Aliovalent Substitution Tunes Physical Properties in a Conductive Bis(dithiolene) Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework.

Two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks have emerged as promising electronic materials for applications in (opto)electronic, thermoelectric, magnetic, electrocatalytic, and energy storage devices. Many bottom-up or postsynthetic protocols have been developed to isolate these materials or further modulate their electronic properties. However, some methodologies commonly used in classic semiconductors, notably, aliovalent substitution, are conspicuously absent. Here, we demonstrate how aliovalent Fe(III) to Ni(II) substitution enables the isolation of a Ni bis(dithiolene) material from a previously reported Fe analogue. Detailed characterization supports the idea that aliovalent substitution of Fe(III) to Ni(II) results in an in situ oxidation of the organic dithiolene linker. This substitution-induced redox tuning modulates the electronic properties in the system, leading to higher electrical conductivity and Hall mobility but slightly lower carrier densities and weaker antiferromagnetic interactions. Moreover, this aliovalent substitution improves the material's electrochemical stability and thus enables pseudocapacitive behavior in the Ni material. These results demonstrate how classic aliovalent substitution strategies in semiconductors can also be leveraged in conductive MOFs and add further support to this class of compounds as emerging electronic materials.

Clinical manifestations and susceptibility of Scedosporium/Lomentospora infections at a tertiary medical centre in Taiwan from 2014 to 2021: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis is a globally emerging and crucial fungal infection. However, clinical data on Scedosporium/Lomentospora infections in Taiwan are scarce. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of Scedosporium/Lomentospora-infected patients and evaluate the susceptibility of these isolates to antifungal agents. METHODS: The clinical features of Scedosporium/Lomentospora-infected patients at a tertiary teaching hospital in Northern Taiwan between 2014 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed; isolates from these patients were identified to species level for antifungal susceptibility testing. RESULTS: Among 44 patients, 27 (61.4%) had scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis, whereas 17 (38.6%) were colonised with Scedosporium/Lomentospora species. Scedosporium apiospermum was the main coloniser; scedosporiosis was primarily caused by S. boydii. Trauma history, steroid and immunosuppressant use were the most common risk factors for developing these infections. Among 27 patients with scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis, one was lost to follow-up and seven (7/26, 26.9%) died. Most patients with S. apiospermum infection have a history of trauma, leading to cutaneous, bone and ocular infections. Pulmonary, sinus and disseminated infections and mortality were frequently reported in patients with S. boydii infection. Voriconazole's minimum inhibitory concentration was low for S. boydii, S. apiospermum and S. aurantiacum. Caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin were active against S. boydii and S. apiospermum. A potentially novel Scedosporium species was identified in this study, with distinct clinical manifestations and antifungal susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: At our centre, S. boydii is the main causative species of scedosporiosis; voriconazole could be the first-line treatment in Taiwan. Our study supports the importance of speciation, rather than only categorising these isolates into S. apiospermum species complex.

First report of Pythium aristosporum causing root rot on rice seedling in Taiwan.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the principle staple crops in the World and its production can be severely damaged by Pythium species. Several Pythium species including P. afertile, P. arrhenomanes, P. dissotocum, P. elongatum, P. spinosum, have been recorded to cause rice seedling root rot in Taiwan (List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan edited by Tzean et al., 2019). During the survey of rice seedling diseases, we identified a new species of Pythium that causes seedling root rot on rice in commercial nursery trays in two nursery fields in 2019 in Taichung, Taiwan. Stunting and root rot symptom were found on the affected plants and up to 20% seedlings in a nursery tray showed similar symptoms. To isolate the pathogen, symptomatic roots were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 1 min and rinsed in sterile water. The margin of lesion was cut off, placed on 1.5% water agar and incubated at 28 ℃. After 24 h, the hyphal tips of a white colony growing from the diseased region were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating the germinated rice seeds with mycelia. Rice seeds of O. sativa var. Tainan11 (TN11) were treated with 75% ethanol and then 1.2% NaOCl for 15 min. The sterilized seeds were soaked in sterile water under dark condition for 3 days and the water was replaced every day. Five of the pre-germinated seeds with 2~5 mm embryonic shoot were placed in a sterile petri-dish and inoculated with 3-ml mycelial suspension (OD600 = 0.045) prepared by blending the mycelia of a 3-days PDA culture using an Oster 10 speed blender 6640 (Oster, USA). The seeds-mycelia were then covered with sterilized soil mixture of Akadama soil and rice husk (1:1, volume to volume) and incubated in a growth chamber at 28 ℃. Seven days post-inoculation, the inoculated seedlings showed stunting with short and necrotic roots (Fig. S1). The pathogen was reisolated from the diseased seedlings and identified with morphology and molecular methods. For morphological characterization, the pathogen was cultured on V8 agar to produce oogonia and zoospore (Chamswarng and Cook 1985). Globose oogonia with multiple antheridia (1-5 per oogonium), inflated filamentous sporangia, vesicle with abundant zoospores, main hypha with up to 6.57 µm wide and mature aplerotic oospores with diameter 24.35-30.81 µm (average= 27.22 µm; n=20) were observed (Fig. S1) that are similar to the descriptions for P. aristosporum (van der Plaats-Niterink 1981). Genomic DNA was extracted with CTAB method (Wang and White 1997) and the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and gene region of ß-tubulin (tub) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (cox II) were amplified with published primers (Villa et al., 2006). The obtained sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession nos: OL701302 (ITS), OL763269 (tub), and OL763270 (cox II); Fig. S2). Phylogenetic relationships between this Pythium pathogen and other 55 Pythium isolates, including the type species of P. aristosporum (ATCC11101), were conducted with the concatenated sequences of tub and cox II and analyzed by Bayesian interference (Fig. S3). Based on the tree built with tub and cox II sequences, this pathogen was identified as P. aristosporum that has not been reported in rice and other plants in Taiwan. It was observed in laboratory assays that this pathogen caused significant root-rot symptoms on several major rice varieties grown in Taiwan, including TN11, Tainung67 and Kaoshiung139. It may potentially cause severe crop loss in rice production, especially in nurseries. This identification provides important information on rice disease management.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) fails to improve cognition in patients with parkinson's disease: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive decline is one of the greatest concerns for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their care partners. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a nonpharmacological treatment option used to improve cognitive function in PD, but its efficacy is unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether rTMS improves cognition in PD patients. METHODS: Eligibility criteria (PICOS) were as follows: (1) 'P': The patients participating were diagnosed with idiopathic PD; (2) 'I': Intervention using rTMS; (3) 'C': Sham stimulation as control; (4) 'O': The outcome of the study included cognitive evaluations; (5) 'S': The study adopted randomized controlled design. The standardized mean difference (SMD) of change of score was applied to measure efficacy, and we used Version 2 of the Cochrane tool to assess risk of bias. RESULTS: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with sham-controlled group, the pooled result showed a non-significant short-term effect of rTMS on global cognition (SMD: -0.15, 95% CI: -0.59 to 0.29, I2 = 36.7%), executive function (SMD: 0.03, 95% CI: -0.21 to 0.26, I2 = 0.0%), and attention and working memory (SMD: 0.05, 95% CI: -0.25 to 0.35, I2 = 0.0%). Long-term outcomes were either shown to be statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a limited number of studies, rTMS fails to improve cognition in PD. We call for additional high-quality randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes to determine the efficacy of rTMS.

Involvement of the fatty acid-binding protein in the growth of Schistosoma japonicum schistosomula.

This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism underlying the role of the Schistosoma japonicum antigen of fatty acid-binding protein (SjFABP) on the growth of the schistosomula. SjFABP levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of samples of mice infected with S. japonicum; SjFABP was expressed and its levels gradually increased during all stages of S. japonicum schistosomula, including on 3, 10, 14, and 21 days of the growth process. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that SjFABP was distributed in the parenchyma, especially in the digestive tract of the S. japonicum schistosomula. RNA interference resulted in more than 60% knockdown of SjFABP leading to a reduction in length, volume, width, and area of the schistosomula as compared to control samples, as determined by light microscopy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling detection further suggested that SjFABP knockdown resulted in increased apoptosis of schistosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that SjFABP may be related to the growth and survival of S. japonicum schistosomula, thereby representing a potential target for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Protective effect of sevoflurane on vascular endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing heart valve surgery: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The glycocalyx plays an important physiological role and may be damaged during cardiopulmonary bypass. Sevoflurane can protect the glycocalyx; however, its relevance in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Glycocalyx degradation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients was investigated. On the basis of the available experimental data, we hypothesised that sevoflurane-based anaesthesia would confer additional protection against cardiopulmonary bypass-induced glycocalyx damage. DESIGN: Randomised controlled study. SETTING: Clinical study at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between June 2018 and March 2019. PATIENTS: Fifty-one patients. INTERVENTIONS: After intubation and mechanical ventilation, patients undergoing elective heart valve surgery were maintained under general anaesthesia with either propofol or sevoflurane during surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Glycocalyx markers (such as syndecan-1, heparan sulphate and hyaluronan), sheddases responsible for the degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx (such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin-B), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and levels of lactic acid and myocardial enzymes were all measured. Postoperative mechanical ventilation time and length of stay in the cardiac care unit and hospital were also measured. Morbidity and mortality after 30 days and 1 year were evaluated. RESULTS: The vascular endothelial glycocalyx was damaged during cardiopulmonary bypass. The glycocalyx damage in the sevoflurane group was less extensive than that in the propofol group. The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio increased in both groups but was lower in the sevoflurane group. Enzymes including matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin-B were positively correlated with glycocalyx marker concentrations. After operation, the sevoflurane group showed lower levels of lactic acid and myocardial enzyme, as well as shorter duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation than the propofol group. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane can decrease glycocalyx degradation in patients undergoing heart valve surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR1800016367.

[Practical exploration on the Online Four-step Teaching of Encouraging and Sharing during COVID-19 period].

The "Four-step Teaching of Encouraging and Sharing" is a learner-centered teaching method that advocates teamwork and gives full play to the role of the teacher in guiding learning. It is an innovative teaching approach to realize students' self-transcendence by stimulating students' internal motivation for independent learning, applying group task-driven learning, and giving teachers' feedback to students' sharing. It consists of four steps: teachers' guiding, students' self-regulated learning, team learning and practice, experience sharing. We have applied this method to the teaching practice of physiology and experimental physiological science with a significant impact on teaching effects. This teaching method has also been implemented to other courses in other majors. To solve the problems of reduced communication and interaction, low learning enthusiasm and motivation in online teaching course during COVID-19 pandemic, we recruited 21 undergraduates from different schools and majors. Using the "Tencent Meeting" platform, the authors tried to apply the whole process of the "Four-step Teaching of Encouraging and Sharing" to the online teaching of physiology. Group tests and questionnaires were used to evaluate teaching effects. The results showed that the implementation of the "Online Four-step Teaching of Encouraging and Sharing (OFST)" was feasible and effective, and to a certain extent alleviated the problems of loneliness and low learning motivation of students during online learning caused by home quarantine, which was particularly helpful for long-distance inter-school and inter-discipline team learning.

[State regulation for complex biological networks based on dynamic optimization algorithms].

Recent studies showed that certain drugs can change regulatory reaction parameters in gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and therefore restore pathological cells to a normal state. A state control framework for regulating biological networks has been built based on attractors and bifurcation theory to analyze this phenomenon. However, the control signal is self-developed in this framework, of which the parameter perturbation method can only calculate the state transition time of cells with single control variable. Therefore, an optimal control method based on the dynamic optimization algorithms is proposed for complex biological networks modeled by nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In this approach, dynamic optimization problems are constructed based on basic characteristics of the biological networks. Furthermore, using an example of a simple low-dimensional three-node GRN and a complex high-dimensional cancer GRN, MATLAB is utilized to calculate optimal control strategies with either single or multiple control variables. This method aims to achieve accurate and rapid state regulation for biological networks, which can provide a reference for experimental researches and medical treatment.

Critical Study of the Recognition between C-Reactive Protein and Surface-Immobilized Phosphorylcholine by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker for cardiovascular disease, has been reported to have a strong affinity to zwitterionic phosphorylcholine (PC) groups in the presence of calcium ions. In addition, PC-immobilized surfaces have been used as a nonfouling coating to prevent nonspecific protein binding. By appropriately using the features of PC-immobilized surfaces, including specific recognition to CRP and nonfouling surface, it is reasonable to create an antibody-free biosensor for the specific capture of CRP. In this study, PC-functionalized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers were used to prepare PC-immobilized surfaces. The density of PC groups on the surface can be fine-tuned by changing the composition of the monomer solutions for the electropolymerization. The density of PC group was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The specific interaction of CRP with PC groups was monitored by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The amount of protein binding could be estimated by the reduction in frequency readout. Through the QCM-D measurement, we revealed the nonfouling property and the specific CRP capture from our PC-immobilized surfaces. Notably, the dissipation energy also dropped during the binding process between CRP and PC, indicating the release of water molecules from the PC groups during CRP adsorption. We anticipate that surface-bound water molecules are mainly released from areas near the immobilized PC groups. Based on Hofmeister series, we further examined the influence of ions by introducing four different anions including both kosmotrope (order maker) and chaotrope (disorder maker) into the buffer for the CRP binding test. The results showed that the concentration and the type of anions play an important role in CRP binding. The present fundamental study reveals deep insights into the recognition between CRP and surface-immobilized PC groups, which can facilitate the development of CRP sensing platforms.

BEX4 upregulation alters Sertoli cell growth properties and protein expression profiles: An explanation for cadmium-induced testicular Sertoli cell injury.

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cadmium (Cd) may induce testicular dysfunction by targeting genes that are expressed in the testis. Here, we demonstrated that BEX4 is expressed in testis Sertoli cells, and its expression was significantly upregulated by CdCl2 treatment through activating the p38 signaling pathway. To investigate whether augmented BEX4 expression affects Sertoli cell growth and function, BEX4-overexpressing TM4 Sertoli cells were established. Proteomics analysis identified 85 differentially expressed proteins in BEX4-overexpressing cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of the significantly upregulated proteins had functional implications in cellular metabolic processes, whereas those that were downregulated were mostly related to cell cycle and cell communication. Therefore, the present study provides the first evidence that BEX4 upregulation induces alterations in Sertoli cell growth properties and protein expression profiles, which may be an explanation for Cd-induced testicular Sertoli cell injury.

Correlation Between Flow-Mediated Dilatation of the Brachial Artery and Serum Endothelial Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Acute Endothelial Injury After Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery and serum endothelial biomarkers and to discuss the feasibility of sonographic evaluation of acute endothelial injury during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. METHODS: Sonography was applied to determine the percentage of change in the brachial artery size during flow-mediated dilatation. Meanwhile, the plasma concentrations of endothelial-derived biomarkers, such as endothelin 1, nitric oxide, and von Willebrand factor, were measured to monitor the changes in endothelial function. We analyzed the correlation between flow-mediated dilatation and biomarkers during the perioperative period of CPB in 27 patients. RESULTS: All of the biomarkers changed dramatically, especially during the CPB period. There was a negative correlation between flow-mediated dilatation and von Willebrand factor (P = .001; R = -0.31). CONCLUSIONS: A CPB event has a substantial impact on endothelial function, and sonographic assessment of the percentage of change in the brachial artery size during flow-mediated dilatation allows early detection of acute endothelial function injury in cardiac surgery.

Inhibitory effect of acarbose on tyrosinase: application of molecular dynamics integrating inhibition kinetics.

Due to its clinical and cosmetic applications, investigators have paid attention to tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitor development. In this study, a TYR inhibition study with acarbose was investigated to gain insights into the regulation of the catalytic function. Biochemical assay results indicated that acarbose was turned to be an inhibitor of TYR in a reversible binding manner and probed as a distinctive mixed-type inhibitor via measurement of double-reciprocal kinetic (Ki = 18.70 ± 4.12 mM). Time-interval kinetic measurement indicated that TYR catalytic function was gradually inactivated by acarbose in a time-dependent behavior displaying with a monophase process that was evaluated by semi-logarithmic plotting. Spectrofluorimetric measurement by integrating with a hydrophobic residue detector (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate) showed that the high dose of acarbose derived a conspicuous local structural deformation of the TYR catalytic site pocket. Computational docking simulation showed that acarbose bound to key residues such as HIS61, TYR65, ASN81, HIS244, and HIS259. Our study extends an understanding of the functional application of acarbose and proposes that acarbose is an alternative candidate drug for a whitening agent via direct retardation of TYR catalytic function and it would be applicable for the relevant skin hyperpigmentation disorders concerning the dermatologic clinical purpose.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Association between brain-derived neurothropic factor variants and asthma in Chinese Han children.

AIM: To identify the markers contributing to genetic susceptibility to asthma in Chinese Han children. METHODS: This study examined the potential association between childhood asthma and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - SNPs, rs16917204, rs6265, rs7103873, rs16917237, rs56164415, rs13306221 and rs10767664 - using the MassARRAY system. The participants, recruited between May 2009 and July 2012, were 319 children with asthma (mean age 9.82 ± 1.57 years) recruited from a hospital paediatric department and 309 healthy controls (mean age 10.25 ± 1.36 years), recruited from the medical examination centre at the same hospital. RESULTS: We observed a significant association for rs6265 (χ(2)  = 9.851, p = 0.002, OR = 1.427, 95% CI = 1.143-1.783), located in exon 4 of the BDNF. Another potential association was observed for rs13306221 (χ(2)  = 4.316, p = 0.038, OR = 1.604, 95% CI = 1.024-2.512) in the promoter region of the BDNF. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed in block 1 (D' > 0.9). Significantly more G-G-G haplotypes in block 1 were found in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS: These findings point to a role for BDNF polymorphisms in Chinese Han children with asthma and may inform future genetic or biological studies on childhood asthma.

High Diversity of Fusarium Species in Onychomycosis: Clinical Presentations, Molecular Identification, and Antifungal Susceptibility.

Fusarium are uncommon but important pathogenic organisms; they cause non-dermatophyte mould (NDM) onychomycosis. Patients typically respond poorly to treatment owing to Fusarium's native resistance to multiple antifungal drugs. However, epidemiological data for Fusarium onychomycosis are lacking in Taiwan. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 84 patients with positive Fusarium nail sample cultures at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch between 2014 and 2020. We aimed to investigate the clinical presentations, microscopic and pathological characteristics, antifungal susceptibility, and species diversity of Fusarium in patients with Fusarium onychomycosis. We enrolled 29 patients using the six-parameter criteria for NDM onychomycosis to determine the clinical significance of Fusarium in these patients. All isolates were subjected to species identification by sequences and molecular phylogeny. A total of 47 Fusarium strains belonging to 13 species in four different Fusarium species complexes (with Fusarium keratoplasticum predominating) were isolated from 29 patients. Six types of histopathology findings were specific to Fusarium onychomycosis, which may be useful for differentiating dermatophytes from NDMs. The results of drug susceptibility testing showed high variation among species complexes, and efinaconazole, lanoconazole, and luliconazole showed excellent in vitro activity for the most part. This study's primary limitation was its single-centre retrospective design. Our study showed a high diversity of Fusarium species in diseased nails. Fusarium onychomycosis has clinical and pathological features distinct from those of dermatophyte onychomycosis. Thus, careful diagnosis and proper pathogen identification are essential in the management of NDM onychomycosis caused by Fusarium sp.

Correlation between lipid-lowering therapy and cerebral microbleeds.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if there is a correlation between lipid-lowering treatment with statins and the occurrence, number, and location of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) among patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD), and also to compare treatment with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in terms of the occurrence of CMBs and their differences. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included patients who were diagnosed with ICVD and underwent susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) in a grade A tertiary hospital from October 1, 2014 to October 1, 2022. We collected information on previous statin use, past medical history, clinical test indicators, and imaging data. RESULTS: We found that out of 522 patients, 310 patients (59.4%) had no CMB and 212 patients (40.6%) had CMBs. There was no statistically significant correlation between prior statin use, the occurrence, and number of CMBs in patients diagnosed with ICVD (P < 0.05). As for the location of CMB, there was a statistically significant correlation between prior statin use and lobar CMBs (P < 0.048). However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the use of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin and the occurrence of CMBs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no independent correlation between previous statin use, and the occurrence, and number of CMBs in patients with ICVD. As for CMBs in different locations, there was a correlation between previous use of statin and lobar CMBs. There was no significant difference between atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in the occurrence of CMBs in patients with ICVD.

Development of hyaluronic acid-silica composites via in situ precipitation for improved penetration efficiency in fast-dissolving microneedle systems.

Fast-dissolving microneedles (DMNs) hold significant promise for transdermal drug delivery, offering improved patient compliance, biocompatibility, and functional adaptability for various therapeutic purposes. However, the mechanical strength of the biodegradable polymers used in DMNs often proves insufficient for effective penetration into human skin, especially under high humidity conditions. While many composite strategies have been developed to reinforce polymer-based DMNs, simple mixing of the reinforcements with polymers often results in ineffective penetration due to inhomogeneous dispersion of the reinforcements and the formation of undesired micropores. In response to this challenge, this study aimed to enhance the mechanical performance of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based microneedles (MNs), one of the most commonly used DMN systems. We introduced in situ precipitation of silica nanoparticles (Si) into the HA matrix in conjunction with conventional micromolding. The precipitated silica nanoparticles were uniformly distributed, forming an interconnected network within the HA matrix. Experimental results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the HA-Si composite MNs with up to 20 vol% Si significantly improved, leading to higher penetration efficiency compared to pure HA MNs, while maintaining structural integrity without any critical defects. The composite MNs also showed reduced degradation rates and preserved their drug delivery capabilities and biocompatibility. Thus, the developed HA-Si composite MNs present a promising solution for efficient transdermal drug delivery and address the mechanical limitations inherent in DMN systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: HA-Si composite dissolving microneedle (DMN) systems were successfully fabricated through in situ precipitation and conventional micromolding processes. The precipitated silica nanoparticles formed an interconnected network within the HA matrix, ranging in size from 25 to 230 nm. The optimal silica content for HA-Si composite MN systems should be up to 20 % by volume to maintain structural integrity and mechanical properties. HA-Si composite MNs with up to 20 % Si showed improved penetration efficiency and reduced degradation rates compared to pure HA MNs, thereby expanding the operational window. The HA-Si composite MNs retained good drug delivery capabilities and biocompatibility.

Body size of fungus-growing termites infers on the volume and density of their fungal cultivar.

The body size of an animal plays a crucial role in determining its trophic level and position within the food web, as well as its interactions with other species. In the symbiosis between Termitomyces and fungus-growing termites, termites rely on nutrition of fungal nodules produced by Termitomyces. To understand whether the size of termites and fungal nodules are related to their partner specificity, we quantified the size of termite farmer caste, and the size and density of nodules in termite nests of four genera of fungus-growing termites, and identified their cultivated Termitomyces fungus species based on internal transcribed spacer regions and partial large subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The results showed that the size and density of fungal nodules were different among Termitomyces clades and revealed a constant trade-off between size and density among clades. The nodule size of each clade has low variation and fits normal distribution, indicating that size is a stabilized trait. Moreover, we found larger termite genera cultivated Termitomyces with larger but less numerous nodules. Based on these results, we concluded that there is a size specificity between Termitomyces and fungus-growing termites, which may lead to diversification of Termitomyces as adaptations to different termite genera.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase affects the growth of Schistosoma japonicum schistosomula.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGAPDH) on the growth of schistosomula. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to analyze the mRNA levels and immune localization of SjGAPDH. RNA interference experiments were conducted to further examine the role of SjGAPDH in the schistosomula growth of S. japonicum. The results demonstrated that SjGAPDH mRNA was expressed during all stages of S. japonicum development, with its expression gradually increasing over time. SjGAPDH was mainly distributed on the surface and in some parenchymal cells of S. japonicum. Double-stranded RNA-mediated GAPDH knockdown reduced SjGAPDH expression by approximately 59%. Light microscopic observations revealed that the size, length, width, volume, and area of schistosomula in the SjGAPDH interference group were significantly lower than those in the enhanced green fluorescent protein control group. These findings indicate that SjGAPDH may affect the growth of S. japonicum schistosomula and could be a useful target for treating schistosomiasis.

Application of Computational Simulation Integrating Inhibition Kinetics for Detecting Tyrosinase Inhibitor: Salsalate Is a New Inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: Tyrosinase inhibitor developments have been widely attended by investigators for their various applications. OBJECTIVE: A combination of virtual screening of docking simulations and biochemical inhibition kinetics was performed to find a new inhibitor of tyrosinase for the clinical application of an antipigment agent. METHODS: We conducted docking simulations to detect tyrosinase key binding residues and used the detected binding residues to screen the NCBI PubChem database for probing tyrosinase binding compounds. The serial inhibition kinetics and spectrofluorimetry measurements were performed to validate the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. RESULTS: We have detected 200 candidates and categorized them into four clusters. Among them, we successfully confirmed salsalate as a new inhibitor of tyrosinase measured by serial enzyme kinetics. Salsalate was detected as a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase displaying a typical mixedtype inhibition manner (IC50 = 22.19 ± 1.01 mM; Ki = 19.98 ± 2.11 mM). Spectrofluorimetry measurement by integrating with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate showed that salsalate mainly induced a slight regional conformation distortion of the tyrosinase active site accompanied by a slight hydrophobic disruption. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that salsalate is a potential anti-pigment drug via inhibition of tyrosinase activity and it might be applicable for dermatologic clinical application. Also, our study enlarges an insight into the salsalate drug application.

A sponge heated by electromagnetic induction and solar energy for quick, efficient, and safe cleanup of high-viscosity crude oil spills.

Frequent oil spills have caused severe environmental and ecological damage. Effective cleanup has become a complex challenge owing to the poor flowability of viscous crude oils. The current method of solar heating to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil is only suitable during sunny days, while the use of Joule heating is limited by the risk of direct exposure to high-voltage electricity. Herein, we demonstrate a noncontact electromagnetic induction and solar dual-heating sponge for the quick, safe, and energy-saving cleanup of ultrahigh-viscosity heavy oil. The resulting sponge with magnetic, conductive, and hydrophobic properties can be rapidly heated to absorb heavy oil under alternating magnetic fields, solar irradiation, or both of these conditions. By constructing theoretical models and fitting the actual data, an in-depth analysis of induction and solar heating processes is carried out. The sponge has excellent resilience and stability, indicating its reusability, fast and continuous adsorption (16.17 g in 10 s), and large capacity (75-81 g/g, the highest value ever) for soft asphalt (a highly viscous crude oil). This work provides a new noncontact dual-heating strategy for heavy oil cleanup, in which absorbents use induction heating during an emergency and then switch to partial or full solar heating to save energy in sunny conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Heavy oils stranded on the beach or floating on water can kill underwater plants by blocking sunlight, or trap water birds and other animals. Heavy oil also contains aromatic substances that are toxic to aquatic organisms. Although oil spills near shallow water cannot be cleaned up by fences or other machinery, an oil adsorbent can deal with this problem. However, common adsorbents cannot effectively absorb high-viscosity oils, such as heavy oil. In this paper, an induction and solar dual-heating sponge is developed for the effective cleanup of high-viscosity oil.