Practice patterns of surgery for advanced ovarian cancer: analysis from international surveys.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the practice patterns of surgery for advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) through relevant international surveys. METHODS: After searching for 878 studies on surgery for AOC till 2017, we extracted 18 questions with similar query and answer formats from eight studies. Among them, 5 and 13 were classified as comprehensive and procedure information. RESULTS: In comprehensive information, there was a higher preference for optimal cytoreduction defined as no visible tumor (44%) compared with residual tumors <1 cm (38%) or <2 cm (2%) and omental disease involving the spleen or pancreas was more important as an intraoperative finding precluding optimal cytoreduction (35%) since 2010. The preference for neoadjuvant chemotherapy was the highest at its use for 1-10% (36%), which was preferred in Europe over USA. The positive expectation of preoperative determination of optimal cytoreduction was higher in Europe than in USA (44 vs. 27%; P < 0.05). In procedure information, conventional gynecological surgery was mainly performed by gynecological oncologists, whereas more than 50% of upper abdominal or urological surgeries were conducted by other surgeons. European clinicians showed a higher response rate of diaphragmatic stripping and resection than those from USA (88 vs. 60%; 69 vs. 24%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: No visible tumor as the criterion for optimal cytoreduction was preferred in AOC, and aggressive surgery beyond conventional gynecological surgery tended to be performed by other surgeons. Moreover, the preference of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the positive expectation of preoperative determination of optimal cytoreduction were higher in Europe than in USA.

Altered functional network architecture in orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuit of unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Dysfunction of corticostriatal loops has been proposed to underlie certain cognitive and behavioral problems associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by repetitive, unwanted thoughts, and behaviors. Although functional abnormalities in the loops involving the orbitofronto-striato-thalamic (OFST) circuitry in patients with OCD have been reported, our understanding of a link between disruptions in the architecture of the intrinsic functional network of the OFST circuit and their symptoms remain incomplete. Using resting-state functional MRI in conjunction with unsupervised clustering and multilevel functional connectivity (FC) techniques, FC of the OFST network and its topological organization in 61 OCD patients versus 61 matched controls were characterized. Patients exhibited disruptions in small-world properties of the OFST circuit, which indicates an imbalance between functional integration and segregation. Patients also showed decreased FC between the central orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum but increased FC between the medial thalamus and striatal areas. Using one of the largest samples of unmedicated OCD patients to date, our findings provide evidence supporting the OFST dysconnection hypothesis in OCD as a basic pathophysiological mechanism underlying the disorder, showing the disruption of FC between specific cortical, striatal, and thalamic clusters and aberrant topological patterns of the OFST circuit. Hum Brain Mapp 38:109-119, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Individualized covariance profile of cortical morphology for auditory hallucinations in first-episode psychosis.

Neocortical phenotype of cortical surface area (CSA) and thickness (CT) are influenced by distinctive genetic factors and undergo differential developmental trajectories, which could be captured using the individualized cortical structural covariance (ISC). Disturbed patterns of neocortical development and maturation underlie the perceptual disturbance of psychosis including auditory hallucination (AH). To demonstrate the utility of selected ISC features as primal biomarker of AH in first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects experiencing AH (FEP-AH), we employed herein a support vector machine (SVM). A total of 147 subjects (FEP-AH, n = 27; FEP-NAH, n = 24; HC, n = 96) underwent T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The FreeSurfer software suite was used for cortical parcellation, with the CSA-ISC and CT-ISC then calculated. The most informative ISCs showing statistical significance (P < 0.001) across every run of leave-one-out group-comparison were aligned according to the absolute value of averaged t-statistics and were packaged into candidate feature sets for classification analysis using the SVM. An optimal feature set comprising three CSA-ISCs, including the intraparietal sulcus, Broca's complex, and the anterior insula, distinguished FEP-AH from FEP-NAH subjects with 83.6% accuracy (sensitivity = 82.8%; specificity = 85.7%). Furthermore, six CT-ISCs encompassing the executive control network and Wernicke's module classified FEP-AH from FEP-NAH subjects with 82.3% accuracy (sensitivity = 79.5%; specificity = 88.6%). Finally, extended sets of ISCs related to the default-mode network distinguished FEP-AH or FEP-NAH from HC subjects with 89.0-93.0% accuracy (sensitivity = 88.4-93.4%; specificity = 89.0-94.1%). This study established a distinctive intermediate phenotype of biological proneness for AH in FEP using CSA-ISCs as well as a state marker of disease progression using CT-ISCs.

Power spectral aspects of the default mode network in schizophrenia: an MEG study.

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of schizophrenia are related to deficits in self-monitoring function, which may be a consequence of irregularity in aspects of the default mode network (DMN). Schizophrenia can also be characterized by a functional abnormality of the brain activity that is reflected in the resting state. Oscillatory analysis provides an important understanding of resting brain activity. However, conventional methods using electroencephalography are restricted because of low spatial resolution, despite their excellent temporal resolution.The aim of this study was to investigate resting brain oscillation and the default mode network based on a source space in various frequency bands such as theta, alpha, beta, and gamma using magnetoencephalography. In addition, we investigated whether these resting and DMN activities could distinguish schizophrenia patients from normal controls. To do this, the power spectral density of each frequency band at rest was imaged and compared on a spatially normalized brain template in 20 patients and 20 controls. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of DMN activity in the alpha band was similar to that found in previous fMRI studies. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and lateral inferior parietal cortex were activated at rest, while the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was deactivated at rest rather than during the task. Although the MPFC and PCC regions exhibited contrasting activation patterns, these two regions were significantly coherent at rest. The DMN and resting activities of the PCC were increased in schizophrenia patients, predominantly in the theta and alpha bands. CONCLUSIONS: By using MEG to identify the DMN regions, predominantly in the alpha band, we found that both resting and DMN activities were augmented in the posterior cingulate in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, schizophrenia patients exhibited decreased coherence between the PCC and MPFC in the gamma band at rest.

Predicting delirium and the effects of medications in hospitalized COVID-19 patients using machine learning: A retrospective study within the Korean Multidisciplinary Cohort for Delirium Prevention (KoMCoDe).

Objective: Delirium is commonly reported from the inpatients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. As delirium is closely associated with adverse clinical outcomes, prediction and prevention of delirium is critical. We developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict delirium in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and to identify modifiable factors to prevent delirium. Methods: The data set (n = 878) from four medical centers was constructed. Total of 78 predictors were included such as demographic characteristics, vital signs, laboratory results and medication, and the primary outcome was delirium occurrence during hospitalization. For analysis, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was applied, and the most influential factors were selected by recursive feature elimination. Among the indicators of performance for ML model, the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was selected as the evaluation metric. Results: Regarding the performance of developed delirium prediction model, the accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and the AUROC were calculated (0.944, 0.581, 0.421, 0.485, 0.873, respectively). The influential factors of delirium in this model included were mechanical ventilation, medication (antipsychotics, sedatives, ambroxol, piperacillin/tazobactam, acetaminophen, ceftriaxone, and propacetamol), and sodium ion concentration (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: We developed and internally validated an ML model to predict delirium in COVID-19 inpatients. The model identified modifiable factors associated with the development of delirium and could be clinically useful for the prediction and prevention of delirium in COVID-19 inpatients.

Do pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder overlap? a neurocognitive perspective.

OBJECTIVE: Pathological gambling (PG) is a severe and persistent pattern of problem gambling that has been aligned with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, no study has compared the neurocognitive profiles of individuals with PG and OCD. METHODS: We compared neurocognitive functioning, including executive function, verbal learning and memory, and visual-spatial organization and memory among 16 pathological gamblers, 31 drug-naïve OCD subjects, and 52 healthy controls. RESULTS: The only neurocognitive marker common to both groups was increased fragmentation errors on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF). The PG subjects showed increased nonperseverative error on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and organization difficulties in the ROCF, whereas the OCD subjects revealed longer response times on the Stroop test and retention difficulties on the immediate recall scale of the ROCF. CONCLUSIONS: A more careful approach is required in considering whether PG is a part of the OCD spectrum, as little evidence of neurocognitive overlap between PG and OCD has been reported.

Clinical and neurocognitive profiles of subjects at high risk for psychosis with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), which are common in psychotic-spectrum illnesses, are of clinical interest because of their association with poor prognosis or cognitive dysfunction. However, few studies on the clinical and neurocognitive implications of OCS in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) have been conducted. METHOD: Sixty-five UHR subjects [24 with OCS (UHR+OCS), 41 without OCS (UHR-OCS)], and 40 healthy controls were assessed using clinical scales and neurocognitive tests. RESULTS: Those with UHR+OCS showed more severe clinical symptoms and poorer global functioning as compared to both healthy controls and the UHR-OCS group, according to the results of the Global Assessment of Functioning, the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (total, negative, and general scores). In the neurocognitive domain, those in the UHR-OCS group showed notably greater latency in the Stroop task and more confabulation errors in immediate recall in the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test compared with those in UHR+OCS group, whose performance levels were similar to those of the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS: The OCS manifested in UHR individuals was associated with a more severe clinical symptomatic presentation, including lower global functioning and more psychotic symptoms. On the other hand, those with UHR-OCS performed more poorly on some cognitive tests. The features that distinguish the groups can be used for developing prognoses and intervention strategies for the heterogeneous UHR group.

Effects of Oxytocin on Social Comparisons in Intergroup Situations.

Oxytocin (OXT) is known to affect various social processes, including social comparisons and intergroup competition. In this study, we examined whether social comparisons in intergroup situations can be modulated by OXT and, if so, how this modulation manifests. Using a double-blind placebo-controlled design, we randomly assigned male participants to either OXT or placebo treatment and then asked them to play a card game with either an in-group or an out-group member. The OXT-treated participants showed a greater social comparison effect in the games with an out-group member than in games with an in-group member. Specifically, the participants in the OXT treatment condition showed a greater acceptance rate for relative gain (downward comparison) and a lower acceptance rate for relative loss (upward comparison) while playing with an out-group member rather than an in-group member. In contrast, no such effect was observed among placebo-treated participants. These findings demonstrate that OXT facilitates intergroup social comparisons with out-group versus in-group members.

Longitudinal Changes in Neural Connectivity in Patients With Internet Gaming Disorder: A Resting-State EEG Coherence Study.

Aims: The present study investigated neural connectivity associated with treatment responses in patients with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) coherence analyses. Methods: We included 30 patients with IGD and 32 healthy control subjects (HCs). Of the IGD patients, 18 completed an outpatient treatment that included pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for 6 months. Resting-state EEG coherence and self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate clinical and psychological features pre- and post-treatment, and data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results: Compared with HCs, patients with IGD showed increased beta and gamma intrahemispheric coherence and increased delta intrahemispheric coherence of the right hemisphere at baseline. After 6 months of outpatient management, patients with IGD exhibited improvements in IGD symptoms compared with baseline, but they continued to show increased beta and gamma intrahemispheric coherence compared with that of HCs. No significant EEG coherence changes between the pre- and post-treatment assessments were detected in any band in the IGD group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that significantly greater intrahemispheric fast-frequency coherence may be an important neurophysiological trait marker of patients with IGD.

The Effects of Continuation-Maintenance Electroconvulsive Therapy on Reducing Hospital Re-Admissions in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Continuation-maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (C/M-ECT) is used to prevent relapse or recurrence in patients with severe mental illnesses. We aimed to investigate the effect of C/M-ECT on reducing hospital re-admissions in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHODS: We applied a mirror-image design by retrospectively examining re-hospitalization rates of 18 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We compared the numbers of psychiatric admissions during the actual period over which C/M-ECT was administered with the same period prior to the beginning of C/M-ECT. RESULTS: The number of psychiatric admissions was reduced significantly during C/M-ECT (0.33±0.77) compared with that of the same period prior to C/M-ECT (2.67±1.33) (Wilcoxon signed rank Z=-3.663; p＜0.001). CONCLUSION: This finding shows that C/M-ECT augmentation could successfully reduce the re-hospitalization rates in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Increased Attentional Bias Toward Visual Cues in Internet Gaming Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study.

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a newly identified potential addiction disorder associated with compulsive internet-game playing behavior and attentional bias toward online gaming- related cues. Attentional bias toward addiction-related cues is the core feature of addiction that is associated with craving, but the pathophysiology of attentional bias in IGD is not well-understood, such as its relationship to compulsivity. In this study, we used the electrophysiological marker of late positive potential (LPP) to compare attentional bias in IGD and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Twenty patients with IGD, 20 patients with OCD, and 23 healthy control (HC) subjects viewed a series of game-related, OCD-related, and neutral pictures while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The game-related cues included in-game screen captures of popular internet games. The OCD-related cues included pictures which provokes obsessive and compulsive symptoms of contamination/washing or checking. LPPs were calculated as the mean value of amplitudes between 350 and 750 ms at the centro-parietal (CP1, CPz, CP2) and parietal (P1, Pz, P2) electrode sites. Higher LPP amplitudes were found for game-related cues in the IGD group than in the HCs, and higher LPP amplitudes were observed in the OCD group for OCD-related cues. The IGD group did not exhibit LPP changes in response to OCD-related cues. Subjective scales demonstrated increased arousal to game-related cues and OCD-related cues in both the IGD and OCD groups compared with the HC group. Increased LPPs in response to disorder-specific cues (game-related and OCD-related) were found in both IGD and OCD groups respectively, although the groups showed overlapping arousal on subjective scales. Our results indicate that LPP is a candidate neurophysiological marker for cue-related craving in IGD.

Early referral and comorbidity as possible causes of the declining transition rate in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis.

AIM: A clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is regarded as the state of being at risk of developing psychosis. However, the rate of transition to psychosis among CHR subjects has been declining over time. We aimed to investigate the effects of the possible causes of the declining transition rate. METHODS: A total of 129 CHR subjects were divided into two groups according to the date of enrollment: the 2005-2009 group and the 2009-2013 group. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, including medication prescription, were compared. The duration of untreated prodromal positive symptoms (DUPP) was used to account for early referral. RESULTS: The transition rate to psychosis in the 2009-2013 group was significantly lower than that in the 2005-2009 group (χ2 = 4.664, P = 0.031), although the risk factors of transition, intelligence quotient and prodromal positive symptoms did not differ between the two groups. When the DUPP was added to the follow-up duration, the between-group difference in the transition rates was no longer significant; however, the P-value was low (χ2 = 2.761, P = 0.097). After adjusting for axis II comorbidities other than schizotypal personality disorder, the effect of group division on the transition rate disappeared; however, the P-value was also low (P = 0.072). The mean olanzapine equivalent dose and the proportion of subjects prescribed with antidepressant or anxiolytic did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early referral and axis II comorbidities other than schizotypal personality disorder were associated with the declining transition rate.

Reconsidering Clinical Staging Model: A Case of Genetic High Risk for Schizophrenia.

The clinical staging model is considered a useful and practical method not only in dealing with the early stage of psychosis overcoming the debate about diagnostic boundaries but also in emerging mood disorder. However, its one limitation is that it cannot discriminate the heterogeneity of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, but lumps them all together. Even a healthy offspring of schizophrenia can eventually show clinical symptoms and progress to schizophrenia under the influence of genetic vulnerability and environmental stress even after the peak age of onset of schizophrenia. Therefore, individuals with genetic liability of schizophrenia may require a more intensive intervention than recommended by the staging model based on current clinical status.

Association of TNF-alpha G-308A gene polymorphism with depression: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have investigated the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in TNF-α G-308A gene with depression, their association is still controversial. To clarify this, we performed a meta-analysis. METHOD: Studies related to TNF-α G-308A and depression were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus (up to April 18, 2017). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in the models of allele comparison (G vs A), homozygote comparison (GG vs AA), dominant (GG vs GA + AA), and recessive (GG + GA vs AA) to estimate the strength of the associations. RESULTS: A total of 10 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, no significant association between TNF-α G-308A and depression was found (G vs A: OR [95% CI] =1.09 [0.92, 1.29]; GG vs AA: 1.24 [0.71, 2.15]; GG vs GA + AA: 1.01 [0.76, 1.35]; GG + GA vs AA: 1.22 [0.70, 2.13]). In subgroup analyses by ethnicity or age group, no statistically significant association between TNF-α G-308A polymorphisms and depression was shown. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis revealed that TNF-α G-308A polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility to depression.

The cost-effectiveness of deep brain stimulation for patients with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder with a 2% to 3% lifetime prevalence; in addition, 10% of OCD patients are resistant to conventional therapy. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been an effective treatment for treatment resistant OCD patients (TROCD). We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of DBS for TROCD. METHODS: We used a Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of DBS compared to conventional treatment for TROCD with a 10-year time horizon. Published data were used to estimate the rates of treatment response and complications. Costs were calculated from the perspective of the third-party payer. Data on quality of life were obtained from a literature review and a survey of OCD patients. We applied the model separately to Korea and the United Kingdom (UK) to enhance the validity. RESULTS: Base-case analysis showed an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$37,865 per quality-adjusted life-year in Korea and US$34,462 per quality-adjusted life-year in the UK. According to the World Health Organization's criteria, DBS for TROCD was "cost-effective" in Korea (<3x GDP per capita) and "highly cost-effective" in the UK (

Impulsivity and compulsivity in Internet gaming disorder: A comparison with obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcohol use disorder.

Background and aims Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is characterized by a loss of control and a preoccupation with Internet games leading to repetitive behavior. We aimed to compare the baseline neuropsychological profiles in IGD, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the spectrum of impulsivity and compulsivity. Methods A total of 225 subjects (IGD, N = 86; AUD, N = 39; OCD, N = 23; healthy controls, N = 77) were administered traditional neuropsychological tests including Korean version of the Stroop Color-Word test and computerized neuropsychological tests, including the stop signal test (SST) and the intra-extra dimensional set shift test (IED). Results Within the domain of impulsivity, the IGD and OCD groups made significantly more direction errors in SST (p = .003, p = .001) and showed significantly delayed reaction times in the color-word reading condition of the Stroop test (p = .049, p = .001). The OCD group showed the slowest reading time in the color-word condition among the four groups. Within the domain of compulsivity, IGD patients showed the worst performance in IED total trials measuring attentional set shifting ability among the groups. Conclusions Both the IGD and OCD groups shared impairment in inhibitory control functions as well as cognitive inflexibility. Neurocognitive dysfunction in IGD is linked to feature of impulsivity and compulsivity of behavioral addiction rather than impulse dyscontrol by itself.

Executive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anterior Cingulate-Based Resting State Functional Connectivity.

OBJECTIVE: Executive dysfunction might be an important determinant for response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and could be sustained independently of symptom relief. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been indicated as a potential neural correlate of executive functioning in OCD. The present study examined the brain-executive function relationships in OCD from the ACC-based resting state functional connectivity networks (rs-FCNs), which reflect information processing mechanisms during task performance. METHODS: For a total of 58 subjects [OCD, n=24; healthy controls (HCs), n=34], four subdomains of executive functioning were measured using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Trail Making Test part B (TMT-B). To probe for differential patterns of the brain-cognition relationship in OCD compared to HC, the ACC-centered rs-FCN were calculated using five seed regions systemically placed throughout the ACC. RESULTS: Significant differences between the OCD group and the HCs with respect to the WCST perseverative errors, SCWT interference scores, and TMT-B reaction times (p<0.05) were observed. Moreover, significant interactions between diagnosis×dorsal ACC [S3]-based rs-FCN strength in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for RCFT organization summary scores as well as between diagnosis×perigenual ACC [S7]-based rs-FCN strength in the left frontal eye field for SCWT color-word interference scores were unveiled. CONCLUSION: These network-based neural foundations for executive dysfunction in OCD could become a potential target of future treatment, which could improve global domains of functioning broader than symptomatic relief.

Brain network characteristics separating individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis into normality or psychosis.

We aimed to separate individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) state into subgroups according to neurobiological characteristics using structural and functional network constructs and examine their clinical characteristics. Structural diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 61 healthy controls (HC), 57 individuals at CHR and 29 patients with schizophrenia (SZ). The main outcome was a likelihood ratio calculated from measures of structural and functional network efficiencies, coupling strength of structural and functional networks, and a disease-specific data analysis, resulting in the most probable classification of CHR into HC or SZ. The likelihood ratios revealed that 33 individuals at CHR were likely similar to HC (CHR-HC), and the remaining 24 CHR individuals were similar to SZ (CHR-SZ). The CHR subgroups were comparable to each other in demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms. However, the verbal and executive functions of CHR-HC were similar to those of HC, and those of CHR-SZ similar to SZ. Additionally, CHR-SZ was more responsive to treatment than CHR-HC during the follow-up period. By combining structural and functional data, we could detect the vulnerable population and provide an active intervention in the early phase of the CHR state.

Neurophysiological correlates of altered response inhibition in internet gaming disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Perspectives from impulsivity and compulsivity.

Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) represent opposite ends of the impulsivity and compulsivity dimensions, the two disorders share common neurocognitive deficits in response inhibition. However, the similarities and differences in neurophysiological features of altered response inhibition between IGD and OCD have not been investigated sufficiently. In total, 27 patients with IGD, 24 patients with OCD, and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects participated in a Go/NoGo task with electroencephalographic recordings. N2-P3 complexes elicited during Go and NoGo condition were analyzed separately and compared among conditions and groups. NoGo-N2 latency at the central electrode site was delayed in IGD group versus the HC group and correlated positively with the severity of internet game addiction and impulsivity. NoGo-N2 amplitude at the frontal electrode site was smaller in OCD patients than in IGD patients. These findings suggest that prolonged NoGo-N2 latency may serve as a marker of trait impulsivity in IGD and reduced NoGo-N2 amplitude may be a differential neurophysiological feature between OCD from IGD with regard to compulsivity. We report the first differential neurophysiological correlate of the altered response inhibition in IGD and OCD, which may be a candidate biomarker for impulsivity and compulsivity.