Severity and relation of primary dysmenorrhea and body mass index in undergraduate students of Karachi: A cross sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of primary dysmenorrhea and its association with body mass index in female students. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March, 2018, in two districts of Karachi, and comprised female undergraduate students aged 15-25 years who had reached menarche at an appropriate age. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess dysmenorrhea while Seca scale was used for nutritional status. The association between body mass index and dysmenorrhea was worked out statistically using SPSS 23. RESULTS: Of the 410 students approached, 384(93.6%) responded. They had a mean age of 21±5.2 years. Dysmenorrhea was mild in 150(39%) subjects, 145(37.8%) moderate and 89(23.2%) severe. Overall, 273(71.1%) subjects had reached menarche aged 8-13 years. Dysmenorrhea was associated with radiating pain in 265(69%) and vomiting in 111(28.9%) subjects. Nutritional status was normal in 235(61.2%) subjects, 88(22.9%) were underweight, and 61(15.9%) were overweight and obese. Significant difference was observed in dysmenorrhea among underweight students (p<0.05). Age ?21 years also had a significant association with dysmenorrhea (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Dysmenorrhea was found to have a significant association with body mass index and age.

Determinants of occupational hazards knowledge and safety practices among textile workers in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with good knowledge and safe practices regarding occupational hazards among textile workers. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi from September 2015 to February 2016, and comprised male workers from seven textile mills. A 45-item structured questionnaire was developed and pretested in Urdu, the local language. One part of the questionnaire comprised 31 items related to good knowledge, and the other part comprised 14 items related to safe practices. Data was analysed using SPSS 19. RESULTS: Of the 300 subjects, 123(41%) were aged 18-27 years, 183(63%) were educated, 184(61.3%) worked more than eight hours daily, 170(57%) were employed in the weaving section and 164(55%) as machine operators. Besides, 231(77%) had good knowledge, and 62(21%) reported safe practices. Educated workers were more likely (p<0.05), and machine operators were less likely (p<0.05) to have good knowledge, while educated workers, those in the spinning section and those working less than 8-hours daily (p<0.05) were more likely to report safe practices. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high knowledge level, but a wide gap in adopting safety practices, which indicates need for focused interventions targeting high-risk workers and regulation of working hours.

Needs assessment regarding occupational health and safety interventions among textile workers: A qualitative case study in Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the perceived health and safety needs identified by textile workers, managers and experts as well as direct observation of the prevailing health and safety practices in the textile industry. METHODS: The qualitative study using the needs assessment conceptual framework was conducted in July-August 2015 in Karachi, and comprised focus group discussions with textile workers, in-depth interviews with factory managers and health and safety officers, and key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders and experts. A walk-through survey was also conducted in selected mills for which the Checklist of hazards in textiles was used. RESULTS: A total of 6focus group discussions, 6 in-depth interviews and 5 key informant interviews were conducted. Workers were found to have limited knowledge of occupational hazards, preventions and diseases. They identified lack of awareness and non-existent safety mechanisms as areas for improvement. Managers thought preventive practices and health services were not standardised while influence of buyers in the form of international business regulations and legislations were thought to be the enabling factors for enforcing health and safety standards. Poor governance, lack of knowledge regarding labour rights, low literacy level, poor compliance and low wages were the barriers for health promotion at workplace, as identified by the experts. Walk-through survey found mechanisms in place for fire safety, but the workers and managers were generally not using Personal Protective Equipment despite the presence of several hazards at workplace. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a need for context-specific occupational health and safety interventions at individual, organisational and policy levels.

Application of the GPS technology to assess time-location pattern of undergraduate students at a private medical university in Karachi, Pakistan: A pilot study.

To compare time-location pattern of undergraduate university students through GPS and diary method, and with level of physical activity, a cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2012 - May 2013 involving 50 undergraduate students from Aga Khan University. Data were recorded through GPS, diary method, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-L) and accelerometer (ActiGraph). Median self-reported time spent in the indoor-inside the campus, indoor-outside the campus and outdoor environment was 405 (IQR:300-540), 720 (IQR:465-840) and 300 minutes (IQR:180-495) respectively, while 52% of the students were in moderate, 40% vigorous and 8% in mild categories of physical activity. Mean differences in location (GPS versus diary method) were statistically insignificant; indoor residential, -30.2, indoor other, -26.2, outdoor at rest, 45.9 and outdoor travelling, 10.5 minutes. We conclude that students spent most of their time indoors-outside of campus and majority were physically active, while also demonstrating the applicability of GPS and ActiGraph for such studies.

Validation of respiratory questionnaire for lung function assessment among an occupational group of textile workers in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of spirometric lung pattern with respiratory symptoms and to validate the American Thoracic Society respiratory questionnaire for lung function assessment among textile workers. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from August to December 2009 among adult textile workers of Karachi. Data was collected through the American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease respiratory questionnaire and the lung function was assessed by using a spirometer. Results of three acceptable readings of spirogram were recorded and the best of the three readings was used for analysis. SPSS 19 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were 372 participants in the study with an overall mean age of 27±8.5 years. In linear regression analysis, forced expiratory volume in one second for workers who had chronic cough was -829.1 (confidence interval: -1273.1, -385.2), chronic wheeze -168.8 (confidence interval: -319.3, -18.2) and shortness of breath grade 2 -215.6 (confidence interval: -387.8, -43.4). In logistic regression model, after adjusting for covariates, odds of reduced percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in one second for workers who had chronic cough was 3.09 (confidence interval: 1.26, 7.56), chronic wheeze 1.98 (confidence interval: 1.05, 3.71) and shortness of breath grade 2 2.07 (confidence interval: 1.05, 4.07), while odds of reduced percentage predicted forced vital capacity for shortness of breath grade 2 was 2.35 (confidence interval: 1.05, 5.21). In logistic regression model 2, for assessing the effect of different combinations of chronic respiratory symptoms, the odds of reduced percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in one second for the combination of cough and wheeze was 2.08 (confidence interval: 1.05, 4.10), cough and shortness of breath grade 2 2.47 (confidence interval: 1.18, 5.18), phlegm and shortness of breath grade 2 2.59 (confidence interval: 1.23, 5.43), cough, wheeze and shortness of breath grade 2 4.64 (confidence interval: 1.97, 10.93)and cough, phlegm, wheeze and shortness of breath grade 2 4.18 (confidence interval: 1.68, 10.37). CONCLUSIONS: A combination of chronic respiratory symptoms was best associated with decrements in lung function.

Obesity, An Emerging Epidemic In Pakistan-A Review Of Evidence.

BACKGROUND: In Pakistan, the disease pattern is facing a huge changeover from acute and communicable diseases to the non-communicable diseases. Moreover, an emerging epidemic of obesity is still under recognized in Pakistan. A detailed review and dissemination of the existing knowledge to determine the extent of burden of obesity can help understand this important public health issue. METHODS: A detailed literature review was conducted through PubMed search engines, regarding obesity burden in Pakistan. The original peer reviewed research articles, reports of WHO in English language, non-government organizations reports were included in the review. "Obesity AND Pakistan" were used as a search terms. RESULTS: Pakistan is suffering from epidemic of obesity, affecting all age groups. Urban population, particularly women shows considerable higher burden of obesity as compared to men and women from rural population. However, among children and adolescents there is variation in prevalence of obesity. Girls from all age groups are predominantly more obese as compared to boys. Most of the studies have estimated child obesity among school going children of different age groups and need careful interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Pakistan is currently suffering from an emerging epidemic of obesity. The rising burden of obesity is widespread among adults (man and women) and children. The burden of obesity is higher among females in all age groups as compare to males. Effective interventions are required at population level to prevent and control this emerging public health issue.

Burden of asthma among children in a developing megacity: childhood asthma study, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: Global burden of childhood asthma has increased in the past few decades, particularly in low-income countries. In Pakistan, there is a lack of community-based epidemiological studies estimating the burden of asthma among children. This study determined the prevalence and predictors of asthma among children 3-17 years of age in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: A two-stage community-based representative cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi from March 2012 to April 2013 comprising 1046 children aged 3-17 years. Of 7500 clusters, 80 were randomly selected, and of these, 15 children per cluster were enrolled randomly. A translated and pre-tested version of International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of asthma among study participants was 10.2% (95% CI: 8.4-12.0). Asthma was more likely to occur among boys (adj. OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6-4.0), children in the younger age group (3-7 years) (adj. OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.7-4.8), those living in households with ill-ventilated kitchens (adj. OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1), having family history of asthma (adj. OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3-3.9) and those of the Sindhi ethnicity (adj. OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.4). CONCLUSION: This study is the first robust evidence regarding asthma among children in Pakistan, reporting a high burden in this group. Family history, male gender, Sindhi ethnicity and ill-ventilated kitchen were identified as important predictors of asthma. Targeted preventive measures and intervention studies are required to better understand and reduce the burden of asthma among children in Pakistan.

Research fatigue among injecting drug users in Karachi, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Karachi is the largest metropolis of Pakistan and its economic hub attracting domestic migrants for economic opportunities. It is also the epicenter of HIV epidemic in the country. Since 2004, one pilot study and four behavioral and biological surveillance rounds have been conducted in Karachi. In addition many student research projects have also focused on key risk groups including injection drug users (IDUs). As a result of this extra ordinary exposure of same kind of questions, IDUs know how to respond to high value questions related to sharing of needles or unsafe sexual practices. The purpose of the study was to explore the element of research fatigue among IDUs in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: The study was conducted on 32 spots in Karachi, selected on the basis of estimate of IDUs at each spot. A trained field worker (recovered IDU) visited each spot; observed sharing behavior of IDUs and asked questions related to practices in January 2009. Verbal consent was obtained from each respondent before asking questions. RESULTS: On average 14 IDUs were present at each spot and out of 32 selected spots, 81% were active while more than two groups were present at 69% spots. In each group three to four IDUs were present and everyone in the group was sharing. One dose of injecting narcotics was observed. Sharing of syringes, needles and distilled water was observed at 63% spots while professional injector/street doctor was present at 60% spots. CONCLUSION: There is a need to check internal consistency in surveillance research. It is highly likely that IDUs and other risk groups know how to respond to key questions but their responses do not match with the practices.

Noise Induced Hearing Loss among an Occupational Group of Textile Workers in Karachi, Pakistan.

A cross sectional survey was conducted among textile workers of six textile factories of different industrial areas of Karachi to determine the frequency of hearing loss. A total of 264 workers were assessed for frequency of hearing loss with audiometric and otoscopic examination conducted by audiologist. About 79% workers had hearing impairment on audiometric assessment having hearing loss ≥25 dB. Of these, 19% of the workers had conductive deafness while 71% had mixed hearing loss. Otoscopic examination revealed that 38% had wax, 41.8 % had ear discharge and 1.6 % had perforation. The multiple logistic regression model shows sound level more than 25 dB aOR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.30 and ear discharge aOR: 2.23; 95%CI: 1.27, 3.92, was found as a strong risk factor of hearing loss (p<0.05). Hearing impairment affects a large proportion of the workers in Pakistan. There is a need for screening of workers exposed to occupational noise. Efforts should be made by the health care system to prevent the problem from an early stage and require effective management of ear-related diseases.

Epidemiology, determinants and dynamics of cholera in Pakistan: gaps and prospects for future research.

Cholera is one of the notifiable endemic diseases in Pakistan, but the reporting of cholera cases is still unsatisfactory. Most of the diagnosed cases are never reported to the relevant authorities. In the year 1993 - 2005, the country did not report any single case of cholera to the WHO. The objectives of this review were to understand the epidemiology and to identify the possible determinants of cholera infection in Pakistan. Medscape, Medline, PakMedinet and PubMed, was searched, using key words, epidemiology and determinants of cholera infection in Pakistan during 1995 - 2010. Morbidity and mortality due to cholera infection during 1995 - 2010, without any language restriction. Out of 27 articles published between 1995 - 2010, 17 articles were included in the review. Vibrio cholerae O139 identified as a major cause of infection in older age group, while O1 biotype of cholera as a predominant cause of cholera among young individuals. Mainly reported determinants of cholera in Pakistan include poor sanitation and hygiene practices, increased population density in urban areas, leading to rapid and unplanned urbanization of the major cities and climate change due to increased environmental pollution in Pakistan are plausible factors for endemicity of cholera in Pakistan. Cholera reporting as a notifiable disease to the relevant departments and timely action can prevent the risk of outbreaks. There is a need to identify specific behavioral and environmental determinants responsible for outbreaks and epidemics of cholera in Pakistan which can help to design appropriate preventive and control interventions.

An overview of the predictors of depression among adult Pakistani women.

Diseases of women that are due to their gender specific roles and responsibilities result from cultural and social factors prevalent in the environs. World Health Organization has put special emphasis on research need regarding gender related factors for diseases disproportionately affecting women in developing countries. The objective of this write up was to determine the prevalence of depression and the associated risk factors among adult women in Pakistan. PubMed was searched using key words depression, risk factors, women and Pakistan. Out of 20 initially retrieved articles, 12 were directly related to depression and its risk factors among Pakistani women within Pakistani geographical context. Women in Pakistan are vulnerable to poor mental health due to marriage related issues, domestic violence, verbal or physical abuse by in-laws, stressful life and poor social conditions. Women in their perinatal period are more at risk of depression due to pregnancy related concerns.