Influence of Different Genders of Japanese Quail on the Functional State of Kidneys.

Kidneys comprise the paired organ essentially responsible for excreting nitrogenous wastes, excessive water, inorganic salts, and toxic substances produced during the process of body metabolism. The maintenance of osmotic regulation and homeostatic fluid balance of the body is also performed by the kidneys. The current study investigated the histological features in quail birds of both genders at different age stages. A total of thirty-six adult male and female Japanese quail were allocated randomly into four different age groups of 30, 90, 180, and 270 days. They were fed high-protein food and water for two weeks, after which the kidneys of the quail were obtained and histological changes between males and females were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22. The results showed a 24% increase in Bowman's space in male quail compared with females after 30 days. Moreover, a 10% increase in Bowman's space was recorded at 270 days in male quail compared with females. The results showed a 12% increase in glomerular diameter in females compared with males. The data also showed a 12% increase in the diameter of Bowman's capsule in females compared to males. The outer diameter of the thin tubule in the loop of Henle in females increased by 4% compared to males. A 12%increase was noted in the outer diameter of the thickened tubule and the collecting tubes in male quail compared to the females at 30 days of age. Increases in the outer diameter of the proximal tubule of 6%, 16%, and 2% in female quail compared to males were recorded at 30, 180, and 270 days, respectively. Finally, the outer diameter of the distal tubule in males increased by 4% compared to females at 30 days and by 2% at 270 days. The current study described in detail the effect of a high-protein diet on the histology of different genders in quail kidney.

[Cell engineering and genetic approaches to the development of models of human embryonic stem cells for studying genetic disorders].

A novel approach to the establishment of genetically modified human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines has been developed, and it has been shown that mutant hESC may be derived from affected embryos after preimplantation genetic diagnosis screening for a particular single gene disorder. Here we provide the description of embryo and cell manipulation procedures, diagnostic lay out, analysis of the efficiency of embryo development and hESC establishment, as well as developments for hESC derivation in animal free conditions. The high efficiency of the approach (50%) is especially crucial in the work with rare and unique resources, such as genetically screened embryos necessary for the derivation of hESC lines representative of specific genetic diseases.

Influence of hepatic neoplasia on life expectancy in dogs.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study investigated the influence of liver tumor structure on life expectancy in dogs. Diseases of the liver comprise 5-25% of all non-communicable diseases in dogs, and primary hepatic tumors account for 0.6-1.3% of tumors. This research aimed to study the post-operative life span of animals with primary or metastatic tumors of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the study period, 7124 oncological operations were performed in our clinic. In total, 128 liver tumors were detected in live animals, while 323 were detected posthumously. Forty animals underwent surgery for various liver tumors. In dogs with primary liver tumors, the average age was 11.9 years and the average body weight was 15.5 kg, while in dogs with liver metastases, the mean age was 11.4 years and the average body weight was 24 kg. RESULTS: The ratio of males to females among dogs with primary liver tumors was about 1:1 (ten females and nine males), while that among dogs with metastatic liver damage was clearly predominantly female (14 females and two males) because females often undergo surgery for cancerous mammary glands or ovaries. CONCLUSION: The size of tumors and the number of affected lobes had a significant effect on the post-operative life span. With a tumor size of <5 cm and a lesion covering less than two lobes of the liver, life expectancy was significantly longer and the prognosis was more favorable. In cases of large tumors or those affecting more than two lobes, life expectancy was significantly reduced and the prognosis was cautious to unfavorable.

Immune-inflammatory concept of the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Dilated cardiomyopathy is common in dogs. This form of cardiomyopathy is the main cause of death due to heart disease in dogs. Death can occur suddenly in clinically normal animals as a result of the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). The pathogenesis of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy involves activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation, which leads to further progression of the condition. Heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, the involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis. AIM: This study aimed to determine the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms surrounding the development of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this study were dogs with a dilated form of cardiomyopathy (n=159), complicated by various functional classes of heart failure syndrome. Evaluation of myocardial remodeling, systolic function, and systemic hemodynamics was performed using EMP-860 Vet and PU-2200V ultrasound scanners according to the standard technique. Electrocardiography was performed with all dogs in right lateral recumbency using the EK1T-04 Midas electrocardiograph (50 mm/s speed and 1 mV gain = 1 cm). RESULTS: In some affected animals, especially in cases of compensated dilated cardiomyopathy, leukocytosis was noted. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated by heart failure syndrome of various functional classes, the number of neutrophils was significantly increased, and the number of lymphocytes was decreased by 1.9-2.1 times when compared with those in clinically normal animals. In dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, neutrophilic leukocytosis develops with a simple regenerative shift to the left. The results of immunological studies indicate that dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy develop T lymphocytopenia as compared with clinically normal animals. CONCLUSION: The central component of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is the activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation. The development of CHF in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis.