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Lectins are non-immunological carbohydrate-binding proteins classified on the basis of their structure, origin, and sugar specificity. The binding specificity of such proteins with the surface glycan moiety determines their activity and clinical applications. Thus, lectins hold great potential as diagnostic and drug discovery agents and as novel biopharmaceutical products. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding plant and microbial lectins as therapeutic agents against various viral diseases. Among them, mannose-specific lectins have being proven as promising antiviral agents against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola, Hepatitis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The binding of mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) from plants and microbes to high-mannose containing N-glycans (which may be simple or complex) of glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses has been found to be highly specific and mainly responsible for their antiviral activity. MBLs target various steps in the viral life cycle, including viral attachment, entry and replication. The present review discusses the brief classification and structure of lectins along with antiviral activity of various mannose-specific lectins from plants and microbial sources and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications against viral diseases.
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Lectinas , Viroses , Humanos , Lectinas/metabolismo , Manose , Glicoproteínas , SARS-CoV-2 , Polissacarídeos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/química , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Lectinas de Plantas/farmacologia , Lectinas de Ligação a Manose/químicaRESUMO
This study examined the use of modified multiwall carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) with immobilized laccase (L@M-MWCNTs) for removing ciprofloxacin (Cip), carbamazepine (Cbz), diclofenac (Dcf), benzo[a]pyrene (Bap), and anthracene (Ant) from different water samples. The synthesized materials were characterized using an array of advanced analytical techniques. The physical immobilization of laccase onto M-MWCNTs was confirmed through Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The specific surface area of M-MWCNTs decreased by 65% upon laccase immobilization. There was also an increase in nitrogen content seen by EDS analysis asserting successful immobilization. The results of Boehm titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) exhibited an increase in acidic functional groups after laccase immobilization. L@M-MWCNTs storage for two months maintained 77.8%, 61.6%, and 57.6% of its initial activity for 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. In contrast, the free laccase exhibited 55.3%, 37.5%, and 23.5% of its initial activity at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. MWCNTs improved storability and widened the working temperature range of laccase. The optimum removal conditions of studied pollutants were pH 5, 25 °C, and 1.6 g/L of M-MWCNTs. These parameters led to >90% removal of the targeted pollutants for four treatment cycles of both synthetic water and spiked lake water. L@M-MWCNTs demonstrated consistent removal of >90% for up to five cycles even with spiked wastewater. The adsorption was endothermic and followed Langmuir isotherm. Oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and ring cleavage seem to be the dominant degradation mechanisms.
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Poluentes Ambientais , Nanotubos de Carbono , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Águas Residuárias , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Água , Lacase/química , Lacase/metabolismo , Lagos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Cinética , AdsorçãoRESUMO
The present study captures the precipitation synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and modification with alumina and oleic acid. The crystalline size evaluated from the XRD profile of the zinc oxide nanoparticles was 18.05 nm but was reduced to 14.20 and 14.50 nm upon modification with oleic acid and alumina. The XRD spectra also showed evidence of the amorphous nature of zinc oxide nanoparticles and subsequent enhancement upon modification. A porous appearance was observed in the SEM instrumentation but seems to be enhanced by modification. The FTIR absorption spectra of the nanoparticles showed a peak associated with ZnO vibration around 449 cm, but the enhanced intensity was observed due to modification. The prepared ZnO-NPs and the modified samples were good materials for the adsorption removal of glyphosate from water, recording efficiencies above 94% at neutral pH and showing a possible incremental trend with an enhanced period of contact and adsorbent dosage. The adsorbents showed maximum capacity that ranged from 82.85 to 82. 97 mg/g. The adsorption models of Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and BET showed excellent fitness. Results from computational results complemented experimental data and were used to identify the sites for adsorption and characteristics of molecular descriptors for the systems.
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Nanopartículas Metálicas , Nanopartículas , Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Óxido de Zinco , Óxido de Zinco/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Ácido Oleico , Zinco , Monitoramento Ambiental , Nanopartículas/química , Água/química , Óxido de Alumínio , Adsorção , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Cinética , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , GlifosatoRESUMO
Protective coatings for harsh environments are always welcome, but they must overcome profound challenges, including corrosion and wear resistance. The purpose of this study is to look into the long-term potentiodynamic polarization measurements and dry tribometric behavior of plasma-sprayed amorphous coatings on AISI 1035 mild steel. To investigate the impact of unique active polarization potentials on the electrochemical studies of the iron-based amorphous layer, which compares favorably to AISI 1035 mild steel, the active potential polarization curve and friction coefficient tests were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses were used to investigate the coating's corrosion behavior. Their mechanical (Tribometric tests at higher sliding speeds) and chemical properties (electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization investigations) have also been thoroughly investigated. There is enough validation that these protective coatings can be used in hostile environments. The effects of long-term corrosion for 24 and 48 h were thoroughly examined. Tribometric examinations revealed that amorphous layers are highly resistant under dry conditions, as they offered a very low and stable friction coefficient less than 4 µ with micro Vickers hardness 1140 ± 22.14 HV, which is more than twice as compared to mild steel AISI 1035. The corrosion resistance of coatings in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution displays active transition characteristics of activation, passivation, over passivation, and pitting, as shown by the potentiodynamic polarization curves.
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In a world of changing disease burdens, poor quality care and constrained health budgets, finding effective approaches to developing and implementing evidence-based health services is crucial. Much has been published on developing service tools and protocols, operational research and getting policy into practice but these are often undertaken in isolation from one another. This paper, based on 25 years of experience in a range of low and middle income contexts as well as wider literature, presents a systematic approach to connecting these activities in an embedded development and research approach. This approach can circumvent common problems such as lack of local ownership of new programmes, unrealistic resource requirements and poor implementation.We lay out a ten-step process, which is based on long-term partnerships and working within local systems and constraints and may be tailored to the context and needs. Service development and operational research is best prioritised, designed, conducted and replicated when it is embedded within ministry of health and national programmes. Care packages should from the outset be designed for scale-up, which is why the piloting stage is so crucial. In this way, the resulting package of care will be feasible within the context and will address local priorities. Researchers must be entrepreneurial and responsive to windows of funding for scale-up, working in real-world contexts where funding and decisions do not wait for evidence, so evidence generation has to be pragmatic to meet and ensure best use of the policy and financing cycles. The research should generate tested and easily usable tools, training materials and processes for use in scale-up. Development of the package should work within and strengthen the health system and other service delivery strategies to ensure that unintended negative consequences are minimised and that the strengthened systems support quality care and effective scale up of the package.While embedded development and research is promoted in theory, it is not yet practiced at scale by many initiatives, leading to wasted resources and un-sustained programmes. This guide presents a systematic and practical guide to support more effective engagements in future, both in developing interventions and supporting evidence-based scale-up.
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Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Órgãos Governamentais , Programas Governamentais , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Comportamento Cooperativo , Tomada de Decisões , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Guias como Assunto , Política de Saúde , Recursos em Saúde , Humanos , PesquisadoresRESUMO
Present investigation includes the magnetizing roasting of low-grade iron ore fines followed by grinding and beneficiation using magnetic separation. The hematite iron ore used in the investigation contains 53.17% T Fe, 10.7% SiO2, and 4.5% Al2O3. Powdered bituminous coal of 210 µm size with an ash content of 12.5% and fixed carbon of 54.25% was used as reductant during magnetizing roasting. Optical microstructures have shown where iron and silicate minerals are found and how they are interconnected. Hematite is the most abundant material in the specimen and is found in fine- and medium-sized grains. Hematite emerged as the predominant iron-bearing mineral, accompanied by magnetite and goethite phases in smaller proportions according to XRD analyses. The primary gangue mineral identified by scanning electron microscopy is quartz, with gibbsite, feldspar, and pyrolusite present in lesser levels. The effects of iron/coal ratio, roasting time, and roasting temperature were considered as variable parameters. Hematite ore's magnetic characteristics were significantly impacted by magnetizing roasting. By selectively magnetizing roasting, hematite is transformed into magnetite. With an Fe grade of 65.25% at a recovery value of 72.5% in the concentrate, magnetic separation produced the greatest result for Fe. The performance of magnetization and therefore the magnetic separation process were shown to be significantly impacted by temperature, reductant %, and roasting duration in this investigation.
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The aluminum nanocomposite is fabricated through squeeze stir casting method where CNT, SiC/B4C powder has been used as a reinforcement in an aluminum matrix. Squeeze action in stir casting opted due to proper reinforcement of 2 vol% of CNT in the matrix. The boron carbide and silicon carbide have been added by 8 and 12 vol% in the matrix. Uniform distribution of reinforcement and phase analysis has been shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD analysis. The formation of intermetallic compounds like Al3BC and Al4C3, dislocation forests, and the interaction of the reinforcement with the matrix are all confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The micro-mechanical behavior of aluminum nanocomposites was investigated using nano indentation. The nano hardness, Vickers hardness, and Young's modulus of 12 vol% B4C compared with 12 vol% of SiC are increased by 12%, 23%, and 16%, respectively, and the same trend has been observed for the 8 vol% B4C reinforced composite. The model analysis for Young's modulus has been done and the experimental value for the modulus of elasticity of the composite are validated and not find such differences significantly. The surface topography was determined, furrow scratches and wear scars, and it was discovered that B4C reinforced composites have reduced stripping pits inside the wear marks, as well as lower wear width and depth. Wear analysis is essential because abrasive encounters result in substantial damage owing to larger pits and bigger wear scars.
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Contamination of water resources by industrial effluents containing heavy metal ions and management of solid waste from agricultural and food industries is a serious issue. This study presents the valorization of waste walnut shells as an effective and environment-friendly biosorbent for sequestrating Cr(VI) from aqueous media. The native walnut shell powder (NWP) was chemically modified with alkali (AWP) and citric acid (CWP) to obtain modified biosorbents with abundant availability of pores as active centers, as confirmed by BET analysis. During batch adsorption studies, the process parameters for Cr(VI) adsorption were optimized at pH 2.0. The adsorption data were fitted to isotherm and kinetic models to compute various adsorption parameters. The adsorption pattern of Cr(VI) was well explained by the Langmuir model suggesting the adsorbate monolayer formation on the surface of the biosorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity, qm, for Cr(VI) was achieved for CWP (75.26 mg/g), followed by AWP (69.56 mg/g) and NWP (64.82 mg/g). Treatment with sodium hydroxide and citric acid improved the adsorption efficiency of the biosorbent by 4.5 and 8.2%, respectively. The endothermic and spontaneous adsorption was observed to trail the pseudo-second-order kinetics under optimized process parameters. Thus, the chemically modified walnut shell powder can be an eco-friendly adsorbent for Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.
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Juglans , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Águas Residuárias , Adsorção , Pós , Cromo/análise , Água , Cinética , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
In order to overcome the limitations of standard ball-mill mixing processes to fabricate a uniformly dispersed carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement composite without damaging CNTs in matrix powder, a unique and easy solution-mixing process was developed. The present study aims to synthesize Al-0.5 wt % CNT composites using ball-milling and solution-mixing processes and compares their CNT dispersion and structural and thermal properties. Compared with the ball-milling process, the solution-mixing process was simple and effective for the uniform distribution of CNTs without structural damage. Various methods were utilized to examine the structural characteristics of the composite powder. These techniques included high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, and particle size analysis. Raman spectroscopy observes an increase of defects in ball-milled composites, and the particle size analyzer confirms the structural deformation, resulting in the degradation of composite powder mechanical properties. In the solution-mixing process, aluminum particles and the structure of CNTs are well-preserved even after mixing. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to research the thermal stability of the composite materials. The results validated the impact of CNTs on thermal characteristics enhancement (improved thermal resistance) when compared with pure aluminum, suggesting potential uses in the aerospace industry, transport, and construction sectors.
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Nanofluids made up of propylene glycol, and water and graphene nanopowder dispersed throughout them are the primary focus of our study. Nanofluids were created by mixing propylene glycol and water in quantities of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50. The essential fluids used in this experiment were propylene glycol and water. Graphene was dispersed in these three different base fluids at percentages of 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. This body of work's fundamental objective is to explore nanofluids' tribological behavior. This behavior was observed with a pin-on-disc device, and the impact for load on wear, coefficient of friction, and frictional force was investigated. The tests were conducted with weights ranging from 1 to 3 kg. It was revealed that as the load ascended, there was a reduction in the amount of wear, the coefficient of friction, and the frictional force for the most of the samples tested. Still, there was an increase in the amount of wear and friction coefficient, including the frictional force for some of the samples.
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The primary objective of this experimental study is to examine the response and energy absorption capacity of ferrocement panels exposed to low- and high-velocity impact loads. The panels are reinforced with two different types of mesh layers, namely, welded wire grid (WWG) and expanded wire grid (EWG), with varying percentages of steel fibers (SF). The ferrocement panel system is made up of cement mortar reinforced with 0-2% SF with an increment of 1% and wire grid layers arranged in three different layers 1, 2, and 3. A consistent water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.4 is maintained during mortar preparation, and all panels are subjected to a 28-day curing process in water. The study utilized square-shaped ferrocement panels measuring 290 mm × 290 mm × 50 mm. The panels are exposed to repeated impact blows from a 2.5 kg falling mass dropped from a height of 0.80 m. The count of blows necessary to commence the first crack formation and the cause of ultimate failure are recorded for each panel. The study reports that an increase in SF content and the number of wire grid layers increased the number of blows needed for both the first crack and the ultimate failure. In the high-velocity impact test, 7.62 mm bullets are fired at the panels from a distance of 10 m with a striking velocity of 715 m/s. The study observed and analyzed the extent of spalling, scabbing, and perforation. The results showed that an increase in fiber content and the number of wire grid layers led to a decrease in the area of scabbing and spalling compared with the control specimens. It was also possible to see the mode of failure and crack pattern for impacts with low and high velocities.
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Conventional greases have an exceptional place in the field of lubrication. They are unique in the sense of their areas of application and are very difficult to replace with other lubricating substances for the same reason. The advancements in the field of nanoparticles and the results they provide as an additive in greases have great scientific interest as they improve the tribological properties of greases to a great extent. The current work's aim is to synthesize a nanogripe using graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to lithium grease (Li grease), which will increase the tribological properties of the plain Li grease. Steps were taken to investigate the impact of variation of load on the frictional and wear characteristics of nanogrease. Synthesis of nanogrease and tribological evaluation were performed with a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate and a four-ball tester. Results indicated that nanogrease exhibits better tribological properties. It is also found that the antiwear and frictional properties of grease are not proportional to the wt % of GO nanoparticles. It is also detected that with the increase in load, the tribological properties of nanogrease increase.
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Reinforced concrete structures are exposed to various loads under critical environmental conditions, which might lead to the deterioration of the structures prior to their designed service life. Hence, to improve the serviceability of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures and meet the design requirements, the structures are strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The application of CFRP is done using two major techniques, namely externally bonded (EB) reinforcement and near surface mounted (NSM) techniques. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the behavior of RC T-beams that had been flexurally reinforced utilizing EB and NSM techniques. Six full-size RC T-beams were evaluated, including a reference beam and four beams that had been flexurally reinforced using laminates made of EB and NSM CFRP. The findings of the experimental tests reveal that, when using the same quantity of CFRP, the beams strengthened with NSM laminates outperformed those strengthened with EB laminates in terms of ultimate load.
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In this research work, the mechanical properties of high-strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) were studied. Three mixes were selected, having compressive strengths of more than 70, 80, and 90 MPa, respectively. For these three mixes, the stress-strain characteristics were studied by casting cylinders. It was observed during the testing that the binder content and water-to-binder ratio influence the strength of HSSCC, and slow changes in stress-strain curves were seen as the strength increased. The use of HSSCC results in reduced bond cracking, leading to a more linear and steeper stress-strain curve in the ascending branches as the strength of the concrete increases. Elastic properties such as modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of HSSCC were calculated using experimental data. In HSSCC, since the aggregate content is lower and the size of the aggregates is smaller, it will have a lower modulus of elasticity compared to normal vibrating concrete (NVC). Thus, an equation is proposed from the experimental results for predicting the modulus of elasticity of HSSCC. The results suggest that the proposed equation for predicting the elastic modulus of HSSCC for strengths ranging from 70 to 90 MPa is valid. It was also observed that the Poisson's ratio values for all three mixes of HSSCC were found to be lower than the typical value for NVC, indicating a higher degree of stiffness.
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High-performance concrete (HPC) is increasingly used in construction due to its superior strength and durability. However, current stress block parameters used for designing normal-strength concrete cannot be safely applied to HPC. To address this issue, new stress block parameters have been proposed through experimental works, which are used for designing HPC members. In this study, the behavior of HPC was investigated using these stress block parameters. Two-span beams made of HPC were tested under five-point bending, and an idealized stress block curve was derived from the experimental stress-strain curve for grades 60, 80, and 100 MPa. Based on the stress block curve, equations for the ultimate moment of resistance, depth of the neutral axis, limiting moment of resistance, and maximum depth of the neutral axis were proposed. An idealized load-deformation curve was also developed, which identified four significant events: first cracking, yielding of reinforced steel, crushing of concrete with spalling of cover, and ultimate failure. The predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values, and the average location of the first crack was identified to be 0.270 L, measured from the central support on either side of the span. These findings provide important insights for the design of HPC structures, contributing to the development of more resilient and durable infrastructure.
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Since soft computing has gained a lot of attention in hydrological studies, this study focuses on predicting aeration efficiency (E20) using circular plunging jets employing soft computing techniques such as reduced error pruning tree (REPTree), random forest (RF), and M5P. The study undertaken required the development and validation of models, which were achieved using 63 experimental data values with input variables, such as angle of inclination of tilt channel (α), number of plunging jets (JN), discharge of each jet (Q), hydraulic radius of each jet (HR), and Froude number (Fr. No), to evaluate the aeration efficiency (E20), which served as the output variable. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed models, three different statistical indices were used such as the coefficient of correlation (CC), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), and it was found that all of the applied techniques possessed good forecasting ability since their correlation coefficient values were greater than 0.8. Upon testing, it was discovered that the M5P model outperformed other soft computing-based models in its ability to predict E20, as demonstrated by its correlation coefficient value of 0.9564 and notably low values of MAE (0.0143) and RMSE (0.0193).
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In the current study, a two-stage stir cast process was used to produce Al6082 reinforced with sized graphite particulates, and the material's mechanical and tribological properties were analyzed. The graphite content in the Al6082 alloy was increased from 2 to 6% in steps of 2 wt %. The impact of graphite addition to Al6082 was evaluated using microstructural micrographs, hardness test, tensile test, and wear test outcomes. The matrix alloy's microstructure and particle distribution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The microstructure of Al6082 shows that the reinforcement particles are evenly distributed throughout the matrix. Although the hardness of metal-matrix composites was slightly reduced when graphite was added at concentrations of up to 6 wt %, the material's tensile strength and wear resistance were significantly improved. Micrographs taken by a microscope were used to examine the fractured surfaces of tensile test specimens. Wear experiments were performed using a conventional pin-on-disc tribometer to examine the tribological properties of both unreinforced matrix and graphite composites. With the addition of 2, 4, and 6 wt % of graphite particles, the composites' wear resistance was significantly improved. Wear of alloys and their composites was analyzed to determine how load and sliding speed impacted wear loss.
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A gas sensor is a device that detects the presence of gases in a specific area. This research work demonstrates the effectiveness of gas sensors based on graphene oxide (GO) and copper oxide (CuO) semiconductor nanomaterials for the detection of carbon dioxide. GO and CuO were prepared by the modified Hummer's method and precipitation method using CuCl2 as a precursor, respectively. These materials are made into a hybrid using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) polymer solutions of low concentrations and are spin coated onto the pattern-etched copper-clad substrate. The sensor is tested using a source measurement unit (SMU) to obtain the change in the resistance of the sensor in open air and in a carbon dioxide environment. The fabricated sensor with an Arduino microcontroller detection unit showed a good sensing response of 60%.
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Micron-sized B4C addition to the Al2011 alloy was investigated for its impact on mechanical and wear performance. The stir-casting method was used to manufacture the Al2011 alloy metal matrix composites reinforced with varying percentages of B4C particulates (2, 4, and 6). The microstructural, mechanical, and wear properties of the synthesized composites were tested. scanning electronic microscope (SEM) microscopy and XRD patterns were used to characterize the microstructure of the samples that were obtained. The XRD patterns confirmed the presence of B4C particles. The addition of B4C reinforcement increased the metal composite's hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength. Incorporating the reinforcement resulted in a decrease in elongation for the Al2011 alloy composite. The wear behavior of the prepared samples was examined under various load and speed conditions. In terms of wear resistance, the microcomposites were far superior. SEM observations of the Al2011-B4C composites revealed numerous fracture and wear mechanisms.
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Efficient thermal insulation materials considerably lower power consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in turn minimises CO2 emissions and improves indoor comfort conditions. However, the selection of suitable insulation materials is governed by several factors, such as the environmental impact, health impact, cost and durability. Additionally, the disposal of used insulation materials is a major factor that affects the selection of materials because some materials could be very toxic for humans and the environment, such as asbestos-containing materials. Therefore, there is a continuous research effort, in both industry and academia, to develop sustainable and affordable insulation materials. In this context, this work aims at utilising the packing industry wastes (cardboard) to develop an eco-friendly insulation layer, which is a biodegradable material that can be disposed of safely after use. Experimentally, wasted cardboard was collected, cleaned, and soaked in water for 24 h. Then, the wet cardboard was minced and converted into past papers, then cast in square moulds and left in a ventilated oven at 75 °C to dry before de-moulding them. The produced layers were subjected to a wide range of tests, including thermal conductivity, acoustic insulation, infrared imaging and bending resistance. The obtained results showed the developed material has a good thermal and acoustic insulation performance. Thermally, the developed material had the lowest thermal conductivity (λ) (0.039 W/m.K) compared to the studied traditional materials. Additionally, it successfully decreased the noise level from 80 to about 58 dB, which was better than the efficiency of the commercial polyisocyanurate layer. However, the bending strength of the developed material was a major drawback because the material did not resist more than 0.6 MPa compared to 2.0 MPa for the commercial polyisocyanurate and 70.0 MPa for the wood boards. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the possibility of strengthening the new material by adding fibres or cementitious materials.