[Patient-specific joint prothesis for ankylotic temporomandibular joints]. / Individueel vervaardigde prothesen voor ankylotische kaakgewrichten.

A 49-year-old woman who suffered from severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was referred to the department of Oral-, Maxillofacial Surgery department due to progressive limitation of the mouth opening and chronic pain in both temporomandibular joints. Based on clinical and radiological examinations, the patient was diagnosed with recurrent ankylosis of the temporomandibular joints. The patient was treated with 2 patient-specific implants of the temporomandibular joint combined with a Le Fort I osteotomy, and a genioplasty including a genioglossus advancement. This treatment may have advantages for the patient such as a lower recurrence rate of ankylosis, improved maximal mouth opening, pain reduction and improved aesthetic results.

A comparison of virulent and avirulent strains of Salmonella choleraesuis and their ability to invade Vero cell monolayers.

The mechanisms of invasion used by virulent and avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis were compared using a Vero cell invasion assay. Mouse virulent S. choleraesuis strain 38 and avirulent strain 9 were examined for their ability to invade and survive in Vero cells. The assay was performed by S. choleraesuis infection of the Vero cell monolayer alone and in the presence of various treatments applied to the Vero cell monolayers. Intracellular S. choleraesuis colony forming units were then counted to characterize the mechanism of bacterial uptake. Invasion was not affected by colchicine, but was significantly inhibited in the presence of cytochalasins B and D, chloroquine, and dansylcadaverine. Inhibition by the above substances suggested the importance of microfilaments and of receptor recycling in receptor mediated endocytosis. Both bacterial strains had decreased invasion in the presence of mannose and after enzymic treatment with trypsin. Mannose exposure caused a significant 48% decrease in the uptake of virulent S. choleraesuis 38 and a 28% decrease in avirulent S. choleraesuis 9. Inhibition of endosome acidification did not affect the virulent strain 38 as much as it affected avirulent strain 9. Results from these experiments suggested that Vero cell invasion by S. choleraesuis was due to host uptake by receptor mediated endocytosis, and was mediated in part by mannose-sensitive adhesins. Outer membrane proteins were extracted from the virulent and avirulent strain and compared using SDS-PAGE following surface protein labeling with 125I. Virulent S. choleraesuis 38 had a unique 35 kD protein. The outer membrane proteins of both strains were then examined by radio-immunoprecipitation and western blot using guinea pig polyclonal antisera and the 35 kD protein was again found to be unique to the virulent strain 38. Antisera against the 35 kD protein significantly inhibited invasion of Vero cells by S. choleraesuis strain 38.

Chlortetracycline modulates acute phase response of ex vivo perfused pig livers, and inhibits TNF-alpha secretion by isolated Kupffer cells.

Tetracyclines have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in addition to their antimicrobial action. We investigated the effects of in vivo administration of chlortetracycline (CTC) on ex vivo perfused pig livers. The retention and clearance of Salmonella choleraesuis, production of acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), and haptoglobin (HPG) by whole livers were studied. The in vitro modulation by CTC of TNF-alpha secretion by pig Kupffer cells (KC) was also studied. Pigs were dosed orally with CTC for three days, and given injections of Salmonella LPS 24 h before removal of the liver. Salmonella retention and clearance by livers of pigs given CTC was lower than by control livers (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). We demonstrated an increase of CRP and HPG by livers from control pigs after a three-hour perfusion while pigs from CTC pretreated pigs varied in this response. Further, CTC decreased the secretion of TNF-alpha by cultured KC incubated in vitro with LPS. Modulation of TNF-alpha production by CTC suggests a potential for attenuating the inflammatory response. However, this possible beneficial action of CTC was accompanied by a significant decline in the antimicrobial effect of the liver.

Porcine neutrophil function in the presence of virulent and avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis.

Porcine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) may be activated by bacteria to begin phagocytosis followed by oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms of killing. The purpose of this study was to identify differences between virulent and avirulent Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis) strains, 38 and 9 respectively, in their interactions with porcine PMNLs using five different assays. (1) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ingestion was determined by exposure of porcine PMNLs to a mixture of S. choleraesuis and 125I labeled S. aureus. There was a 2.98% and 22.20% decrease in S. aureus ingestion by mouse-avirulent S. choleraesuis 9 and mouse-virulent S. choleraesuis 38 respectively. (2) Iodination of proteins was done by exposing zymosan stimulated porcine PMNLs to S. choleraesuis in the presence of 125I and measuring its incorporation into porcine PMNL proteins. This assay indicated a 73.7% and 74.7% decrease in iodination by S. choleraesuis 9 and S. choleraesuis 38, respectively. (3) Cytochrome c reduction was performed by using porcine PMNLs, zymosan, and S. choleraesuis to determine the bacterial effect on superoxide anion production. S. choleraesuis 9 and S. choleraesuis 38 inhibited superoxide anion production by 78.0% and 92.6%, respectively. (4) Lactoferrin release from porcine PMNLs was measured by an ELISA using the supernatant from the cytochrome c assay. Results indicate a 52.0% and 61.0% increase in lactoferrin release by S. choleraesuis 9 and 38 respectively. (5) The bactericidal assay was performed by counting cfus of S. choleraesuis after preliminary incubation with porcine PMNLs, followed by killing of extracellular S. choleraesuis and lysis of porcine PMNLs. Survival of S. choleraesuis 9 and E. coli (control) were 7.50% and 1.37%, respectively, in contrast to 52.62% survival of the virulent S. choleraesuis 38. These results indicate that both strains inhibited protein iodination and caused a slight increase in lactoferrin release, but the virulent S. choleraesuis 38 inhibited S. aureus ingestion, cytochrome c reduction, and survived porcine PMNL killing more effectively than the avirulent S. choleraesuis 9.

Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf to killing by porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and its relation to mouse virulence.

Twenty-two selected strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to the actions of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and/or antibody (Ab). Strains were divided into 2 groups based on their previously reported sensitivity or resistance to antibody-complement (Ab-C) lysis. Strains resistant to Ab-C lysis resisted killing by PMNs to a greater extent than strains susceptible to Ab-C lysis. In the absence of PMNs, dilute Ab alone enhanced the growth of the Ab-C sensitive strains over that of the Ab-C resistant strains. Each of the strains was also injected intraperitoneally into a group of 5 mice. Four strains were totally avirulent for mice and the other 18 strains had a mean time to death of 5.1 +/- 1.8 d. PMNs killed bacteria in both the virulent and avirulent groups but no significant differences were observed. Antibody alone had a stimulating effect on the virulent strains but no effect on the avirulent strains. The difference between these groups was highly significant P = .005.

Acute phase response to Salmonella in a pig liver perfusion model.

Livers from 7- to 14-day old pigs were maintained on a perfusion apparatus for 3 h. The perfused livers maintained physiologic and immunologic functions during perfusion. The perfused livers retained 78-94% of a non-recirculating inoculum of approximately 1-5 x 10(8) Salmonella choleraesuis (Scs), and cleared 94.9 +/- 1.7% of the retained (Scs) during the 3-h perfusion period. When the acute phase response (APR) was induced in liver donor pigs 24 h before liver perfusion, the perfused livers had diminished capability to retain, and greatly diminished capability to clear Scs. When sterile, filtered, and concentrated liver perfusate (LP) from previous, LPS-perfused livers was added to the perfusion fluid (PF) at 50 min of Scs perfusion (passive APR), Scs clearance was inhibited. When sterile, filtered LP from previously Scs perfused livers was added to the system, liver clearance was abolished, and Scs always grew in such livers during the 3 h perfusion period. The LP of livers perfused with Scs enhanced growth of Scs in an in vitro assay. These observations suggest that products of the acute phase response favor growth of Scs in vitro and in vivo.

Effects of heterophil adaptation on Salmonella enteritidis fecal shedding and egg contamination.

Serial passage of wild-type Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in chicken heterophils resulted in decreased shedding of SE in chicken feces and reduced egg contamination. When serially heterophil-passaged strains (heterophil-adapted SE [HASE]) were given to groups of 12 or more laying hens in drinking water at a dose of 10(8) colony-forming units for 3 consecutive days, the inoculum persisted in the feces at low frequency for a few days only. Two challenge wild-type strains, given in similar manner, persisted in feces at high frequency for 25 days or longer. The persistence of challenge strains in hens previously exposed to HASE was considerably shorter and occurred less frequently than persistence and frequency in challenge control hens. HASE strains were not isolated from any of 494 eggs laid after exposure to HASE. The challenge strain was isolated from 15 of 208 eggs (7.2%) after challenge of control hens and never from 461 eggs laid after challenge of "vaccinated" hens. I concluded that HASE clones obtained by five or more cycles of heterophil phagocytosis were avirulent and immunogenic.

Loss of virulence by heterophil-adapted Salmonella pullorum.

We report that reduction of virulence for day-old chicks was achieved after eight-times-repeated heterophil passage of Salmonella pullorum (SP). The virulent source strain SP-V caused 64% mortality and 89% internal organ as well as 89% cecal colonization 10 days after administration of 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) to day-old chicks. Eight-times-repeated passage of SP in heterophils resulted in attenuated strain SP-A that was nonlethal and reduced colonization of internal organs from 89% for SP-V strain to 4.3% for SP-A strain 10 days after administration of 10(7) or 10(8) CFU to day-old chicks. Cecal colonization was reduced from 89% for SP-V strain to 0 for SP-A strain 10 days after administration of 10(7) or 10(8) CFU to day-old chicks.

Reduction of fecal shedding and egg contamination of Salmonella enteritidis by increasing the number of heterophil adaptations.

Serial passage of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in chicken heterophils resulted in heterophil-adapted SE (HASE). We now report that an additional five heterophil passages have further reduced the number and frequency of fecal shedding of HASE. Eleven-times HASE (11 x HASE) given to 12 laying hens for three consecutive days reduced fecal shedding of 11 x HASE to three isolations from fecal samples during the 70-day postexposure observation period. Hens were exposed to challenge SE 74 days after treatment with 11 x HASE. Three of 12 11 x HASE-treated hens were positive for challenge SE (11/396 fecal samples, or 2.8%) between days 5 and 40 postchallenge, whereas all 12 challenge control birds were positive (118/420 fecal samples, or 28.1%) for SE. None of 12 11 x HASE-treated hens was fecal positive from day 9 postchallenge, whereas 10 of 12 challenge control hens (82/372 fecal samples, or 22.0%) remained positive until day 40, the termination of the experiment. None of 525 eggs and eggshells cultured after 11 x HASE exposure was positive for Salmonella, and none of 422 eggs and eggshells cultured after challenge SE exposure was positive for Salmonella. Eggs or eggshells from challenge control hens were positive for Salmonella in 12/479 (2.5%) cases after challenge SE exposure.

Comparison of heterophil phagocytosis for heterophil-adapted Salmonella enteritidis (HASE) and wild-type Salmonella enteritidis (SE).

Serial passage of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) yields heterophil-adapted SE (HASE) strains that have resulted in decreased shedding of SE in feces and reduced egg contamination. Additionally, increasing the number of heterophil passages further reduced the number and frequency of fecal shedding. To evaluate SE and heterophil interaction, nine SE strains were fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled when viable. There were six wild-types: SE TK 474, SE TK 584, SE TK 599, SE TK 600, SE TK 655, and SE TK 657; and three HASE strains: TK 499 heterophil adapted five times, TK 598 heterophil adapted six times, and TK 605 heterophil adapted 11 times. Trials were repeated seven times in duplicate with heterophils isolated from seven healthy chickens. Heterophils were incubated with the bacterial strains at 41 C for 15 min, and 10,000 heterophils were analyzed by flow cytometry. Percentage of phagocytosis and mean channel number of fluorescence were compared. Both parameters were significantly increased for all HASE-type strains compared with wild-type, nonadapted SE strains. Increased phagocytosis of HASE bacterial strains may be significant in processing and elimination of the HASE strains and may be related to the protective effect of HASE by decreased shedding of wild-type SE challenge strains.

Sensitivity of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf field strains to antibody complement under various conditions.

Seventy-two field strains of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were obtained from outbreaks of swine parathyroid. The field strains were examined for susceptibility to killing by antibody-complement (Ab-C) after they were exposed to Tris-EDTA, lysozyme, or saline solution. Considerable differences were found in susceptibility to killing by Ab-C in the strain population. Some strains were highly sensitive to Ab-C under all experimental conditions, whereas others became sensitive only after prior exposure to Tris-EDTA or to lysozyme. One strain was resistant to all treatments. Numerical decrease of colony-forming units by Tris-EDTA affected the population independently of decrease of the colony-forming units by Ab-C in saline solution. Evidence was obtained to indicate that Tris-EDTA may inhibit growth of S cholerae-suis in addition to the documented effect of Tris-EDTA on the release of lipopolysaccharide from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Iron and transferrin in acute experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs.

The effects of experimental Salmonella cholerae-suis inoculation with a virulent and an avirulent strain on serum iron (SI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin (TF) were evaluated. Inoculation of virulent strain 38 was followed by significant (P less than 0.05) decreases of SI, TIBC, and TF. Exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by moderate decreases of SI, TIBC, and TF. When exposure to avirulent strain 33 was followed by challenge exposure with virulent strain 38, the SI, TIBC, and TF values remained at initial values or were higher. Negative correlation was observed between rectal temperature and SI and TIBC values, but was significant (P less than 0.0001) only 7 days after inoculation of the virulent strain 38.

Effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response of pigs to Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf.

The effects of the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (CY) on the immune response of pigs given IM challenge inoculations of a moderately virulent strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf were examined. Five groups of Yorkshire-cross pigs (approx 6 kg) were given Salmonella, CY, or both at various times after the 1st of a series of doses of CY was given. The drug was administered subcutaneously in 3 doses, 2 days between doses, at a rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. Cyclophosphamide was observed to produce significant numerical decrease of circulating leukocytes, especially the polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Circulating lymphocyte numbers were reduced to 40% to 60% of base-line values. Pigs (group 4) given 3 x 10(6) S cholerae-suis IM at the time the initial CY dose was given were clinically ill during days 6 to 12; 2 of the 5 pigs died. In contrast, pigs (group 5) given 3 x 10(6) S cholerae-suis at the time of the 3rd dosing with CY did not become clinically ill until 10 days later. A significant increase in antibody titer to S cholerae-suis was delayed in this latter group beyond that of the groups of pigs (group 4) inoculated on the 1st dosing with CY and of pigs (group 6) not given CY. A significant and prolonged increase in mean rectal temperature was observed in those pigs challenge inoculated at the time of the initial CY dose. Pigs also were sensitized to Mycobacterium avium 2 weeks before CY administration. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions were depressed in pigs treated with CY at the time of testing.

Desferoxamine and iron dextran in acute Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs.

Serum iron (SI)-related and hematologic changes were evaluated in a herd of weaned pigs inoculated with a strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis, causing 83% mortality within 22 days after inoculation was done. Serum iron concentrations decreased to 35% of base-line values 2 days after inoculation was done, but recovered to near base line subsequently. Total SI-binding capacity (TIBC) decreased gradually for 14 days after inoculation was done. Transferrin (TF) concentrations decreased to near half the base line throughout the postinoculation observation period. The calculated SI saturation coefficient decreased to half the base line, but recovered to or above the base-line value subsequently. Combined observations of SI, TIBC, TF, and SI saturation coefficient concentrations indicated that there was higher saturation of host iron-binding proteins and recruitment of additional iron-binding systems subsequent to 2 days after inoculation was done. Day 2 after inoculation seemed to be a critical period for host iron metabolism. Injection of supplemental iron dextran simultaneously with Salmonella infection resulted in lower mortality of iron-injected pigs (P less than 0.005). A highly significant negative correlation was observed between SI concentration and rectal temperatures after pigs were inoculated with Salmonella (r = -0.54; P less than 0.0001). Hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not significantly affected by Salmonella infection or iron injection concurrent with Salmonella infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Conjunctival and intramuscular vaccination of pigs with a live avirulent strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis.

An avirulent mutant strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis was cloned for resistance to streptomycin and nalidixic acid. The mutant strain 33-13 also was used because of its avirulence and immunogenicity in mice. Weaned pigs were vaccinated with live strain 33-13; 5 pigs were vaccinated by conjunctivally administered 5.5 X 10(7) organisms (low dose), 5 were conjunctivally administered 5.5 X 10(9) organisms (high dose), and 5 pigs were administered 5.5 X 10(9) organisms (high dose) IM. Transient fever and transient fecal shedding of the vaccine strain developed in pigs vaccinated IM, but not in 2 groups of pigs vaccinated conjunctivally. After intratracheal administration of virulent strain 38-9, nonvaccinated control pigs (n = 9) developed persistent high fever, anorexia, bacteremia, diarrhea, and fecal shedding of strain 38-9, whereas vaccinated pigs remained afebrile and clinically normal. Nonvaccinated and uninfected sentinel pigs (n = 8) were kept in units of 2 pigs with each group of experimental pigs, and remained healthy throughout the experiment. Thirteen vaccinated and 7 nonvaccinated control pigs were killed 42 days after vaccination, and 2 vaccinated, 2 nonvaccinated, and 8 sentinel control pigs were killed 58 days after vaccination. Ten organs were evaluated by quantitative bacteriology on necropsy of all pigs for the presence of vaccine strain 33-13, and for virulent strain 38-9. Strain 33-13 was not found. Lung and liver, lesions were found in most of the nonvaccinated control pigs, with a high frequency of recovery of large numbers of strain 38-9 from the mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and ileum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Safety and efficacy of an attenuated strain of Salmonella choleraesuis for vaccination of swine.

The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of a live Salmonella choleraesuis immunizing strain, obtained by repeated ingestion and recovery through porcine neutrophils. The strain was tested in mice and in pigs. The vaccine was safe and effective in controlled experimental trials, using clinical, pathologic, and microbiologic criteria. Vaccinated pigs were able to maintain normal weight gains during the 4-week observation period following challenge inoculation with a high dose of a virulent strain.

Evaluation of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in Kupffer cells of neonatal pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the activity of Kupffer cells (KC) of control neonatal pigs and neonatal pigs treated with endotoxin and to compare activity of KC with that of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM). SAMPLE POPULATION: Kupffer cells and PAM obtained from 24 neonatal pigs (7 to 10 days old). PROCEDURE: Pairs (n = 7) of littermates served as treated (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or untreated pigs. Pigs were euthanatized 24 hours after treatment, and cells were isolated. Cells were obtained from 10 other neonatal pigs for other assays. Functional activity of cells was evaluated by use of in vitro assays to evaluate bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, and production of superoxide anion (SOA), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Each assay was repeated on cells obtained from 4 to 6 pigs. RESULTS: Phagocytic activity was similar in KC and PAM, but bactericidal activity and production of SDA and TNF-alpha was lower in KC. Neither KC nor PAM produced NO in response to LPS stimulation. Phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and production of SOA were enhanced for KC obtained from neonatal pigs treated with LPS. The PAM from LPS-treated neonatal pigs had similar bactericidal activity to PAM obtained from untreated pigs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Functional capacity of KC is affected by endotoxin. This provides additional information of the role the liver plays in immune surveillance. In addition, the response of KC in neonatal pigs exposed to endotoxin is of value for understanding gram-negative bacterial sepsis, which is a major cause of mortality in neonatal pigs.

Cytokine release by porcine livers perfused with lipopolysaccharide or live Salmonella choleraesuis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model to study the kinetics and relative amounts of cytokines produced by liver cells during enteric infection. DESIGN: Salmonella enteriditis lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or live S choleraesuis-stimulated isolated livers from clinically normal pigs and pigs with active acute phase response. ANIMALS: 7- to 14-day-old salmonellosis-free pigs, 4 to 12/group. PROCEDURE: Livers were removed and perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution for 30 minutes and with S choleraesuis or LPS added for 7 minutes. Livers were then perfused with 500 ml of fresh solution in a closed loop procedure for 180 minutes. Perfusate samples were collected for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) bioassays. RESULTS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha values remained constant during perfusion of normal livers and increased in those exposed to LPS. Interleukin 6 values increased in perfusate from normal livers from 30 to 150 minutes, then decreased. In livers from pigs with an active acute phase response, TNF alpha values were reduced; IL-6 appeared by 2 minutes and decreased after 25 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated livers could be kept viable for 3 hours, and IL-6 and TNF alpha could be measured by the bioassays used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Model can be used for studying and modifying the response of liver cells to infective agents.

Identification of bovine lymphocyte subpopulations by a combined bacterial adherence and fluorescent antibody technique.

It is known that certain strains of bacteria bind selectively to subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have developed a technique which used the specificity of bacterial binding concurrently with fluorescent antibody staining methods to identify 5 B-cell and 5 T-cell subpopulations of bovine lymphocytes. In addition, greater than 95% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes could be positively identified as being either T-cells or B cells. Using ethidium bromide-stained bacteria and lymphocytes in combination with fluorescent antibody staining to detect surface immunoglobulins or T-cell antigens, the method provided a simple yet highly specific technique for the enumeration of both B and T cells in 1 preparation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The use of bacterial rosetting with fluorescent antibody staining was found to be easier and more reliable than the methods currently used to identify bovine B- and T-lymphocyte subpopulations.

Relationship between the antibody-complement susceptibility of smooth Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf strains and their virulence for mice and pigs.

In the present work, we attempted to characterize 4 field strains of Salmonella cholerae-suis var kunzendorf susceptible to antibody and complement (Ab-C), and 4 strains not susceptible to Ab-C, with respect to their virulence for mice and pigs. In vivo growth of an Ab-C-susceptible, mouse-virulent strain in the spleens of mice exceeded that of 2 Ab-C-susceptible, but mouse-avirulent strains by at least 10(4) organisms. Comparison of Ab-C susceptibility with virulence for pigs seemed to indicate that parallelism existed between Ab-C susceptibility and avirulence, except for strain 38, which was Ab-C susceptible yet virulent. There was agreement between virulence for mice and pigs, except for strains 10 and 61, which were avirulent for mice but relatively virulent for pigs. The 3 strain criteria under comparison (ie, Ab-C susceptibility, virulence for mice, and virulence for pigs) suggested only partial relatedness. Vaccination of pigs with the least virulent strain was found to protect them against challenge exposure with the most virulent strain, indicating that virulence factors may not be associated with immunogenicity.