Comparative external workload analysis based on the new functional classification in cerebral palsy football 7-a-side. A full-season study.

The evolution of functional classification (FT) is important for promoting competitive balance. Technological advances allow the objective monitoring of competitive demands that is required to manage and individualize workloads. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize external workload in all matches from the 2018/2019 season of the CPF7 Spanish National League and to compare demands based on the new FT (FT1, FT2 yFT3) in time-motion (locomotion and speed changes) and accelerometer-based workload (impacts). Statistical analysis was composed of one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc and omega partial squared effect size. Differences were found among all FT in total distance, running, high-intensity, sprinting, very high accelerations and decelerations (FT3> FT2> FT1; p < .01; ωp2= 0.29-to-0.43); and with respect to the highest functional limitation (FT3 = FT2> FT1) in maximum sprinting, moderate-high accelerations and decelerations, total impacts and at very-low intensity (ωp2= 0.13-to-0.29). In conclusion, FT3 players presented a physical advantage with respect to FT2-FT1 players in competition, especially in high-intensity actions that are crucial in team-sports performance. The present results facilitate designing specific training workloads according to FT, players' disability and competition demands, being the first approach to characterize match demands with inertial devices based on the new FT.

Analysis of the competitive demands in 7-a-side football players with cerebral palsy

Inertial devices allow for obtaining a large amount of information related to external load during official competitions. The study aimed to analyse fatigue in different functional classification players of a Football 7-a-side for people with cerebral palsy or acquired brain injury team, considering the movements, speed changes and impacts during the 2020 Spanish National League matches (n = 12). The analyzed independent variables were the different functional classifications (FC) of the players, FC1, FC2 and FC3, and also time. Regarding the dependent variables, kinematic objective external load (displacements and speed changes), and neuromuscular objective external load (impacts) were considered. This study is an empirical investigation that follows an associative and descriptive analysis, ANOVA test, and a Bonferroni post hoc test (multiple comparisons) were carried out between the external load variables based on FC and time. The results show differences between FC1 for people with greater functional limitation to FC3, and athletes with less functional limitation depending on the time of the match. FC2 players presented greater competitive demands in specific moments of the match than FC3 athletes because of the requirements of the competition. Furthermore, evaluating different FC players with inertial devices in official competitions provides useful information regarding the demands of Fa7PC players, which is fundamental for daily training tasks management and injury risk prevention in Fa7PC. The large number of variables associated with inertial devices data collection during training sessions and official competitions in Fa7PC allows us to understand the demands of CP players, as well as how to make decisions during the games and training process, namely for reducing the injury risk. (AU)

Personality Traits of Portuguese Skydivers / Rasgos de personalidad de los paracaidistas portugueses

The objectives of this study were to describe the personality traits of Portuguese skydivers and to study the differences in the 5 dimensions of personality traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The variables were: experience, sex and age. One hundred and fourteen skydivers participated. We used the NEO-FFI questionnaire. The statistical tests used were the Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate data analysis (MANCOVA). The results show that the skydivers presented higher values ​​in the Extraversion and Conscientiousness dimensions, and lower in the Neuroticism dimension. The multivariate analysis identified statistically significant differences in the Conscientiousness dimension based on experience, with the more experienced skydivers obtaining higher scores, although the effect size was small. The skydivers did not present significant differences, which allows us to conclude that they form a homogeneous group, with similar personality traits. (AU)

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir los rasgos de personalidad de los practicantes de paracaidismo portugueses y estudiar las diferencias en las 5 dimensiones del rasgo de personalidad: Neuroticismo, Extraversión, Apertura a la Experiencia, Amabilidad y Responsabilidad. Las variables fueron: experiencia, sexo y edad. Participaron 114 paracaidistas. Usamos el cuestionario NEO-FFI. Las pruebas estadísticas usadas fueran el Chi-cuadrado el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y análisis multivariado de datos (MANCOVA). Los resultados muestran que los paracaidistas presentaron valores más altos en la dimensión Extroversión y Responsabilidad, y menores en la dimensión Neuroticismo. El análisis multivariado identifica diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la dimensión Responsabilidad en función de la experiencia, obteniendo puntuaciones más altas para los paracaidistas más experimentados, aunque el tamaño del efecto sea pequeño. Los paracaidistas no presentaron diferencias significativas, lo que nos permite concluir que se trata de un grupo homogéneo, con rasgos de personalidad similares. (AU)

Analysis of the characteristics of the smash in padel: validation of the OASP instrument / Análisis de las características del remate en pádel: validación del instrumento OASP

The purpose of this study was to design and validate an observation instrument for the analysis of the performance parameters related to the smash in padel. Eleven experts, who had to meet four of the five inclusion criteria, participated in the process. Aiken's V coefficient and confidence intervals were used to calculate content validity and Cronbach's α coefficient to analyze reliability. The adequacy and writing of the eighteen items initially designed were evaluated. Four variables were eliminated due to obtaining values ​​<.87 in Aiken's V coefficient for adequacy. The rest of the variables were modified in their wording, according to the qualitative evaluations of the experts, or were considered correct. The reliability of the instrument was acceptable, (α=.82). The OASP instrument is very new, as it is of interest for analyzing the use and effectiveness of the padel smash. (AU)

El propósito de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento de observación para el análisis de las características del remate relacionadas con el rendimiento en pádel. En el proceso participaron once expertos, los cuales debían cumplir cuatro de los cinco criterios de inclusión. El coeficiente V de Aikene intervalos de confianza se utilizaron para calcular la validez de contenido y el coeficiente 𝛼de Cronbach para analizar la fiabilidad. Se evaluó la adecuación y redacción de los dieciocho ítems diseñados inicialmente. Se eliminaron cuatro variables por obtener valores <.87 en el coeficiente V de Aikenen la adecuación. El resto de las variables fueron modificadas en su redacción, según las valoraciones cualitativas de los expertos, o se consideraron correctas. La fiabilidad del instrumento fue aceptable, (𝛼=.82). El instrumento OASP es muy novedoso, pues resulta de interés para analizar el uso y la eficacia del remate en pádel. (AU)

Instrumento de medición del conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en el baloncesto escolar / Instrument for measurement of declarative and procedural knowledge in basketball

El propósito de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento para la evaluación del conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en un deporte de invasión como el baloncesto en el contexto escolar. En el proceso de validación participaron 15 jueces expertos. El instrumento estuvo formado por 34 ítems distribuidos en dos bloques, declarativo y procedimental. Responde al siguiente tipo de preguntas: ¿Qué es?, ¿Sirve para?, ¿Qué se consigue?, ¿Cuál es? y ¿Cómo se realiza? La validez de contenido se calculó mediante el coeficiente V de Aiken y sus intervalos de confianza. Para la consistencia interna se empleó el coeficiente α de Cronbach. Ninguna de las preguntas que componen el test de conocimiento declarativo y procedimental fue eliminada al superar el valor crítico exacto (V≥.74). La consistencia interna de las preguntas fue excelente (α=.95). Por tanto, el instrumento es válido y fiable para la evaluación del conocimiento en el baloncesto escolar. (AU)

The purpose of this study has been the design and validation of an instrument for the evaluation of declarative and procedural knowledge in an invasion sport such as basketball in the school context. 15 expert judges participated in the validation process. The instrument consisted of 34 items distributed in two blocks, declarative and procedural. Answers the following type of questions: Is it useful for?, What is it ?, What is achieved ?, Which one is it? In addition, how is it done? Content validity was calculated using Aiken's V coefficient and its confidence intervals. Cronbach's α coefficient was used for internal consistency. None of the questions that make up the declarative and procedural knowledge test were eliminated by exceeding the exact critical value (V≥.74). The internal consistency of the questions was excellent (α=.95). Therefore, the instrument is valid and reliable for the evaluation of knowledge in school basketball. (AU)

Influence of game period and game action in the physical requirements of basketball referees / Influencia del periodo y acción de juego en las exigencias físicas de árbitros de baloncesto

This study aimed to identify internal and external workload demands in professional referees, and to analyse the influence of the situational variables Game Period and Game Action. Three professional referees of the highest category were monitored during a national elite game. WIMU PRO™ inertial devices were used for workload monitoring via microtechnology, ultra-wide band and heart rate (HR) telemetry. The referees worked at around 82%HRMAX and spent 75% of the time at walking-jogging speed (0-12km/h). Game Action influenced the external workload (total distance and per intensities, impacts, player load, maximum and mean speed) while Game Period influenced the internal load (HRMEAN, HRMAX, %HRMAX and per intensities). Workload quantification in competition and the evaluation of the effect of situational variables are essential for setting up performance profiles and designing individual programmes that improve the training of basketball referees. (AU)

Efecto edad relativa en el baloncesto brasileño a lo largo del tiempo / Relative age effect on brazilian basketball over time

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto edad relativa en el baloncesto brasileño durante un período de 15 años mediante la investigación de posibles variables intervinientes. Se analizaron 10856 registros de deportistas de los campeonatos de selección estatales U15, U17, U22 y la liga profesional de 2004 a 2018. Se analizaron la fecha de nacimiento, la altura, la posición en el juego, la región geográfica y el rendimiento del equipo. El efecto edad relativa está presente desde el nivel U15 hasta el nivel de alto rendimiento. Se observó que el efecto edad relativa difiere según la región y la posición del juego. Para concluir, el efecto de la edad relativa es un fenómeno evidente en el baloncesto brasileño desde la Sub15 hasta la liga profesional. Varía según la región geográfica del equipo y la posición del jugador. Esta tendencia se ha perpetuado a lo largo de los años. (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyses the relative age effect in Brazilian basketball over a 15-year period by investigating possible intervening variables. 10,856 records of athletes from youth selection championships U15, U17, U22 and the professional league from 2004 to 2018 were analysed. The birth date, height, game position, geographic region, and team performance were analysed. We observed that the relative age effect is present from the U15 to the high-performance level. It was observed that relative age effect differs depending on region and game position. To conclude the RAE is an evident phenomenon in Brazilian basketball from the U15 up to the professional league. It varies according to the geographic region of the team and the player position. This trend has perpetuated over the years. (AU)

Monitorización de un microciclo competitivo en baloncesto femenino profesional mediante dispositivos inerciales / Monitoring of a Competitive Microcycle in Professional Women's Basketball Through Inertial Devices

La implementación de estrategias efectivas de control de carga en el entrenamiento es primordial para mejorar el rendimiento. El objetivo fue caracterizar las demandas soportadas durante un microciclo competitivo de un equipo profesional de baloncesto femenino y su interacción con la competición. Diez jugadoras se equiparon con un dispositivo inercial y una banda de frecuencia cardíaca. Se analizó la carga soportada por las jugadoras durante el entrenamiento y la competición mediante variables de Carga Externa: (i) Distancia recorrida, (ii) Distancia recorrida a alta intensidad, (iii) Playerload, (iv) Saltos, (v) Aceleraciones y Deceleraciones, y (vi) Velocidad máxima y media; y variables de Carga Interna: (i) Frecuencia cardíaca media y máxima, (ii) Zonas de % Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima. Se analizaron diferencias entre el entrenamiento y la competición mediante un análisis ANOVA, observando que la competición fue la condición más exigente en todas las variables estudiadas a excepción de los saltos por minuto. (AU)

The implementation of effective load control strategies in training is essential to improve performance. The purpose of this study was to carry out a first approach to monitoring load with a professional women's basketball team. Ten players were equipped with an inertial device and a heart rate band during one microcycle. The load supported by the players during training and competition was analysed by External Load variables: (i) Distance performed, (ii) Distance performed at high intensity, (iii) PlayerLoad, (iv) Jumps, (v) Accelerations and Decelerations, (vi) Peak and average speed; and Internal Load variables: (i) Average and peak heart rate, (ii) Zones of % peak Heart Rate. Differences among training and competition were analysed through ANOVA analysis. The competition was the most demanding condition in all the variables studied except jumps per minute. (AU)

Estilo de Decisão e Planificação dos treinadores do Special Olympics Portugal: Influência da formação formal e não formal / El estilo de decisiones y de planificación de los entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal: la influencia de la formación formal y no formal / Decision and Planning Style of Special Olympics Portugal coaches: the influence of formal and non-formal training

O Special Olympics Portugal é uma das principais organizações nacionais para o desenvolvimento do desporto para atletas com deficiência intelectual. Os treinadores desempenhem um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos atletas, sendo os estilos de decisão e planificação aspetos essenciais para adequar o treino às necessidades especificas dos atletas. Estas prerrogativas são pouco exploradas cientificamente quanto aos treinadores deste tipo de atletas. O estudo tem como objetivo identificar os estilos de decisão e planificação do treinador do Special Olympics Portugal. Pretende ainda analisar a relação da formação formal e não formal com os estilos de decisão e planificação. A investigação é descritiva e de corte transversal dos treinadores do Special Olympics Portugal, com a participação de 50 sujeitos. Foram utilizados dois questionários: o Questionário dos Estilos de Decisão no Desporto e o Questionário dos Estilos de Planificação no Desporto. Os resultados revelam que os treinadores do Special Olympics Portugal possuem um amplo espetro de estilos de atuação no treino, predominando os estilos de decisão democrático e planificação flexível. Esta situação implica que os treinadores desta área são mais reflexivos, necessitando de adaptar as suas metodologias para trabalhar com os atletas e procurar novas soluções, de forma a adaptarem o treino às necessidades efetivas dos desportistas. (AU)

Special Olympics Portugal is one of the main national organizations for the development of sport for athletes with intellectual disabilities. Coaches play a relevant role in the development of athletes, and the decision and planning styles are essential aspects to adapt the training to the athletes' specific needs. These prerogatives are scientifically little explored related with the coaches of this type of athletes. The study aims to identify the decision and planning styles of the Special Olympics Portugal coaches. It also intends to analyze the relationship of formal and non-formal training with the decision and planning styles. The research is descriptive and cross-sectional of the Special Olympics Portugal coaches, with the participation of 50 subjects. Two questionnaires were used: the Questionnaire of Decision Styles in Sport and the Questionnaire ofPlanning Styles in Sport. The results show that the Special Olympics Portugal coaches have a wide spectrum of styles of action in training, predominantly the democratic decision style and flexible planning. This situation implies that the coaches in this area are more reflective, and need to adapt their methodologies to work with the athletes and seek new solutions, in order to adapt the training to the effective needs of the athletes. (AU)

Special OlympicsPortugal es una de las principales organizaciones nacionales para el desarrollo del deporte para atletas con discapacidad intelectual. Los entrenadores desempeñan un papel relevante en el desarrollo de los deportistas, siendo los estilos de decisión y planificación aspectos esenciales para adaptar el entrenamiento a las necesidades específicas de los deportistas. Estas prerrogativas están poco exploradas científicamente sobre los entrenadores de este tipo de atletas. Este estudio pretende identificar los estilos de decisión y planificación de los entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal. También pretende analizar la relación entre la formación formal y no formal con los estilos de decisión y planificación. La investigación fue descriptiva y transversal, con la participación de 50 s entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: el Cuestionario de Estilos de Decisión en el Deporte y el Cuestionario de Estilos de Planificación en el Deporte. Los resultados muestran que los entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal tienen un amplio espectro de estilos de actuación en el entrenamiento, predominando los estilos de decisión democrático y de planificación flexible. Esta situación implica que los entrenadores de este ámbito profesional son más reflexivos, necesitando adaptar sus metodologías para trabajar con estos deportistas especiales y buscar nuevas soluciones, con el fin de adaptar el entrenamiento a las necesidades efectivas de los deportistas. (AU)

Influencia del perfil del entrenador en el entrenamiento en baloncesto formativo / Influence of the Coach’s Profile in Formative Basketball Training

Una de las principales necesidades de los entrenadores es conocer si sus procesos de entrenamiento reúnen los requisitos planificados. Para ello, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron evaluar cómo Variables Pedagógicas y de Carga Externa afectaban al entrenamiento y describir las diferencias según la metodología empleada. Esta investigación se clasificó como estudio empírico con metodología descriptiva y gran validez ecológica. Se analizaron un total de 664 tareas realizadas por dos equipos de baloncesto. Los resultados demostraron que existen diferencias significativas en todas las variables excepto el Tipo de Contenido y el Grado de Oposición en función del entrenador. Por tanto, se concluyó que la metodología influye en el diseño de las tareas, provocando diferencias en las Variables Pedagógicas y de Carga Externa. Estas diferencias provocan que el jugador entrenado bajo una metodología alternativa soporte mayor carga de entrenamiento, repercutiendo en una mejor adaptación a la competición y obteniendo mejores resultados. (AU)

One of the main needs of coaches is to know if their training processes meet the planned requirements. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate how Pedagogical and External Load Variables affect training, and to describe the differences according to the training methodology used by two teams. This work is classified as an empirical study with descriptive, observational, categorical and quantitative methodology. A total of 664 tasks performed by two basketball teams were analyzed. The results showed that there are significant differences in most of the variables analyzed according to the coach. Therefore, it was concluded that the methodology influences the design of the tasks, causing differences in the Pedagogical and External Load Variables. These differences cause the player trained under an alternative methodology to support a greater training load, resulting in a better adaptation to the competition and obtaining better results. (AU)

Relación entre la carga interna y externa en árbitros de baloncesto / Relationship between External and Internal Load in Basketball Referees

El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar las relaciones existentes entre los parámetros de carga interna (objetiva y subjetiva) y externa. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 15 partidos disputados en el Eurobasket femenino U-16, donde participaron un total de nueve árbitros (6 masculinos y 3 femeninos). Las variables analizadas de carga interna fueron la frecuencia cardiaca y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo. Las variables de carga externa se dividieron en cinemáticas y neuromusculares, medidas a través de dispositivos inerciales. Los resultados explican que existen relaciones entre los valores de carga interna objetiva y carga externa, así como entre las variables de carga externa. En cambio, no existen relaciones entre la carga interna subjetiva y las variables de carga interna y externa objetiva, exceptuando el PowerMetabolic. Estos resultados demuestran que la competición y el nivel de los árbitros influyen en gran medida en las variables subjetivas. (AU)

The aim of the present paper consists in analysing the relations between internal (objective and subjective) and external load parameters. The sample was composed of a total of 15 matches played in the women’s U16 Eurobasket championship, in which a total of nine referees (6 men and 3 women) participated. The internal load variables analysed were heart rate and the subjective rating of perceived exertion. The external load variables were divided into kinematic and neuromuscular variables, measured using inertial devices. The results show that there are associations between the values of objective internal load and external load, as well as between the variables of external load. In contrast, there is no relation between internal subjective load and the variables of objective internal and external load, except regarding Metabolic Power. These results indicate that the competition and the level of the referees greatly influence the subjective variables. (AU)

Effect of Isolated Vs in-Game Curvilinear Displacements in Multi-Location External Workload Profile. A Case Study in Semi-Professional Basketball Players / Efecto de los desplazamientos curvilíneos aislados versus en el juego en el perfil de carga de trabajo externo de múltiples ubicaciones. Un estudio de caso en jugadores de baloncesto semiprofesionales

In team sports, linear and non-linear displacements are combined during the game. In this sense, the importance of curvilinear trajectories and their impact on body joints have not been addressed yet. Therefore, the present research aims to: (a) describe the multi-location external workload profile during curvilinear displacements in isolated and in-game conditions, (b) compare the effect of direction and displacement context, and (c) analyse the correlation between impacts and curvilinear performance. Thirteen semi-professional male basketball players were assessed in two tests: (a) isolated (2 directions x 5 repetitions x 6.75-m line) and (b) in-game (10-min 3vs3 small-sided game). To evaluate curvilinear performance and impacts suffered per joints, six WIMU PROTM inertial devices (scapulae, centre of mass, 2x knee, 2x ankle) were placed through a specific integral whole-body vest. Statistical analysis was composed by ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc, t-test for independent samples and Pearson correlation coefficient, analysing the effect of magnitude by Cohen’s d and omega partial squared. The key findings indicate that straight displacements presented lower external workload than curvilinear displacements during in-game conditions (p<.01; = 0.47-to-0.50), but no differences were found between left and right directions (p>0.67; d<0.12). In addition, differences were found at lower limb locations in external workload in maximum sprinting during curvilinear displacements, with higher workload at left lower limb in right direction (knee: p<.01, d= -1.35; ankle: p<.01, d= -0.91), and at right lower limb in left direction (knee: p<.01, d= 1.23; ankle: p<.01, d= 0.91). Very high between-subjects variability has been shown in both tests. Besides, a nearly perfect relationship between external workload at different body locations (p<.01; r>0.918) and a high relationship between external workload and centripetal force were found.(AU)