IL-33/ST2 antagonizes STING signal transduction via autophagy in response to acetaminophen-mediated toxicological immunity.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-33 (IL-33), defined as "alarming", exert diverse functions through signaling via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2). However, the physiological roles of IL-33/ST2 signaling during acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury are still poorly understood by modern medicine (AILI). This research aims to explore the relationship between IL-33/ST2 and stimulator of interferon (IFN) response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING)-mediated signal transduction. METHODS: C57BL/6N mice (WT) and IL-33-deficient mice (KO) were intraperitoneally injected with APAP (250 mg/kg). Recombinant IL-33 (500 ng/mouse) and the cGAS/STING inhibitor RU.521 (200 g/kg) were combined to treat AILI. For mechanistic research in vitro, CRISPR-mediated KD technology, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence were utilized. RESULTS: We discovered that IL-33 deficient mice had increased APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, DNA accumulation, and type 1 IFN production. Mechanistic analysis revealed that IL-33/ST2 enhanced the interaction between Beclin-1 and STING, disrupting STING dimerization, IRF3 phosphorylation, nuclear transport, and IFN-1 gene transcription in HepaRG and Huh7 cells. Beclin-1 interacted with the C-terminus of STING, causing Lys338 acetylation and autophagy degradation of STING. ST2 depletion increased STING signal transduction and IFN-1 promoter activity. Surprisingly, the cGAS/STING inhibitor RU.521 and recombinant IL-33 together improved AILI in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These results shed insight on the potential of inhibiting cGAS/STING as a therapy for AILI and emphasize the crucial role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in the regulation of APAP-induced STING signaling. Video Abstract.

lncRNA MIAT targets miR-411-5p/STAT3/PD-L1 axis mediating hepatocellular carcinoma immune response.

Emerging evidences have shown that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the immune escape of cancer cells. Our previous study has demonstrated that lncRNA MIAT is associated with the immune infiltration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism of MIAT regulating the PD-L1-mediated immune escape of HCC is poorly understood. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of MIAT and PD-L1 mRNA in HCC. The relationship between MIAT, miR-411-5p, STAT3 and PD-L1 was explored by dual-luciferase reporter assay, cytotoxicity assay, Western blot and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). In addition, the xenograft model was established to determine the effect of MIAT on PD-L1 expression in vivo. We found that MIAT and PD-L1 were significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and the expression of PD-L1 was regulated by MIAT. The knockdown of MIAT enhanced the cytotoxicity of T cells on HCC cells. MIAT negatively regulated miR-411-5p expression, upregulated STAT3 and ultimately increased PD-L1 expression from the transcription level. The inhibition of miR-411-5p reversed STAT3 and PD-L1 expression inhibited by MIAT knockdown in HCC cells. This study suggests a novel lncRNA-mediated mechanism for HCC cells to evade the immune response; MIAT/miR-411-5p/STAT3/PD-L1 may be a novel therapeutic target for HCC.

LAIR1-mediated resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to T cells through a GSK-3ß/ß-catenin/MYC/PD-L1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of studies have reported the involvement of oncogenes in the regulation of the immune system. LAIR1 is an immunosuppressive molecule and its role in immune-related diseases has been mainly reported. To date, it is unclear whether LAIR1 in tumor cells is involved in immune regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of LAIR1 in the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to seek the novel therapeutic discoveries. METHODS: Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion database was used to predict the response of LAIR1 expression to immune checkpoint blockade. CD8+ T cells were co-cultured with HCC cells, and the killing efficiency of leukocytes on HCC cells was detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also used to detect the expression of inhibitory receptors. In addition, Western blot, immunofluorescence, and nucleus/cytoplasm fractionation experiments were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms by which LAIR1 created a suppressive tumor microenvironment. RESULTS: LAIR1 expression in HCC was associated with worse immune prognosis and T-cell dysfunction. HCC cells overexpressing LAIR1 co-cultured with CD8+ T cells induced exhaustion of latter. Mechanism studies indicated that LAIR1 in HCC cells up-regulated the phosphorylation of ß-catenin by inducing the phosphorylation of GSK-3ß, leading to the impairment of the expression and the nuclear localization signal of ß-catenin. Low ß-catenin expression and nuclear localization signal inhibited MYC-mediated PD-L1 expression. Therefore, PD-L1 up-regulated by LAIR1 caused the exhaustion of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in HCC, which aggravated the malignant progression of HCC. CONCLUSION: LAIR1 increased PD-L1 expression through the GSK-3ß/ß-catenin/MYC/PD-L1 pathway and promoted immune evasion of HCC cells. Targeted inhibition of LAIR1 helped to enhance the immune killing effect of CD8+ T cells in HCC.

The effectiveness of traffic and production restrictions on urban air quality: A rare opportunity for investigation.

Traffic and production restrictions are two important emergency measures for controlling urban air pollution. The lockdown policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic period are nearly equivalent to the policies of traffic and production restriction, which provides a rare opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these emergency measures. Taking Wuhan, China as the study area, this paper firstly verified the changes in six air pollutants and analyzed their change rules in different lockdown periods using statistical methods. Then the structural breakpoints in air pollutants were detected via regression discontinuity design model. To comprehensively understand the effects of restrictions on air pollution, the influences of meteorological conditions on air pollution were also investigated. The results illustrated that the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 decreased significantly during lockdown period. By comparing with the RDD coefficients of PM2.5 (-34.46), PM10 (-37.11) and NO2 (-19.15), the lockdown had little effect on CO (-0.32). The traffic and production restrictions had no apparent effects on SO2. Although O3 showed an increasing trend, the increase was not limited to the lockdown period, meaning that the traffic and production restrictions had less effect on the increasing trend of O3 concentration. Moreover, the structural breakpoints were verified in four air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO), and the structural breakpoints were caused by lockdown instead of the Spring Festival. The results also indicated that the meteorological conditions were not the main reasons for the changes in air pollutants during the lockdown period. This paper reveals how the traffic and production restrictions affect urban air pollution and provides a strong implementation basis for the air pollution control policy.Implications: The traffic and production restrictions are two important emergency measures for controlling heavy urban air pollution. However, these two measures have never been implemented in a large area like a city for a long enough period, so the effectiveness of these two measures has never been estimated quantitatively at a city level. The lockdown policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic are nearly equivalent to the policies of traffic and production restriction, which provides a rare opportunity to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these emergency measures. Thus, this study measured the effectiveness of production and traffic restrictions on different air pollutants. This study provides the following implications: (1) the dominant factors for air pollution changes during the lockdown are traffic and production restriction instead of meteorological conditions; (2) the production and traffic restriction policies are effective for reducing concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2, while having less effect on O3 and CO concentrations; (3) the sharp changes in air pollutants in 2020 are unlikely to be caused by the Spring Festival. These findings are crucial for making more comprehensive policies for protecting urban air quality.

Targeted inhibition of RBPJ transcription complex alleviates the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Impaired function of CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important reason for acquired resistance. Compared with single-target inhibitors, small-molecule compounds that could both inhibit tumor cells and alleviate T cell exhaustion are more promising to reduce resistance. In this study, we screened immunosuppressive targets in HCC by combining cancer-immunity cycle score with weighted gene co-expression network and system analysis. Through in vitro and in vivo validation experiments, we found that one of the screened molecules, recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ), was negatively correlated with CD8+ T cell mediated killing function. More importantly, its transcription complex inhibitor RIN1 not only inhibited the malignant biological behaviors of HCC cells by inhibiting mTOR pathway, but also reduced the expression of PD-L1 and L-kynurenine synthesis in HCC cells, thus alleviating T cell exhaustion. Meanwhile, the combination of RIN1 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies could further activate CD8+ T cells. In short, RBPJ is an important factor regulating the function of T cells. Target inhibition of RBPJ transcription complex by small molecule compound may be a new strategy for immunotherapy of HCC.

SUMOylated IL-33 in the nucleus stabilizes the transcription factor IRF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells to promote immune escape.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) functions both as a secreted cytokine and as a nuclear factor, with pleiotropic roles in cancer and immunity. Here, we explored its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identified that a posttranslational modification altered its nuclear activity and promoted immune escape for HCC. IL-33 abundance was overall decreased but more frequently localized to the nucleus in patient HCC tissues than in normal liver tissues. In human and mouse HCC cells in culture and in vivo, IL-33 overexpression inhibited proliferation and repressed the abundance of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) at the transcriptional level by promoting the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1). However, this interaction was disrupted by SUMOylation of IL-33 at Lys54 mediated by the E3 ligase RanBP2. IL-33 SUMOylation correlated with its nuclear localization in HCC cells and tumors. An increase in SUMOylated IL-33 in HCC cells in cocultures and in vivo stabilized IRF1 and increased PD-L1 abundance and chemokine IL-8 secretion, which prevented the activation of cytotoxic T cells and promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages, respectively. Mutating the SUMOylation site in IL-33 reversed these effects and suppressed tumor growth. These findings indicate that SUMOylation of nuclear IL-33 in HCC cells impairs antitumor immunity.

TGF-ß-p-STAT1-LAIR2 axis has a "self-rescue" role for exhausted CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: TGF-ß is related to the function of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, the characteristics of TGF-ß affecting the function of CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been clearly resolved. METHODS: In this study, flow cytometry, mass cytometry, immunohistochemistry, RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high throughput sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were used to study the regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of TGF-ß on HCC infiltrating CD8+ T cells. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrated that the overall effect of TGF-ß on CD8+ T cells in HCC was to activate p-p38 to induce exhaustion, but it also initiated cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms: 1) TGF-ß upregulated the levels of p-STAT1 (S727) and promoted LAIR2 secretion; 2) the TGF-ß-p-STAT1-LAIR2 axis relieved CD8+ T cells from exhaustion, which we called "self-rescue"; 3) this "self-rescue" behavior showed time and dose limitations on TGF-ß stimulation, which was easily masked by stronger inhibitory signals; 4) the function of CD8+ T cells was improved by using TAK-981 to amplify "self-rescue" signal. CONCLUSION: Our study describes a "self-rescue" mechanism of CD8+ T cells in HCC against exhaustion and the good effects from amplifying this signal.

DRUG-seq Provides Unbiased Biological Activity Readouts for Neuroscience Drug Discovery.

Unbiased transcriptomic RNA-seq data has provided deep insights into biological processes. However, its impact in drug discovery has been narrow given high costs and low throughput. Proof-of-concept studies with Digital RNA with pertUrbation of Genes (DRUG)-seq demonstrated the potential to address this gap. We extended the DRUG-seq platform by subjecting it to rigorous testing and by adding an open-source analysis pipeline. The results demonstrate high reproducibility and ability to resolve the mechanism(s) of action for a diverse set of compounds. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this data can be incorporated into a drug discovery project aiming to develop therapeutics for schizophrenia using human stem cell-derived neurons. We identified both an on-target activation signature, induced by a set of chemically distinct positive allosteric modulators of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and independent off-target effects. Overall, the protocol and open-source analysis pipeline are a step toward industrializing RNA-seq for high-complexity transcriptomics studies performed at a saturating scale.

FGF21 Normalizes Plasma Glucose in Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes and Insulin Receptor Dysfunction.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a member of the FGF family of proteins. The biological activity of FGF21 was first shown to induce insulin-independent glucose uptake in adipocytes through the GLUT1 transporter. Subsequently, it was shown to have effects on the liver to increase fatty acid oxidation. FGF21 treatment provides beneficial metabolic effects in both animal models and patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and/or fatty liver disease. In this paper, we revisited the original finding and found that insulin-independent glucose uptake in adipocytes is preserved in the presence of an insulin receptor antagonist. Using a 40-kDa PEGylated (PEG) and half-life extended form of FGF21 (FGF21-PEG), we extended these in vitro results to 2 different mouse models of diabetes. FGF21-PEG normalized plasma glucose in streptozotocin-treated mice, a model of type 1 diabetes (T1D), without restoring pancreatic ß-cell function. FGF21-PEG also normalized plasma glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance in mice chronically treated with an insulin competitive insulin receptor antagonist, a model of autoimmune/type-B insulin resistance. These data extend the pharmacological potential of FGF21 beyond the settings of T2D, fatty liver, and obesity.

Comparing the excepted values of atom-bond connectivity and geometric-arithmetic indices in random spiro chains.

The atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and geometric-arithmetic (GA) index are two well-studied topological indices, which are useful tools in QSPR and QSAR investigations. In this paper, we first obtain explicit formulae for the expected values of ABC and GA indices in random spiro chains, which are graphs of a class of unbranched polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on these formulae, we then present the average values of ABC and GA indices with respect to the set of all spiro chains with n hexagons and make a comparison between the expected values of ABC and GA indices in random spiro chains.