Evaluation of the effect of salts on chemical, structural, textural, sensory and heating properties of cheese: Contribution of conventional methods and spectral ones.

Chemical composition, sensory characteristics, textural and functional properties are among the most important characteristics, which directly relates to the global quality of cheese and to consumer acceptability. A number of factors including milk composition, processing conditions and salt content, influences these properties. The past decades many investigations were performed on the possibilities to reduce salt content of cheese due to its adverse health effects, the current lifestyle and the awareness of the consumers for nutrition quality products. Due to the multiple potential effects of reducing NaCl (simple reduction or substitution) on cheese attributes, it is of utmost importance to identify and understand those effects in order to control the global quality and safety of the final product. In the present review a collection of the different results and conclusions drawn after studying the effect of salts by conventional (e.g. wet chemistry) and instrumental (e.g. spectral) methods on chemical, structural, textural, sensory and heating properties of cheese are presented.

Genotoxic risk of ethyl-paraben could be related to telomere shortening.

The ability of parabens to promote the appearance of multiple cancer hallmarks in breast epithelium cells provides grounds for regulatory review of the implication of the presence of parabens in human breast tissue. It is well documented that telomere dysfunction plays a significant role in the initiation of genomic instability during carcinogenesis in human breast cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic effect of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (ethyl-paraben), with and without metabolic activation (S9), in studies following OECD guidelines. We observed a significant increase in genotoxic damage using the Mouse Lymphoma Assay and in vitro micronucleus (MN) tests in the L5178Y cell line in the presence of S9 only after a short exposure. A high frequency of MN was observed in the TK6 cells after a short exposure (3 h) in the presence of S9 and a long exposure (26 h) without S9. We found significant increases in the MN frequency and induced chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes of only one donor after ethyl-paraben exposure in the presence of S9 after a short exposure. Cytogenetic characterization of the paraben-treated cells demonstrated telomere shortening associated with telomere loss and telomere deletions in L5178Y and TK6 cells and lymphocytes of the paraben sensitive-donor. In a control cohort of 68 human lymphocytes, telomere length and telomere aberrations were age-dependent and showed high inter-individual variation. This study is the first to link telomere shortening and the genotoxic effect of ethyl paraben in the presence of S9 and raises the possibility that telomere shortening may be a proxy for underlying inter-individual sensitivity to ethyl-paraben. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cutaneous metastasis of lung carcinoma: a retrospective study of 12 cases.

BACKGROUND: The skin is a rare site of metastasis of the internal malignancies. On the contrary, lung cancer is a common primary malignancy of skin metastasis. The latter is either synchronous with the primary lung tumour or can reveal it. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the clinical findings and the outcome of cutaneous metastasis in patients with primary lung cancer. METHODS: Retrospective study including 12 cases of cutaneous metastasis of lung cancer diagnosed in our institution during 6years. RESULTS: Our patients included three women and nine men with a median age of 59.83years. The cutaneous metastases were unique in seven cases. They revealed the primary tumour in two cases, were discovered synchronously with the primary tumour in six cases and after the primary tumour in four cases. They appeared in patients presenting multiple metastases in 10 cases. Clinical appearance consisted on a firm nodule, sometimes ulcerated with a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 5.5cm. The tumour was sited in the thorax, the back, the abdomen; or the upper or lower limbs. Pathological examination of bronchial biopsy revealed an adenocarcinoma in eight cases, a squamous cell carcinoma in two cases and a small cell carcinoma in two cases. In spite of lung cancer therapies, the patients with metastasis to other organs with a median follow-up time of 4months died. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous metastases of lung cancer are of poor prognosis. They are most of the time associated with an advanced neoplastic process with metastasis to other organs. Median survival after skin involvement does not exceed months.

[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the lung: Imaging features]. / Imagerie des tumeurs myofibroblastiques inflammatoires du poumon.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are ubiquitous but most frequently affect the lung. The imaging features are non-specific but the diagnosis may be suggested in the presence of solitary pulmonary nodule or mass in children or young adults. The tumor may appear locally and regionally aggressive suggesting malignancy. Diagnostic confirmation is obtained from histological evaluation of the surgical specimen. Treatment is surgical with oncologic surgical resection.

[Primary thymic carcinomas. Three cases and a review of the literature]. / Carcinomes thymiques primitifs : à propos de trois cas avec revue de la littérature.

Thymic carcinoma is a very rare malignancy. In 1999, a World Health Organization committee published histologic criteria for distinct thymoma entities (labelled as type A, AB, B1, B2, B3 thymomas) and for the heterogeneous group of thymic carcinomas, collectively called type C tumour. Thymic carcinoma differs from thymoma in that it displays cytologically malignant features, extensive local invasion, and a substantial potential for metastasis. It constitutes a heterogeneous group of tumours that display different biological behaviours and prognoses. The majority of thymic carcinomas are either squamous carcinomas or lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. This study included three male patients aged 20, 46 and 19years respectively with histologically proven thymic carcinoma diagnosed at the author's institution. All of the patients presented a large mass of the anterior mediastinum. Histological examination of the different tumours revealed three distinct variants of thymic carcinoma, namely: epidermoid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma.

[Benign mature teratomas of the mediastinum]. / Tératomes matures bénins du médiastin.

INTRODUCTION: Mature teratomas of the mediastinum are rare. However, they represent the most common mediastinal germ cell tumours. The aim of this study is to describe their clinical and pathological characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen cases of mediastinal mature teratoma, diagnosed between January 1992 and December 2006, were reviewed retrospectively, noting the clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological findings. RESULTS: The patient population consisted of 10 females and 4 males with mean age of 29 years (5-56 years). Chest pain was the main symptom. Imaging features comprised a heterogeneous anterior mediastinal mass containing soft-tissue, fluid, fat, or calcium attenuation, or any combination of the four. Macroscopically all the tumours were cystic, or predominantly cystic, containing mostly grumous material. The mean size was 9 cm (5-12 cm). Histological examination constantly revealed skin with or without appendages. Other components identified were bronchial mucosa (12 cases), fat (12 cases), muscle (10 cases), cartilage (8 cases), bone (7 cases), gastrointestinal mucosa (7 cases), pancreas (5 cases), urothelial epithelium (3 cases), nervous and prostatic tissues (one case each). All the teratomas were mature, and 7 of them were intrathymic. CONCLUSION: Every form of teratoma occurs in the mediastinum (mature, immature and with malignant transformation) but, in our study, they were exclusively mature. The histology is essentially similar to that of teratomas of gonads. However, pancreatic tissue occurs frequently in mediastinum (54% in literature, 25% in our study) but not in the gonads. On the other hand, thyroid follicles have not yet been seen in mediastinal teratomas.

[Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Report of 3 cases with late presentation]. / Malformation adénomatoïde kystique congénitale du poumon: à propos de trois cas de révélation tardive.

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung is a rare congenital developmental abnormality, representing about 25% of all congenital lung lesions. In many cases, respiratory distress occurs during the neonatal period, and in about 80- 85% of patients, CCAM is diagnosed before the age of two years due to respiratory infection. It is very rare that presentation is delayed until adulthood. We report three cases of CCAM presenting in adults. The diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological findings in one case and two patients were not diagnosed until surgery. The lesion was present in the right lung in two and in left lung in one patient. All patients underwent surgical resection. The result of histopathological examination confirmed CCAM Stocker type 1, without malignancy. The post operative follow up showed an excellent recovery. Clinicians and pathologists need to be aware of the fact that CCAM can be present for the first time in adolescents or in adults. The clinical diagnosis is suggested by radiographic findings and is confirmed at pathology as surgery is generally indicated.

[Desmoid fibromatosis of the posterior mediastinum]. / Fibromatose de type desmoïde du médiastin postérieur.

Fibromatosis are uncommon connective tissue tumours arising from musculo-aponeurotic tissue and characterised by spindle cell fibroblastic and myofibroblastic proliferation. The exact aetiology is unknown but several factors are considered to be positively correlated with their development and growth (genetic and hormonal factors and trauma). Although they are considered histologically benign they behave aggressively locally and relapse repeatedly after surgical excision. Mediastinal localisation is very rare. We describe a case of de novo fibromatosis of the posterior mediastinum in a 61 year old man with no history of thoracotomy or trauma. Although mediastinal fibromatosis is very uncommon physicians should be aware of this disease in order to ensure appropriate surgical treatment.

[Fibrous dysplasia of the rib. Ten case reports]. / Dysplasie fibreuse costale. A propos de dix cas.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Fibrous dyplasia is a rare sporadic disease accounting for 0.8% of primary bone tumors. This benign pseudotumor results from proliferation of fibrous tissue in bone and the production of immature bone tissue without an osteoblastic crown. The disease can involve one or more bones, ribs are rarely involved. We report a series of 10 cases of costal fibrous dysplasia. CASE REPORTS: This series of 10 cases was collected over a period of 10 years (1996-2005). There were five men and five women, mean age 38.4 years, range 27-52 years. One rib was involved in eight patients, two ribs in two. Pain was the most frequent symptom. Plain X-rays showed signs suggestive of fibrous dysplasia. To confirm the diagnosis, rib resection was performed in all ten patients. Pathology examination provided the diagnosis. The postoperative period was uneventful in all patients and all are recurrence free at mean 50 months follow-up. DISCUSSION: Management of fibrous dysplasia can be simple surveillance in the majority of patients. Nevertheless, in the event of a single focus, particularly in a rib, fibrous dysplasia can raise a difficult problem of differential diagnosis with malignant tumors. Surgical resection is therefore required in selected cases.

[Thoracic chest wall fistula formation]. / Une suppuration thoracique fistulisante Actinomycose thoracique avec atteinte pulmonaire et pariétale.

Thoracic actinomycosis is a suppurative infection which can be difficult to diagnose as its presentation may mimic cancer or tuberculosis. We report a new case of thoracic actinomycosis in a 35-year-old man who presented with thoracic symptoms associated to a productive parietal fistula. Imaging exploration revealed an opacity of the right ventroapical segment with parietal infiltration. A bilobectomy and a parietectomy were performed. The anatomopathologic diagnosis actinomycosis was confirmed. The patient was first put on a treatment of azathioprine 1g daily during two weeks, then switched to a combination with Vibramycin 100 mg twice a day during 17 months, The evolution was marked by the persistence of productive fistulae, which were treated surgically, and resistance to the initial treatment leading to a switch to Augmentin 3 g daily during 25 days. The patient experienced clinical improvement with a follow up of 18 months than was lost to follow-up.

Delineation of salts, ripening and gentle heating effects on molecular structure of Cantal-type cheese by Mid-infrared spectroscopy.

In this study, five Cantal-type cheeses with different salts (NaCl and KCl) and two ripening times (5 and 15days) were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics, their structure at a molecular level and their rheological properties during heating (20 to 60°C). The analysis of the molecular structure of cheeses was investigated by MIR spectroscopy coupled with ICA (Independent Components Analysis) and rheological properties by small-amplitude oscillatory rheology. ICA on physicochemical characteristics showed a good discrimination of the cheeses as a function of their chemical characteristics and ripening time. ICA applied to MIR spectra gave Independent Components (ICs) that were attributed to the molecular characteristics of protein, water and fat. Signal proportions of each IC depicted information regarding changes in those ICs with salts, heating and ripening. In addition, similar fat melting temperatures were obtained, regardless the technique used (oscillatory rheology and MIR) for all cheeses. This study demonstrated that MIR spectroscopy coupled with ICA is a promising tool to monitor and characterize modification of cheeses at a molecular level depending on temperature, salt content, and ripening time.

Performance of fluorescence spectroscopy for beef meat authentication: Effect of excitation mode and discriminant algorithms.

This study evaluated the performance of classical front face (FFFS) and synchronous (SFS) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA), Support Vector Machine associated with PLS (PLS-SVM) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA-SVM) to discriminate three beef muscles (Longissimus thoracis, Rectus abdominis and Semitendinosus). For the FFFS, 5 excitation wavelengths were investigated, while 6 offsets were studied for SFS. Globally, the results showed a good discrimination between muscles with Recall and Precision between 47.82 and 94.34% and Error ranging from 6.03 to 32.39%. For the FFFS, the PLS-SVM with the 382nm excitation wavelength gave the best discrimination results (Recall, Precision and Error of 94.34%, 89.53% and 6.03% respectively). For SFS, when performing discrimination of the three muscles, the 120nm offset gave the highest Recall and Precision (from 57.66% to 94.99%) and the lowest Error values (from 6.78 to 8.66%) whatever the algorithm (PLSDA, PLS-SVM and PCA-SVM).

ComDim for explorative multi-block data analysis of Cantal-type cheeses: Effects of salts, gentle heating and ripening.

Common Dimension (ComDim) chemometrics method for multi-block data analysis was employed to evaluate the impact of different added salts and ripening times on physicochemical, color, dynamic low amplitude oscillatory rheology, texture profile, and molecular structure (fluorescence and MIR spectroscopies) of five Cantal-type cheeses. Firstly, Independent Components Analysis (ICA) was applied separately on fluorescence and MIR spectra in order to extract the relevant signal source and the associated proportions related to molecular structure characteristics. ComDim was then applied on the 31 data tables corresponding to the proportion of ICA signals obtained for spectral methods and the global analysis of cheeses by the other techniques. The ComDim results indicated that generally cheeses made with 50% NaCl or with 75:25% NaCl/KCl exhibit the equivalent characteristics in structural, textural, meltability and color properties. The proposed methodology demonstrates the applicability of ComDim for the characterization of samples when different techniques describe the same samples.

[Costal chondromyxoid fibroma]. / Fibrome chondromyxoïde costal.

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign bone tumor observed in less than 1% of all bone tumors. Pathological diagnosis remains difficult. All bone sites may be involved with a predominance of the metaphysis of long tubular bones, particularly the proximal tibia. The tumor has been rarely reported in ribs. We present of case of chondromyxoid fibroma observed in this unusual location in a 31-year-old woman. Routine chest x-ray and computed tomography revealed an expansive destructive mass with a lobulated contour which arose in the fourth left rib. Local resection was performed and the histological examination showed benign chondromyxoid fibroma. The clinical outcome was favorable without recurrence after 15 months follow-up.

[Pulmonary mucormycosis. Two cases]. / Mucormycose pulmonaire. A propos de deux cas.

Mucormycosis is a rare, devastating, opportunistic fungal infection, which occurs principally in some particular conditions, specially in non-controlled diabetic patients, notably during keratoacidosis. We report two cases in 62 and 72 year-old diabetic women. In both cases, histologic examination of endobronchial biopsies showed tissue invasion by hyphae with characteristic morphology leading to the diagnosis of pulmonary zygomycosis. This difficult diagnosis must be evoked in diabetic patients with non-responsive lung infections in order to apply early aggressive therapy.

[Clear cell tumor of the lung. A case report with review of the literature]. / La tumeur à cellules claires du poumon. A propos d'un cas avec revue de la littérature.

Clear-cell tumor of the lung is a rare entity of unknown etiology and histogenesis. This neoplasm typically presents as an asymptomatic, peripheral, sharply rounded mass in the lung, and histologically composed of large cells with a clear cytoplasm rich in glycogen, blended with an abundant network of sinusoid-type vessels. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural procedures lead to diagnosis. We describe a primary pulmonary clear cell "sugar" tumor observed in a 28-year-old woman, and give a review of the literature. Clinical aspects, differential diagnosis, therapy and histogenetic aspects are discussed.

Potential of fluorescence spectroscopy to predict fatty acid composition of beef.

The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the ability of front face (FFFS) and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) to predict total fat and FA composition of beef LT muscles coming from 36 animals of 3 breeds (Angus, Limousin and Blond d'Aquitaine). The regression models were performed by using Partial Least Square (PLS) method. In spite of the low number of samples used, the results of this preliminary study demonstrated the ability of fluorescence spectroscopy to predict meat lipids. Nonetheless, the results suggested that the fluorescence spectroscopy is more suited to measure SFA (R(2)p≥0.66; RPD≥2.29) and MUFA (R(2)p≥0.48; RPD≥1.49) than PUFA (R(2)p≤0.48; RPD≤1.63). Moreover, R(2) and RPD factors obtained with FFFS were greater compared to the ones obtained with SFS suggesting that FFFS is more adapted to measure lipid composition of beef meat.

[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung. A series of 10 cases]. / Le carcinome mucoépidermoïde du poumon. A propos de 10 cas.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung is rare. The microscopic findings distinguish low grade and high grade tumors. Conservative surgical resection is appropriate if possible for low grade tumors. For the high grade tumors, combined wide surgical resection and radiotherapy is recommended. We report 10 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (5 low grade, 5 high grade) in 8 male and 2 female patients with a mean age of 43.9 years. Only 5 of 10 were smokers. All 10 patients underwent surgery. Operative procedures included 8 lobectomies and 2 pneumonectomies. Two patients received radiation therapy postoperatively. Three patients (2 high grade and 1 low grade) died. The other 7 patients were alive without evidence of recurrence.

[Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors: Tunisian experience with 115 surgically treated cases]. / Tumeurs carcinoïdes bronchopulmonaires : une série tunisienne de 115 cas opérés.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchial carcinoid tumors are rare well-differentiated, neuro-endocrine tumors, with low-grade malignancy. They are distinguished in two different groups: typical and atypical carcinoid. The purpose of this study was to review clinical, surgical and pathological characteristics in patients with primary bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. METHODS: This retrospective study included 115 bronchial carcinoid tumors surgically treated at a single institution during a twenty-one-year period, between 1992 and 2012. RESULTS: There were 56 men and 59 women, with a mean age of 43.73 years. Hundred patients had typical carcinoids and 15 atypical carcinoids. The majority of patients were symptomatic (96.52%). CT revealed a proximal mass in 51% which was obstructive leading to ventilator disorders in 80%. Bronchoscopy showed an endo-bronchial tumor in 83.48% of the cases. Anatomical resection had been achieved among 99 patients, and a conservative resection among 16 patients with typical carcinoid tumor. Lymph node metastases were present in 12.17% of the cases. Follow-up revealed recurrence in one patient and distant metastasis in 4 others. The 5-year survival rate was worse for atypical carcinoid with 45% than typical carcinoid with 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Carcinoids are rare malignant tumors, and their outcome is usually favorable after surgery. However, local recurrence and/or metastases can occur with both typical and atypical carcinoid tumors, justifying the need of prompt diagnosis and long-term follow-up. The factors influencing the survival included the pathological type, distant metastasis and mediastinal lymph node involvement.