RAPPER: A new method for rapid assessment of macroalgae as a complement to diatom-based assessments of ecological status.

Most methods for ecological assessment developed since the onset of the Water Framework Directive require substantial effort by skilled analysts and are therefore expensive to use. RAPPER ("Rapid Assessment of PeriPhyton Ecology in Rivers") is a high level ecological "triage" method that enables rapid screening of sites within a water body to enable managers to identify areas subject to nutrient pressures. The method involves a survey of macroscopic algae within 10m lengths of watercourses, taking samples for subsequent identification, and assessing cover. Genus-level identification is used to ensure rapid assessment and comparability, and that the method can be used by a wide range of users. Genera of alga that form conspicuous growths recognisable with the naked eye are designated as either "stress-tolerant" ("S-taxa") or "competitive" taxa ("C-taxa"), depending on their preference for locations with low or high nutrient concentrations. Genera whose representatives span a wide range of nutrient conditions, or for which few data are available, are placed in a third class, "unclassified". The presence of S-taxa and the relative cover of C-taxa are then used to determine whether a site is at risk from eutrophication. Field trials in Scotland demonstrated that the method discriminates between sites with low and high nutrient concentrations. Significant differences were also observed in values of the Trophic Diatom Index between RAPPER classification categories. RAPPER can be used alone (allowing greater spatial or temporal coverage within water bodies at lower cost than conventional assessment methods) or to increase confidence in assessments of the condition of the phytobenthos by incorporating algae other than diatoms. The outcomes also relate directly to the experiences of non-technical stakeholders, and will have benefits for communicating ecosystem health concepts to the wider public, for example through "citizen science".

Diel Surface Temperature Range Scales with Lake Size.

Ecological and biogeochemical processes in lakes are strongly dependent upon water temperature. Long-term surface warming of many lakes is unequivocal, but little is known about the comparative magnitude of temperature variation at diel timescales, due to a lack of appropriately resolved data. Here we quantify the pattern and magnitude of diel temperature variability of surface waters using high-frequency data from 100 lakes. We show that the near-surface diel temperature range can be substantial in summer relative to long-term change and, for lakes smaller than 3 km2, increases sharply and predictably with decreasing lake area. Most small lakes included in this study experience average summer diel ranges in their near-surface temperatures of between 4 and 7°C. Large diel temperature fluctuations in the majority of lakes undoubtedly influence their structure, function and role in biogeochemical cycles, but the full implications remain largely unexplored.