RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congregate settings, such as jails, may be a location where colonized detainees transmit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We examined MRSA acquisition during incarceration and characterized the genomic epidemiology of MRSA entering the jail and isolated during incarceration. METHODS: Males incarcerated at the Cook County Jail were enrolled within 72 h of intake and MRSA surveillance cultures collected. Detainees in jail at Day 30 were re-cultured to determine MRSA acquisition. A survey was administered to identify acquisition predictors. Genomic sequencing of surveillance and clinical isolates was integrated with epidemiologic and jail location data to track MRSA transmission pathways. RESULTS: 800 males were enrolled; 19% MRSA colonized at intake. Of 184 who reached Day 30 visit, 12 acquired MRSA. Heroin use before entering (OR 3.67, P = .05) and sharing personal items during incarceration (OR = 4.92, P = .01) were predictors of acquisition. Sequenced clinical USA300 isolates (n = 112) were more genetically similar than diverse intake USA300 strains (P < .001), suggesting jail transmission. Four acquired colonization isolates were within 20 single-nucleotide variant (SNVs) of other isolates; 4 were within 20 SNVs of an intake isolate, 2 for an acquisition isolate, and 1 for a clinical isolate. Individuals with genetically similar isolates were more likely to have had overlapping stays in the same buildings. CONCLUSION: There was a high MRSA burden entering jail. Genomic analysis of acquisition and clinical isolates suggests potential spread of incoming strains and networks of spread during incarceration, with spread often occurring among detainees housed in similar locations. Sharing personal items during incarceration is associated with MRSA acquisition and could be a focus for intervention.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Genômica , Humanos , Illinois , Prisões Locais , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the impact of timing of appropriate antifungal therapy, as assessed by susceptibility results, on patient survival. METHODS: Patients ≥16 years of age with first episodes of candidaemia during 2001-09 were included. Clinical data were collected retrospectively, including time to appropriate antifungal therapy and patient survival. RESULTS: The study population included 446 patients [243 (54%) female, mean age 53 years] with candidaemia, 380 (85%) of whom had antifungal susceptibility data. Candida albicans was the most common pathogen (221, 50%) followed by Candida glabrata (99, 22%), Candida parapsilosis (59, 13%), Candida tropicalis (48, 11%) and Candida krusei (6, 1%). Appropriate antifungal therapy consisted of fluconazole (177, 40%), an echinocandin (125, 28%), amphotericin B (41, 9%) and voriconazole (6, 1%); 97 (22%) failed to receive appropriate antifungal therapy. The 30 day mortality was 34% (151/446) and there was no clear relationship between time from positive culture to receipt of appropriate antifungal therapy and 30 day survival. On multivariable Cox regression, increased APACHE II score [hazard ratio (HR) 1.11, 95% CI 1.09-1.13, P<0.001], cirrhosis (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.48-3.13, P<0.001) and HIV infection (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.11-3.72, P=0.02) were independent predictors of mortality. A secondary analysis requiring patients in the early treatment group to have received ≥24 h of effective antifungal therapy did show a significant mortality benefit to receiving antifungal treatment within 72 h of a positive blood culture being drawn (30 day mortality for early treatment: 27% versus 40%, P=0.004; HR for mortality with delayed treatment on multivariable analysis: 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.98, P=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Candida bloodstream infection is associated with high mortality, despite timely receipt of appropriate antifungal therapy.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidemia/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candidemia/mortalidade , Candidemia/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The etiologic agents of tinea capitis have traditionally been very stable with respect to geographic boundaries, with different anthropophilic or zoophilic species serving as the primary agents in particular countries and even continents. With recent increases in immigration and international travel, these traditional patterns are being challenged. We report a case of tinea capitis due to Trichophyton soudanense in a West-African-born boy living in Chicago, Illinois.
Assuntos
Tinha do Couro Cabeludo/microbiologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Chicago , Criança , Griseofulvina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Cetoconazol/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Tinha do Couro Cabeludo/tratamento farmacológico , Trichophyton/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The new anaerobe and Corynebacterium (ANC) identification card for Vitek 2 was compared with a 16S rRNA gene sequencing (16S) reference method for accuracy in the identification of corynebacteria and anaerobic species. Testing was performed on a Vitek 2 XL system with modified software at three clinical trial laboratories. Reproducibility was determined with nine ATCC quality control strains that were tested 20 times over a minimum of 10 days at all three sites. A challenge set of 50 well-characterized strains and 365 recent fresh and frozen clinical isolates were included in the study. The expected positive and negative biochemical well reactions were also evaluated for substrate reproducibility. All strains were tested with the ANC card, and clinical isolates were saved for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All reproducibility tests yielded expected results within a 95% confidence interval, except for that with Corynebacterium striatum ATCC 6940, for which identification failed at one trial site. For the challenge isolates, there was 98% correct identification, 5% low discrimination, and 2% incorrect identification, and 0% were unidentified. For clinical strains, there was 95.1% correct identification, 4.9% low discrimination, and 4.6% incorrect identification, and 0.3% were unidentified. The 4.6% (17/365) of clinical isolates that were incorrectly identified consisted of 14 isolates that were correct at the genus level and three that were incorrect at the genus level. The new ANC card met all performance criteria within a 95% confidence interval compared to the identification performance by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Assuntos
Bactérias Anaeróbias/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Corynebacterium/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The new Neisseria-Haemophilus identification (NH) card for Vitek 2 was compared with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (16S) as the reference method for accurate identification of Neisseria spp., Haemophilus spp., and other fastidious gram-negative bacteria. Testing was performed on the Vitek 2 XL system with modified software at three clinical trial laboratories. Reproducibility was determined with nine ATCC quality control strains tested 20 times over a minimum of 10 days at all three sites. A challenge set of 30 strains with known identifications and 371 recent fresh and frozen clinical isolates were also tested. Expected positive and negative biochemical reactions were also evaluated for substrate reproducibility. All microorganisms were tested on the NH card, and all clinical and stock isolates were saved for 16S testing. All reproducibility tests yielded expected results within a 95% confidence interval. For challenge microorganisms, there was 98% overall correct identification, including 8% low discrimination, 2% incorrect identification, and 0% unidentified. For clinical strains, there was 96.5% overall correct identification, including 10.2% low discrimination, 2.7% incorrect identification, and 0.8% unidentified. The 2.7% (10/371) of clinical isolates that gave an incorrect identification consisted of 7 isolates correct to genus and 3 strains incorrect to genus. There were an additional 27 strains (primarily Neisseria species) for which the 16S identification result was different from the NH card result. These were all unclaimed species by the system. The new NH card met all performance criteria within a 95% confidence interval compared to identification of clinical isolates by 16S.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Haemophilus/isolamento & purificação , Neisseria/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
A 53-year-old woman experienced a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii urinary tract infection 5 months after undergoing kidney and liver transplantation. The tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for her A. baumannii isolate was 1.5 microg/ml; the patient received 2 weeks of therapy with intravenous tigecycline as a 100-mg loading dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours, with no lapses in treatment and with resolution of the infection. Three weeks later, MDR A. baumannii was isolated from her sputum in the setting of clinical evidence of pneumonia, and tigecycline was restarted; the tigecycline MIC for the A. baumannii isolate was 2 microg/ml. At approximately the same time, the patient was found to have a paraspinal abscess and spinal osteomyelitis. Cultures of the abscess fluid grew A. baumannii with a tigecycline MIC of 24 microg/ml. A follow-up sputum culture again yielded A. baumannii, but with a tigecycline MIC of 24 microg/ml. Urine culture at that time also grew A. baumannii with a tigecycline MIC of 24 microg/ml. Clinicians should be aware that tigecycline MICs for A. baumannii isolates may increase during therapy with tigecycline after only brief exposure to the drug. Patients receiving tigecycline for Acinetobacter should be monitored for the development of clinical resistance, and isolates should be monitored for evidence of microbiologic resistance.
Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Humanos , Transplante de Rim , Transplante de Fígado , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Minociclina/farmacologia , Osteomielite/tratamento farmacológico , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/microbiologia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/microbiologia , Resistência a Tetraciclina , Tigeciclina , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To report a case of infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by Gemella haemolysans. METHODS: Observational case report. A 65-year-old woman underwent penetrating keratoplasty for contact lens-related Acanthamoeba keratitis and developed a nonhealing epithelial defect. Despite continued prophylaxis with topical gatifloxacin, small superficial stromal opacities were noted and cultured 6 months after penetrating keratoplasty. The opacities coalesced into a fine, crystalline keratopathy in the superficial stroma with persistent overlying epithelial defect. RESULTS: Culture results from corneal scraping showed more than 100 colonies of G. haemolysans. Topical vancomycin was instituted, with complete resolution of the crystalline keratopathy and epithelial defect over the next 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: G. haemolysans can be a causative organism of infectious crystalline keratopathy. This infection can arise in a postkeratoplasty patient despite prophylaxis with a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone.
Assuntos
Doenças da Córnea/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Staphylococcaceae/isolamento & purificação , Administração Tópica , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças da Córnea/diagnóstico , Doenças da Córnea/tratamento farmacológico , Epitélio Corneano/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitélio Corneano/microbiologia , Epitélio Corneano/patologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ceratoplastia Penetrante , Vancomicina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Dioctophyma renale (D. renale), or giant kidney worms, are the largest nematodes that infect mammals. Approximately 20 cases of human infection have been reported. We present a case of a 71-year-old man with a recent history of unintentional weight loss and painless haematuria, passing elongated erythematous tissue via his urethra. CT revealed a left renal mass with pulmonary nodules and hepatic lesions. On microscopy, the erythematous tissue passed was identified as D. renale. On subsequent renal biopsy, pathology was consistent with renal cell carcinoma. This is the first reported case of concomitant D. renale infection and renal cell carcinoma, and the second reported case of D. renale infection of the left kidney alone.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico , Dioctophymatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enoplida/diagnóstico , Rim/parasitologia , Idoso , Animais , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/complicações , Infecções por Enoplida/complicações , Evolução Fatal , Hematúria/etiologia , Humanos , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiplos/complicações , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XAssuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Assistência de Longa Duração , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Idoso , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Illinois , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
We present a case of sinusitis and orbital cellulitis in a 9-year-old girl caused by the Gram-positive bacillus Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. In addition to antimicrobial chemotherapy, two surgical procedures were required to drain the ethmoid and maxillary sinus cavities and a subperiosteal abscess.
Assuntos
Infecções por Actinomycetales/diagnóstico , Celulite (Flegmão)/microbiologia , Sinusite Etmoidal/microbiologia , Sinusite Maxilar/microbiologia , Doenças Orbitárias/microbiologia , Actinomycetaceae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Actinomycetales/terapia , Antibacterianos , Celulite (Flegmão)/complicações , Celulite (Flegmão)/terapia , Criança , Terapia Combinada , Drenagem/métodos , Quimioterapia Combinada/administração & dosagem , Sinusite Etmoidal/complicações , Sinusite Etmoidal/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Sinusite Maxilar/complicações , Sinusite Maxilar/terapia , Doenças Orbitárias/complicações , Doenças Orbitárias/terapia , Medição de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A 7-year 8-month-old girl was diagnosed with a prolonged course of vulvovaginitis caused by Shigella flexneri. The child was symptomatic with intermittent vaginal bleeding, dysuria and foul smelling vaginal discharge for a 3-year period. Initial attempts to resolve the infection with successive courses of antibiotic therapy using ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid failed. The child's infection was finally resolved by a 14-day course of ciprofloxacin.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Disenteria Bacilar/complicações , Shigella flexneri/patogenicidade , Vulvovaginite/microbiologia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Resistência a Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Vulvovaginite/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Doenças da Córnea/microbiologia , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Staphylococcaceae/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cefuroxima/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Doenças da Córnea/diagnóstico , Doenças da Córnea/tratamento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ofloxacino/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcaceae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A retrospective matched case-control study of hospitalized patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infection with reduced susceptibility to linezolid was performed in order to identify risk factors for this infection and describe patient outcomes. Forty-eight linezolid nonsusceptible VRE cases were identified between January 1, 2000, and September 30, 2008, and compared to 96 controls with linezolid-susceptible VRE, matched based on culture date and anatomic site of infection. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were collected. On univariable analysis, risk factors for reduced linezolid susceptibility included allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and/or solid organ transplant (odds ratio [OR]: 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-6.15; P = 0.025), receipt of immunosuppressive medications (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.08-5.29; P = 0.032) including corticosteroids (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.03-5.58; P = 0.042) and noncorticosteroid immunosuppressives (OR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.00-5.30; P = 0.049), and receipt of linezolid within 1 year prior to infection (OR: 34.50, 95% CI: 4.60-259.02; P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, only receipt of linezolid within 1 year remained an independent risk factor for reduced linezolid susceptibility (OR: 31.84; 95% CI: 4.20-241.39; P < 0.001), although most patients with VRE with reduced linezolid susceptibility had not received linezolid in the year prior. Reduced linezolid susceptibility did not impact patient outcomes including clinical or microbiological cure, hospital length of stay, or all-cause mortality.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Linezolida , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Characterizing pathogens responsible for recreational waterborne gastrointestinal illness is important in estimating risk and developing management strategies to prevent infection. Although water recreation is associated with sporadic cases of gastrointestinal illness, pathogens responsible for such illness are not well characterized. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted enrolling non-water recreators (such as cyclists and joggers) and two groups of limited-contact waters recreators (such as boaters and kayakers): those on an effluent-dominated urban waterway and those on general use waters. Stool samples were collected from participants who developed gastrointestinal symptoms during a three-week follow-up period. Samples were analyzed for bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens. Logistic regression models were used to identify associations between water recreation and the presence of pathogens in stool samples. RESULTS: Among 10,998 participants without gastrointestinal symptoms at baseline, 2,429 (22.1%) developed at least one symptom during 21 days of follow-up. Of those, 740 (30.5%) provided at least one stool sample, of which 76 (10.3%) were positive for a pathogen. Rotavirus, found primarily among adults, accounted for 53 of the 76 (70%) infections. Among participants with symptoms, pathogen presence was not associated with water recreation or the extent of water exposure. The range of pathogens that could be identified and sample size limitations may have contributed to this lack of association. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find specific pathogens or groups of pathogens associated with recreational waterborne gastrointestinal illness. Although pathogens responsible for outbreaks of waterborne gastrointestinal illness have been described, microbes that cause sporadic cases remain poorly defined.
Assuntos
Fezes/microbiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Águas Residuárias , Purificação da Água/normas , Adulto , Chicago/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Gastroenteropatias/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Prospectivos , RecreaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We describe our experience using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during a period of active surveillance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from March 2007 until November 2007. OBJECTIVE: To compare PCR with bacterial culture methods and find the screening algorithm that most successfully ensures appropriate isolation of colonized patients. METHODS: Patients in the NICU were screened for MRSA on admission and weekly thereafter until discharge. Healthcare workers (HCWs) were also screened as part of an outbreak investigation. A total of 599 individuals were screened for MRSA with both a PCR assay and selective bacterial culture. Strain typing was performed on all MRSA isolates to determine clonal relatedness. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 435 infants (4.8%) screened positive for MRSA with the PCR assay. Only 11 patients (52.4%) had concomitant bacterial cultures positive for MRSA. Compared to bacterial culture, the PCR assay had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.6%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 52.4%. Infants that tested positive for MRSA by both culture and PCR were more likely to have a positive PCR assay result when retested than were those who tested positive by PCR alone (80% vs 20%; P = .02). Strain typing of MRSA isolates identified a common clone in only 2 colonized infants. CONCLUSION: Our data show that, in our neonatal population, the reproducibility of PCR assay results for culture-negative patients was low compared with the reproducibility of results for culture-positive patients. Furthermore, the low PPV suggests that for nearly half of individuals who were PCR-positive, the result was falsely positive, which argues against the use of PCR assays alone for MRSA screening in the NICU.
Assuntos
Doenças do Prematuro/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/estatística & dados numéricos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Vigilância da População/métodos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos , Chicago/epidemiologia , Meios de Cultura , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Prematuro/microbiologia , Masculino , Resistência a Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Favus is an uncommon pattern of dermatophytic infection of the scalp, glabrous skin and nails. We report the first documented case of favus of the scalp caused by Microsporum canis in an immunocompetent 8-year-old girl. The classic and various atypical clinical presentations of favus are discussed, as well as a brief review of the literature given.
Assuntos
Microsporum/isolamento & purificação , Tinha Favosa/microbiologia , Criança , Feminino , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Tinha Favosa/patologiaRESUMO
Secondary central nervous system (CNS) blastomycosis is an unusual manifestation of blastomycosis. We report a case of recurrent intracerebral blastomycosis that presented histopathologically with giant yeast-like cells and multinucleation that mimicked Coccidioides immitis. The yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis usually range in size from 8 to 20 microm in diameter. Large or giant yeast forms (20-40 microm) are rare. The four cases previously reported in the literature involving giant yeast cell forms of B. dermatitidis are reviewed here. Intracerebral blastomycosis should be suspected in patients with signs and symptoms of CNS lesions and histories of primary blastomycosis, or treatment with corticosteroids, or comprised immune systems. The diagnosis should be confirmed by culture which presents typical biphasic microbiologic features.
Assuntos
Blastomyces/citologia , Blastomyces/isolamento & purificação , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções Fúngicas do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Infecções Fúngicas do Sistema Nervoso Central/microbiologia , Adolescente , Idoso , Blastomicose/diagnóstico , Blastomicose/microbiologia , Encéfalo/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RadiografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vaginal swabs were recently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-cleared for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) using Gen-Probe Incorporated's APTIMA COMBO2 Assay (AC2). We assessed the APTIMA CT Assay (ACT) for CT, APTIMA GC Assay (AGC) for GC, and AC2 for both organisms using patient- and clinician-collected vaginal swabs. METHOD: Women attending family planning, obstetrics and gynecology, or sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics had first-catch urines (FCUs), patient-collected vaginal swabs, clinician-collected vaginal swabs, and endocervical swabs tested by ACT, AGC, and AC2. A second endocervical swab and FCU were tested using BD ProbeTec (Becton Dickinson) for CT and GC. We calculated sensitivity and specificity using vaginal swabs to detect CT and GC. RESULTS: Of 1,464 subjects enrolled, 180 had CT and 78 GC. ACT sensitivities and specificities for patient-collected vaginal swabs were 98.3% and 96.5%, respectively; for clinician-collected vaginal swabs, 97.2% and 95.2%, respectively. AGC sensitivities and specificities for patient-collected vaginal swabs were 96.1% and 99.3%, respectively; for clinician-collected vaginal swabs, 96.2% and 99.3%, respectively. AC2 results were similar. If an FCU tested positive for CT or GC, >94% of matching vaginal swabs were positive. Positive endocervical swabs showed slightly less concordance (>90% and >88%, respectively). More infected patients were identified using vaginal swabs than FCUs. With AC2, 171 CT-infected patients were identified using FCUs and 196 using patient-collected vaginal swabs. This difference was more pronounced for CT than for GC. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal swab specimens allowed sensitive and specific detection of CT and GC in the APTIMA assays. Vaginal swabs identified as many infected patients as endocervical swabs and more than FCUs, and may well be the specimen of choice for screening.
Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Programas de Rastreamento , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Vagina/microbiologia , Adulto , Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Feminino , Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Humanos , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Autocuidado , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Urina/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Self-collected specimens can be used to screen asymptomatic women for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC). We surveyed women's opinions on ease and preferences as to sampling after collecting their own vaginal swab and urine and a physician collection of vaginal swab and cervical swab. METHODS: In 7 North American cities, a questionnaire was used for women after they participated in a clinical trial of nucleic acid amplification testing of various specimens. A total of 1,090 women consenting to gynecologic sampling for CT and GC (82% of those sampled) volunteered to complete the survey. We analyzed the data for ease of self-collection and preferences for a vaginal swab, urine, or cervical swab. RESULTS: The average age was 26.6 years; 59.6% were black, 25.5% white, 11% Hispanic, 1.9% Asian, and 2% unknown. Thirty-five percent had more than one sex partner in the past 6 months, 84.9% had been previously tested for a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and 49.2% had experienced an STI. A total of 90.4% found it very easy to self-collect a vaginal swab. This was not influenced by age, education, or study site. Seventy-six percent preferred a vaginal swab over a pelvic examination, 60% over a urine collection, and 94% indicated that they would be tested more often if a vaginal swab was available. CONCLUSION: Self-collected vaginal swabs were easy to collect and patients preferred them over urine and cervical swabs.