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1.
Hum Reprod ; 31(6): 1135-40, 2016 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27073260

RESUMO

Thousands of people worldwide have been conceived using donor gametes, but not all parents tell their children of their origin. Several countries now allow donor-conceived offspring to potentially know their genetic parent if they are informed of their donor-conceived status. At the same time, personal genetic testing is a rapidly expanding field. Over 3 million people have already used direct-to-consumer genetic testing to find information about their ancestry, and many are participating in international genetic genealogy databases that will match them with relatives. The increased prevalence of these technologies poses numerous challenges to the current practice of gamete donation. (i) Whether they are donating in a country that practices anonymous donation or not, donors should be informed that their anonymity is not guaranteed, as they may be traced if their DNA, or that of a relative, is added to a database. (ii) Donor-conceived adults who have not been informed of their status may find out that they are donor-conceived. (iii) Parents using donor conception need to be fully informed that their children's DNA will identify that they are not the biological parents and they should be encouraged to disclose the use of donor gametes to their children. Together, these concerns make urgent a wide-ranging societal conversation about how to best safeguard and promote the interests of donor-conceived offspring and protect the rights of donors. Specifically, there is a need to ensure that new genetic information is communicated in a way that promotes both the safety and the privacy rights of offspring and donors alike. All parties concerned must be aware that, in 2016, donor anonymity does not exist.


Assuntos
Confidencialidade/tendências , Inseminação Artificial Heteróloga , Doação de Oócitos , Doadores de Tecidos/psicologia , Adulto , Confidencialidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Confidencialidade/psicologia , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Revelação , Feminino , Testes Genéticos , Células Germinativas , Humanos , Pais
2.
Forensic Sci Int Genet ; 52: 102474, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33592389

RESUMO

Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) has emerged as a new, rapidly growing field of forensic science. We describe the process whereby dense SNP data, commonly comprising more than half a million markers, are employed to infer distant relationships. By distant we refer to degrees of relatedness exceeding that of first cousins. We review how methods of relationship matching and SNP analysis on an enlarged scale are used in a forensic setting to identify a suspect in a criminal investigation or a missing person. There is currently a strong need in forensic genetics not only to understand the underlying models to infer relatedness but also to fully explore the DNA technologies and data used in IGG. This review brings together many of the topics and examines their effectiveness and operational limits, while suggesting future directions for their forensic validation. We further investigated the methods used by the major direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic ancestry testing companies as well as submitting a questionnaire where providers of forensic genetic genealogy summarized their operation/services. Although most of the DTC market, and genetic genealogy in general, has undisclosed, proprietary algorithms we review the current knowledge where information has been discussed and published more openly.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Linhagem , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Triagem e Testes Direto ao Consumidor , Privacidade Genética , Pesquisa em Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
3.
Forensic Sci Int Genet ; 46: 102263, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32114291

RESUMO

The use of genetic genealogy techniques to identify Joseph James DeAngelo as the prime suspect in the Golden State Killer case in 2018 has opened up a new approach to investigation of cold cases. Since that breakthrough, genetic genealogy methods have been reported to be applied to around 100 cases. To date, all of these reports relate to investigations in the US, where the high uptake of "direct-to-consumer" (DTC) genetic testing by individuals conducting private ancestral research has provided the necessary publicly available data for successful forensic investigations. We have conducted a study to assess the likely effectiveness of genetic genealogy techniques if applied to investigations in the UK. Ten volunteers provided their own SNP array data, downloaded from a DTC provider of their choice. These data sets were anonymised and uploaded to the GEDmatch Genesis genealogy website, mimicking data sets from unsourced crime samples or unidentified human remains. A team of experienced genealogists then attempted to identify the donors of the anonymised data sets by working with matches on the database and identifying points where the matches' trees intersect to determine their shared family lineages which were further investigated using traditional resources (such as birth, marriage, death and census records, social media and online family trees). Through these methods, four of the ten donors were identified, at least to the level of one of a set of siblings. This confirms that, despite the over-representation of US citizens on publicly accessible genealogy databases, there is still potential for effective use in investigations outside the US where legislation permits. One of our four identified individuals was of Indian heritage (via St Vincent and the Grenadines) highlighting that in the right circumstances individuals of non-European origin can be identified.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Linhagem , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Triagem e Testes Direto ao Consumidor , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos de Amostragem , Reino Unido , Adulto Jovem
4.
Forensic Sci Int ; 301: 107-117, 2019 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31153988

RESUMO

In the last year direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic genealogy databases have been used to identify suspects and missing persons in over fifty cold cases, many of which have been unsolved for decades. Genealogists worked on these cases in collaboration with law enforcement agencies. Raw DNA data files were uploaded to the genealogy websites GEDmatch and FamilyTreeDNA, and identification was made by tracing the family trees of relatives who were predicted to be close genetic matches in the database. Such searches have far-reaching consequences because they affect not just those who have consented to upload their DNA results to these databases but also all of their relatives, regardless of whether or not they have taken a DNA test. This article provides an overview of the methods used, the potential privacy and security issues, and the wider implications for society. There is an urgent need for forensic scientists, bioethicists, law enforcement agencies, genetic genealogists and other interested parties to work together to produce international guidelines and policies to ensure that the techniques are used responsibly and effectively.


Assuntos
Crime , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos , Aplicação da Lei , Linhagem , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Privacidade Genética , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Repetições de Microssatélites , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma
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