Genetic Interaction between Arabidopsis SUR2/CYP83B1 and GNOM Indicates the Importance of Stabilizing Local Auxin Accumulation in Lateral Root Initiation.

Lateral root (LR) formation is an important developmental event for the establishment of the root system in most vascular plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fewer roots (fwr) mutation in the GNOM gene, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ADP ribosylation factor that regulates vesicle trafficking, severely inhibits LR formation. Local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is severely affected in fwr. To better understand how local accumulation of auxin response for LR initiation is regulated, we identified a mutation, fewer roots suppressor1 (fsp1), that partially restores LR formation in fwr. The gene responsible for fsp1 was identified as SUPERROOT2 (SUR2), encoding CYP83B1 that positions at the metabolic branch point in the biosynthesis of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole glucosinolate. The fsp1 mutation increases both endogenous IAA levels and the number of the sites where auxin response locally accumulates prior to LR formation in fwr. SUR2 is expressed in the pericycle of the differentiation zone and in the apical meristem in roots. Time-lapse imaging of the auxin response revealed that local accumulation of auxin response is more stable in fsp1. These results suggest that SUR2/CYP83B1 affects LR founder cell formation at the xylem pole pericycle cells where auxin accumulates. Analysis of the genetic interaction between SUR2 and GNOM indicates the importance of stabilization of local auxin accumulation sites for LR initiation.

Evaluation of femoral perfusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI after simultaneous initiation of electrical stimulation and steroid treatment in an osteonecrosis model.

This study aimed to evaluate femoral perfusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for two weeks after the simultaneous initiation of electrical stimulation (ES) and steroid treatment in a steroid-induced osteonecrosis (ON) model. A single dose of methylprednisolone was injected into 14 rabbits. Seven rabbits underwent ES (ES group), and seven rabbits did not (control group). DCE-MRI was performed before steroid administration and 1, 5, 10, and 14 days after steroid administration. Regions of interest were set in the bilateral proximal femora. The enhancement ratio, initial slope, and area under the curve were analyzed. These parameters were evaluated after steroid administration in each group and between the two groups, and the ratios of ON in both groups were compared. In the control group, the minimum values of all parameters decreased significantly after steroid administration (P < 0.05), but in the ES group, the parameters did not decrease. In the ES group, all parameter values were significantly increased on the 10th and 14th days (P < 0.05). All parameter values in the ES group were significantly higher than those in the control group on the 14th day (P < 0.05). In the control group, ON was detected in three of five rabbits (in three of ten femora). In the ES group, ON was not detected. These results suggest that increased femoral blood flow elicited by ES may be related to ON prevention after steroid administration.

Evaluation of femoral perfusion in a rabbit model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with a high magnetic field MRI system.

PURPOSE: To evaluate perfusion during the early phase after steroid administration in vivo using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) with a high magnetic field MRI system. The main pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis is considered to be ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single dose of methylprednisolone (MPSL) was injected into nine rabbits. DCE-MRI was performed for these rabbits before MPSL administration and 1, 5, 10, and 14 days after administration. Time-signal intensity curves were created for each femur based on the signal intensity to evaluate perfusion. Enhancement ratio (ER), initial slope (IS), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated and the value before MPSL administration and the minimal value after administration were compared statistically. RESULTS: ER, IS, and AUC values after MPSL administration significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). All of them decreased by the 5th day in 56% of the femora and by the 14th day in 83%, and some femora even showed a decrease from the 1st day. CONCLUSION: In this study, decreased perfusion in the femora after steroid administration was proven. Additionally, we could show that it occurred from the early days after steroid administration.

Femoral perfusion after pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation in a steroid-induced osteonecrosis model.

This study was designed to evaluate femoral perfusion after pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation in a steroid-induced osteonecrosis rabbit model by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Steroid-induced osteonecrosis was produced by single intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone in 15 rabbits. Eight rabbits underwent PEMF stimulation (PEMF group) and seven did not (control group). DCE-MRI was performed before PEMF stimulation, immediately before steroid administration, and 1, 5, 10, and 14 days after steroid administration. Regions of interest were set in the bilateral proximal femora. Enhancement ratio (ER), initial slope (IS), and area under the curve (AUC) were analyzed. ER, IS, and AUC in the control group significantly decreased after steroid administration compared with before administration (P<0.05). In PEMF group, IS significantly decreased; however, ER and AUC showed no significant differences after steroid administration compared with before. ER and IS in PEMF group were higher than in control group until 10th day, and AUC was higher until 5th day after steroid administration (P<0.05). PEMF stimulation restrains the decrease in blood flow after steroid administration.

Long-term Survival after Femoral Anterior Rotational Osteotomy for Late-onset Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: A Case Report with 27-year Follow-up?

Introduction: The purpose of treatment for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is to regain the sphericity of the femoral head in childhood and prevent degenerative changes in adulthood. Due to the largely unsatisfactory results of conservative treatment for late-onset LCPD (i.e. patient age >9 years.), surgery is generally indicated. Various surgeries have been applied and the reported short-term results are generally good. However, few reports have described the long-term (approximately 30 years) outcomes of femoral anterior rotational osteotomy (ARO). We herein report the long-term results of late-onset LCPD treated by femoral ARO. Case Report: This report describes a boy and a girl with LCPD who underwent surgical treatment at the ages of 12 and 11 years, respectively. Conservative treatment with a brace had initially been applied, but the patients subsequently developed hinge abduction; therefore, we performed femoral ARO. Five-year postoperatively, the patients' Stulberg classification was Class II and Class III, respectively. The clinical results were satisfactory after 27 years of follow-up. Slight anterior residual deformity was seen, but there were no degenerative changes. Conclusion: In patients with hinge abduction, it is difficult to achieve good containment by conservative treatment, and even by surgical treatment, degenerative changes can occur in the early post-operative period. In severe cases of late-onset LCPD, a femoral ARO is performed, effectively transferring the viable posterior area of the femoral head onto the weight-bearing area. Maintaining good sphericity of the femoral head helps to prevent degenerative change and leads good long-term results. Both patients described in this report were asymptomatic and did not show any signs of degenerative change upon final examination. We did, however, confirm that the anterior head-neck junction exhibited residual deformity. ARO is a proven effective option for treating late-onset severe LCPD.

Subjective-Physiological Coherence during Food Consumption in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Subjective-physiological emotional coherence is thought to be associated with enhanced well-being, and a relationship between subjective-physiological emotional coherence and superior nutritional status has been suggested in older populations. However, no study has examined subjective-physiological emotional coherence among older adults while tasting food. Accordingly, the present study compared subjective-physiological emotional coherence during food consumption among older and younger adults. METHODS: Participants consumed bite-sized gel-type foods with different flavors and provided their subjective ratings of the foods while their physiological responses (facial electromyography (EMG) of the corrugator supercilia, masseter, and suprahyoid, and other autonomic nervous system signals) were simultaneously measured. RESULTS: Our primary findings were that (1) the ratings of liking, wanting, and valence were negatively correlated with corrugator EMG activity in older and young adult participants; (2) the positive association between masseter EMG activity and ratings of wanting/valence was weaker in the older than in the young adult group; and (3) arousal ratings were negatively correlated with corrugator EMG activity in the older group only. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate commonalities and differences in subjective-physiological emotional coherence during food intake between older and young adults.

Brow and Masticatory Muscle Activity Senses Subjective Hedonic Experiences during Food Consumption.

Sensing subjective hedonic or emotional experiences during eating using physiological activity is practically and theoretically important. A recent psychophysiological study has reported that facial electromyography (EMG) measured from the corrugator supercilii muscles was negatively associated with hedonic ratings, including liking, wanting, and valence, during the consumption of solid foods. However, the study protocol prevented participants from natural mastication (crushing of food between the teeth) during physiological data acquisition, which could hide associations between hedonic experiences and masticatory muscle activity during natural eating. We investigated this issue by assessing participants' subjective ratings (liking, wanting, valence, and arousal) and recording physiological measures, including EMG of the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles while they consumed gel-type solid foods (water-based gellan gum jellies) of diverse flavors. Ratings of liking, wanting, and valence were negatively correlated with corrugator supercilii EMG and positively correlated with masseter and suprahyoid EMG. These findings imply that subjective hedonic experiences during food consumption can be sensed using EMG signals from the brow and masticatory muscles.

Facial EMG Correlates of Subjective Hedonic Responses During Food Consumption.

An exploration of physiological correlates of subjective hedonic responses while eating food has practical and theoretical significance. Previous psychophysiological studies have suggested that some physiological measures, including facial electromyography (EMG), may correspond to hedonic responses while viewing food images or drinking liquids. However, whether consuming solid food could produce such subjective-physiological concordance remains untested. To investigate this issue, we assessed participants' subjective ratings of liking, wanting, valence, and arousal while they consumed gel-type food stimuli of various flavors and textures. We additionally measured their physiological signals, including facial EMG from the corrugator supercilii. The results showed that liking, wanting, and valence ratings were negatively correlated with corrugator supercilii EMG activity. Only the liking rating maintained a negative association with corrugator supercilii activity when the other ratings were partialed out. These data suggest that the subjective hedonic experience, specifically the liking state, during food consumption can be objectively assessed using facial EMG signals and may be influenced by such somatic signals.

Characterization of pullulanase (PUL)-deficient mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the function of PUL on starch biosynthesis in the developing rice endosperm.

Rice (Oryza sativa) allelic sugary1 (sug1) mutants defective in isoamylase 1 (ISA1) accumulate varying levels of starch and phytoglycogen in their endosperm, and the activity of a pullulanase-type of a debranching enzyme (PUL) was found to correlate closely with the severity of the sug1 phenotype. Thus, three PUL-deficient mutants were generated to investigate the function of PUL in starch biosynthesis. The reduction of PUL activity had no pleiotropic effects on the other enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis. The short chains (DP < or = 13) of amylopectin in PUL mutants were increased compared with that of the wild type, but the extent of the changes was much smaller than that of sug1 mutants. The alpha-glucan composition [amylose, amylopectin, water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP)] and the structure of the starch components (amylose and amylopectin) of the PUL mutants were essentially the same, although the average chain length of the B(2-3) chains of amylopectin in the PUL mutant was approximately 3 residues longer than that of the wild type. The double mutants between the PUL-null and mild sug1 mutants still retained starch in the outer layer of endosperm tissue, while the amounts of WSP and short chains (DP < or = 7) of amylopectin were higher than those of the sug1 mutant; this indicates that the PUL function partially overlaps with that of ISA1 and its deficiency has a much smaller effect on the synthesis of amylopectin than ISA1 deficiency and the variation of the sug1 phenotype is not significantly dependent on the PUL activities.

In vivo measurement of swallowing by monitoring thyroid cartilage movement in healthy subjects using thickened liquid samples and its comparison with sensory evaluation.

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between in vivo measurement of swallowing and sensory evaluation using thickened liquids as model foods. Healthy subjects (8 male and average 29.6-year old) participated in both tests, in which the subjects were asked to swallow the whole amount of sample (10 ml) at one time. In vivo measurement monitored thyroid cartilage movement during swallowing using a bendable pressure sensor synchronously with suprahyoid electromyography, whereas sensory evaluation measured perceived cohesiveness and adhesiveness on a visual analogue scale. Two variables from the pressure sensor analysis; activity of the thyroid cartilage and the maximum displacement of the thyroid cartilage were correlated negatively (p < .01) to perceived cohesiveness with high correlation coefficient (|r|> .9). Advantages of in vivo measurement over conventional shear rheology in assessing texture attributes perceived during swallowing were identified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This research provides food manufactures with knowledge on a novel objective method for texture measurement of fluid foods and beverages based on human physiology during swallowing. Variable from this method can work as a measure for texture design of food products to meet consumers' preference, particularly foods for dysphagia patients whose demand is increasing in this aged society although subjects of study should be expanded to these people in the future.

Pressure distribution-based texture sensing by using a simple artificial mastication system.

This paper proposes a novel texture sensing method for nursing-care gel by using an artificial mastication system, in which not only mechanical characteristics but also geometrical ones are objectively and quantitatively evaluated. When human masticates gel food, she or he perceives the changes of the shape and contact force simultaneously. Based on the impressions, they evaluate the texture. For reproducing such a procedure, the pressure distribution of gel is measured in the simple artificial mastication, and the information associated to both the geometrical and mechanical characteristics is simultaneously acquired. The relationship between the value of sensory evaluation (i.e. impression human perceives), and the pressure distribution data is numerically modeled by applying the image texture analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed method succeeds in estimating the values of sensory evaluation of nine kinds of gel with the coefficient of determination greater than 0.93.