategies, covalent attachment of MN to COOH-terminated PLGA-NPs provided the highest level of MN surface decoration on NPs. Maximum NP uptake by DCs was achieved by COOH terminated PLGA NPs containing covalent or adsorbed MN. Therefore, a better chance of success for these formulations for active targeted drug and/or vaccine delivery to DCs is anticipated.

Part I: targeted particles for cancer immunotherapy.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key antigen presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity. In the periphery, DCs capture antigens, process them and migrate into the regional lymph nodes where they could initiate antigen specific T cell immune responses. Immunotherapeutic strategies that aim to deliver tumor antigens specifically to DCs could not only boost anti-tumor immune responses but also could alleviate non-specific immune activation and/or unwanted side effects. Nano-sized particulate delivery systems are efficient modalities that can deliver tumor antigens to DCs in a targeted and specific manner. This review will provide general information on the rationale behind targeting antigens to DCs and the crucial role of DCs in initiating antigen specific T cell responses. Different strategies that have been employed in delivering antigens to DCs will be also discussed. A special emphasis will be put on specific targeting of cancer vaccine formulations to DC-specific receptors (e.g. CD11c, CD40, Fcγ, CCR6, pathogenic recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)).

Part II: targeted particles for imaging of anticancer immune responses.

The interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells has been the cornerstone of approaches to cancer immunotherapy. Antitumoral immune responses can be elicited by delivering cancer antigens to DCs. As antigen presenting cells, these DCs activate cancer antigen specific T cells. Whereas the first part of the review discusses methods for delivery of cancer vaccines to DCs, in this part the focus is on the potential role of nanoscopic devices for molecular imaging of these immune responses. Nanoscopic devices could potentially deliver tracking molecules to DCs, enabling monitoring of DCs and/or T cell activation and tumoricidal activity during immunotherapy, using non-invasive imaging modalities such as nuclear imaging (single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET)), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging.

Familial paraganglioma syndrome: applying genetic screening in otolaryngology.

CONTEXT: sporadic head and neck paragangliomas often represent familial paraganglioma syndrome (FPS). FPS patients require close follow-up, and family members will benefit from screening. No clear guideline for following these patients exists in the otolaryngology literature. OBJECTIVE: to present a series of FPS patients, illustrating the importance of a cost-effective FPS genetic screening algorithm applicable in otolaryngology. DESIGN: case series, literature review, clinical guidelines. SETTING: tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: adult patients with SDHx mutations were identified in the University of Alberta's head and neck mass database. Medical records were reviewed for presentation, diagnosis, findings, treatment, follow-up, and genetic testing. A literature review of FPS clinical features, treatment, and genetic screening methods was performed. INTERVENTION: genetic screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: cost-effectiveness of genetic testing for FPS screening. RESULTS: two patients with FPS were surgically treated by otolaryngologists. All patients presented with multifocal disease and carried SDHB or SDHD mutations. A screening and genetic testing protocol was implemented leading to early detection in a third patient, thus reducing morbidity. The literature review supports the contention that all patients with head and neck paragangliomas should undergo genetic testing. An algorithm to screen such patients is proposed. Cost analysis showed savings of over $2400 ($US 2200) every 6 years with this approach. CONCLUSION: owing to the potential morbidity associated with head and neck paragangliomas, it is prudent that FPS be ruled out. Those found to have SDHx mutations, and first-degree relatives, should be offered genetic testing with enrolment in a screening protocol. This provides a cost-effective, early detection approach to FPS.

Dissecting the "end game": clinical relevance, molecular mechanisms and laboratory assessment of apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis, the process of cell death, is a complex subject. In this review we highlight recent developments in the regulation and dysregulation of apoptosis in health and disease and summarize common laboratory techniques used to assess the process. METHODS: We accessed MEDLINE publications within the past 10 years, that reported on the clinical relevance, molecular mechanisms and laboratory assessment of apoptosis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Apoptosis is a physiological event essential for normal biologic processes at all stages of life, including embryogenesis, tissue remodelling, cell turnover, reproduction and regulation of immune responses. Dysregulation of apoptosis, either excessive or inadequate, features prominently in the pathophysiology of many diseases, ranging from congenital anomalies to degenerative disorders, ischemic and reperfusion injury, chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, certain infections and malignant disease. CONCLUSION: Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis and its laboratory assessment is critical for reversing the pathophysiological processes associated with dysregulation of apoptosis.

Temporal sequence and functional implications of V beta-specific T cell receptor down-regulation and costimulatory molecule expression following in vitro stimulation with the staphylococcal superantigen Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1.

The superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is implicated as the major cause of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. The temporal sequence of early signaling events in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells following TSST-1 stimulation was examined. TSST-1 induced rapid and complete down-regulation of V beta 2-specific T cell receptor (TCR), followed by transient CD154 expression on CD4(+) lymphocytes. This was sequentially followed by the up-regulation of CD86, CD80, CD40, and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on CD14(+) monocytes. In contrast, S14N, a TSST-1 mutant toxin with a single amino acid substitution that is known to be impaired in interleukin (IL)--2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion, was deficient in both V beta 2-TCR down-regulation and CD154 and CD80/CD86 expression. Furthermore, pretreatment with monoclonal antibodies against V beta 2-TCR, CD80/CD86, and CD154 significantly inhibited TSST-1-induced IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha secretion. Taken together, these results indicate that early V beta-specific TCR activation, along with CD80/CD86 and CD154 costimulation, are key determinants of the TSST-1-induced proinflammatory cytokine response.