Translocation of cytosolic human Cdc73 to stress granules plays a role in arsenic stress-induced stabilization of p53 mRNA.

Cells trigger the assembly of stress granules (SGs) under various stress conditions. Among the many proteins recruited to SGs are RNA-binding proteins and transcription regulators. Here, we report the translocation of human (h)Cdc73, a component of the PAF1 transcription complex, to cytosolic SGs in response to arsenic stress. The hCdc73 protein possesses a long intrinsically disordered region (IDR) from amino acids 256-416, the presence of which is required for the translocation of hCdc73 to cytosolic SGs. The purified hCdc73 IDR formed droplets in vitro, and the light-activated assembly of hCdc73-IDR-mCherry-CRY2 was verified. For translocation of hCdc73 to SGs, physical interactions with SG carrier proteins, such as FMR1, are also needed. Previously, we reported that the cytosolic hCdc73-eEF1Bγ complex controls the stability of p53 mRNA. Under arsenic stress, selective sequestration of cytosolic hCdc73, but not eEF1Bγ (EEF1G) or p53 (TP53) mRNA, was detected. As a result, a transient increase in p53 mRNA at the post-transcriptional level was observed. In conclusion, we propose that the availability of mRNAs for stress-responsive genes can be controlled by restraining their negative regulators within SGs.

Homotypic SCOTIN assemblies form ER-endosome membrane contacts and regulate endosome dynamics.

The ER regulates the spatiotemporal organization of endolysosomal systems by membrane contact. In addition to tethering via heterotypic interactions on both organelles, we present a novel ER-endosome tethering mechanism mediated by homotypic interactions. The single-pass transmembrane protein SCOTIN is detected in the membrane of the ER and endosomes. In SCOTIN-knockout (KO) cells, the ER-late endosome contacts are reduced, and the perinuclear positioning of endosomes is disturbed. The cytosolic proline-rich domain (PRD) of SCOTIN forms homotypic assemblies in vitro and is necessary for ER-endosome membrane tethering in cells. A region of 28 amino acids spanning 150-177 within the SCOTIN PRD is essential to elicit membrane tethering and endosomal dynamics, as verified by reconstitution in SCOTIN-KO cells. The assembly of SCOTIN (PRD) is sufficient to mediate membrane tethering, as purified SCOTIN (PRD), but not SCOTIN (PRDΔ150-177), brings two different liposomes closer in vitro. Using organelle-specific targeting of a chimeric PRD domain shows that only the presence on both organellar membranes enables the ER-endosome membrane contact, indicating that the assembly of SCOTIN on heterologous membranes mediates organelle tethering.

The verification of delta SCF and Slater's transition state theory for the calculation of core ionization energy.

The core ionization energies of second- and third-period elements of the molecules C2 H5 NO2 , SiF4 , Si(CH3 )4 , PF3 , POF3 , PSF3 , CS2 , OCS, SO2 , SO2 F2 , CH3 Cl, CFCl3 , SF5 Cl, and Cl3 PS are calculated by using Hartree-Fock (HF), and Kohn-Sham (KS) with BH&HLYP, B3LYP, and LC-BOP functionals. We used ΔSCF, Slater's transition state (STS), and two previously proposed shifted STS (1) and shifted STS (2) methods, which have been developed. The errors of ΔSCF and STS come mainly from the self-interaction errors (SIE) and can be corrected with a shifting scheme. In this study, we used the shifting parameters determined for each atom. The shifted STS (1) reproduces ΔSCF almost perfectly with mean absolute deviations (MAD) of 0.02 eV. While ΔSCF and STS vary significantly depending on the functional used, the variation of shifted STS (2) is small, and all shifted STS (2) values are close to the observed ones. The deviations of the shifted STS (2) from the experiment are 0.24 eV (BH&HLYP), 0.19 eV (B3LYP), and 0.23 eV (LC-BOP). These results further support the use of shifted STS methods for predicting the core ionization energies.

Preoperative COVID-19 and Postoperative Mortality in Cancer Surgery: A South Korean Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the impact of preoperative COVID-19 on early postoperative mortality in patients undergoing time-sensitive cancer surgery. METHODS: This retrospective, nationwide cohort study included adult patients who underwent various cancer (thyroid, breast, stomach, colorectal, hepatobiliary, genitourinary, lung, and multiple cancer) surgeries under general anesthesia in South Korea in 2022. Patients were grouped according to the duration from the date of COVID-19 confirmation to the date of surgery (0-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, 5-6 weeks, and ≥7 weeks). Patients without preoperative COVID-19 also were included. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with Firth correction was performed to investigate the association between preoperative COVID-19 and 30-day and 90-day postoperative mortality. The covariates encompassed sociodemographic factors, the type of surgery, and vaccination status in addition to the aforementioned groups. RESULTS: Of the 99,555 patients analyzed, 30,933 (31.1%) were preoperatively diagnosed with COVID-19. Thirty-day mortality was increased in those who underwent surgery within 0-2 weeks after diagnosis of COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.12; P = 0.038); beyond 2 weeks, there was no significant increase in mortality. A similar pattern was observed for 90-day mortality. Full vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with reduced 30-day (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.29-0.50; P < 0.001) and 90-day (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.33-0.46; P < 0.001) mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer surgery within 2 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with increased early postoperative mortality. These findings support current guidelines that recommend postponing elective surgery for at least 2 weeks after the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Effect of an intravenous acetaminophen/ibuprofen fixed-dose combination on postoperative opioid consumption and pain after video-assisted thoracic surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) often induces significant postoperative pain, potentially leading to chronic pain and decreased quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the acetaminophen/ibuprofen combination effectiveness in reducing analgesic requirements and pain intensity in patients undergoing VATS. STUDY DESIGN: This is a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Adult patients scheduled for elective VATS for lung resection were randomized to receive either intravenous acetaminophen and ibuprofen (intervention group) or 100 mL normal saline (control group). Treatments were administered post-anesthesia induction and every 6 h for three cycles. The primary outcome was total analgesic consumption at 24 h postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were cumulative analgesic consumption at 2 and 48 h; analgesic-related side effects at 2, 24, and 48 h; quality of recovery at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively; pain intensity at rest and during coughing; and rescue analgesics use. Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) was assessed through telephone interviews 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The study included 96 participants. The intervention group showed significantly lower analgesic consumption at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively (24 h: median difference: - 100 µg equivalent intravenous fentanyl [95% confidence interval (CI) - 200 to - 5 µg], P = 0.037; 48 h: median difference: - 140 µg [95% CI - 320 to - 20 µg], P = 0.035). Compared to the controls, the intervention group exhibited a significantly lower quality of recovery 24 h post-surgery, with no significant difference at 48 h. All pain scores except for coughing at 48 h post-surgery were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the controls. No significant differences were observed between the groups in postoperative nausea and vomiting occurrence, hospital stay length, and CPSP. CONCLUSION: Perioperative administration of acetaminophen/ibuprofen significantly decreased analgesic needs in patients undergoing VATS, providing an effective postoperative pain management strategy, and potentially minimizing the need for stronger analgesics.

Volatile Anesthetic Use Versus Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Patients Undergoing Heart Valve Surgery: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have suggested that volatile anesthetic use may improve postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery compared to total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) owing to its potential cardioprotective effect. However, the results were inconclusive, and few studies have included patients undergoing heart valve surgery. METHODS: This nationwide population-based study included all adult patients who underwent heart valve surgery between 2010 and 2019 in Korea based on data from a health insurance claim database. Patients were divided based on the use of volatile anesthetics: the volatile anesthetics or TIVA groups. After stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), the association between the use of volatile anesthetics and the risk of cumulative 1-year all-cause mortality (the primary outcome) and cumulative long-term (beyond 1 year) mortality were assessed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 30,755 patients included in this study, the overall incidence of 1-year mortality was 8.5%. After stabilized IPTW, the risk of cumulative 1-year mortality did not differ in the volatile anesthetics group compared to the TIVA group (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.07; P = .602), nor did the risk of cumulative long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.04; P = .579) at a median (interquartile range) follow-up duration of 4.8 (2.6-7.6) years. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with TIVA, volatile anesthetic use was not associated with reduced postoperative mortality risk in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. Our findings indicate that the use of volatile anesthetics does not have a significant impact on mortality after heart valve surgery. Therefore, the choice of anesthesia type can be based on the anesthesiologists' or institutional preference and experience.

Effect of a repeated verbal reminder of orientation on emergence agitation after general anaesthesia for minimally invasive abdominal surgery: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: An orientation strategy providing repeated verbal reminders of time, place, and person has been widely used for the non-pharmacological management of delirium. We hypothesised that using this strategy could reduce emergence agitation and improve recovery profiles. METHODS: This prospective observer-blinded RCT included male and female patients aged 18-70 yr undergoing minimally invasive abdominal surgery. During emergence from general anaesthesia, subjects in the orientation group (n=57) were provided a repeated reminder, including orientation: '(Patient's name), you are now recovering from general anaesthesia after surgery at Seoul National University Hospital, open your eyes!' via noise-cancelling headphones, whereas those in the control group (n=57) only heard their name: '(Patient's name), open your eyes!'. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence agitation (Riker sedation agitation scale [SAS] ≥5). The incidence of dangerous agitation (SAS=7), maximal SAS score in the operating room, and recovery profile until 24 h postoperatively were evaluated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The incidence of emergence agitation in the operating room was significantly lower in the orientation group than in the control group (16/57 [28.1%] vs 38/57 [66.7%]; relative risk [95% confidence interval], 0.5 [0.3-0.7]; P<0.001). The incidence of dangerous agitation (0 [0.0%] vs 10 [17.5%], P=0.001) and the median maximal SAS score (4 [4-5] vs 5 [4-6], P<0.001) were also lower in the orientation group. Secondary outcomes, other than agitation-related variables, were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated verbal stimulation of orientation may serve as a simple and easily applicable strategy to reduce emergence agitation after general anaesthesia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05105178.

The core ionization energies calculated by delta SCF and Slater's transition state theory.

The core ionization energies of the second-period and third-period elements are studied by ΔSCF and Slater's transition state (STS) theory by using Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham (KS) approximations. Electron correlation increases the estimated core ionization energies, while the self-interaction error (SIE) decreases them, especially for the third-period elements and is a more significant factor. As a result, while HF lacks electron correlation, it is free of SIE and reasonably predicts the core ionization energies. The core ionization energies calculated by HF STS are very close to those calculated by HF ΔSCF, showing that STS reasonably describes the relaxation of the core hole. The core ionization energies calculated by KS are particularly sensitive to the SIE of the functional used, with functionals having less SIE yielding more accurate ΔSCF core ionization energies. Consequently, BH&HLYP gives better results than B3LYP and LC-BOP since BH&HLYP is the hybrid functional with high proportion of the exact HF exchange. Although the core ionization energies are underestimated by ΔSCF due to SIE, STS gives larger core ionization energies than ΔSCF due to a concave behavior of the error curves of STS, which is also related to SIE. The mean absolute deviations of STS relative to ΔSCF, and relative to the experiment, are almost constant regardless of the nuclei among the element in the second period, and likewise among those in the third period. The systematic nature suggests that shifting the STS core ionization energies may be useful. We propose the shifted STS (1) for reproducing ΔSCF values, and the shifted STS (2) to reproduce the observed ones for KS calculations. Both schemes work quite well. The calculated results of KS ΔSCF and STS vary depending on the functional. However, the variation of each species' shifted STS (2) is very small, and all shifted STS (2) values are close to the observed ones. As the shifted STS require only one SCF calculation, they are simple and practical for predicting the core ionization energies.

Comparison of the recovery profile of remimazolam with flumazenil and propofol anesthesia for open thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have consistently reported a slower recovery of consciousness following remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia without flumazenil than with propofol. This study aimed to compare the reversal effect of flumazenil on the recovery of consciousness after remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia with the propofol recovery profile. METHODS: This prospective, single-blinded, randomized trial included 57 patients undergoing elective open thyroidectomy at a tertiary university hospital. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either remimazolam- or propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (remimazolam group: 28 patients, propofol group: 29 patients). The primary outcome was the time from the end of general anesthesia to first eye opening (min). The secondary outcomes were the time from the end of the general anesthesia to extubation (min), initial modified Aldrete score measured at the post-anesthesia care unit, length of stay at the post-anesthesia care unit (min), occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting during the first 24 h postoperatively, and Korean version of Quality of Recovery-15 score at 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: The remimazolam group showed significantly faster first eye opening time (2.3 [interquartile range, IQR: 1.8-3.3] min vs. 5.0 [IQR: 3.5-7.8] min, median difference:-2.7 [95% confidence interval, CI: -3.7 to -1.5] min, P < 0.001) and extubation time (3.2 [IQR: 2.4-4.2] min vs. 5.7 [IQR: 4.7-8.3] min, median difference: -2.7 [97.5% CI: -5.0 to -1.6] min, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in other postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The planned incorporation of flumazenil with remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia provided rapid and reliable recovery of consciousness.

Comparison of invasive and non-invasive measurements of cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance in living-donor liver transplantation: a prospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND: Based on the controversy surrounding pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) in surgical patients, we investigated the interchangeability of cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) measurements between ClearSight™ and PAC during living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS: This prospective study included consecutively selected LDLT patients. ClearSight™-based CI and SVR measurements were compared with those from PAC at seven LDLT-stage time points. ClearSight™-based systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were also compared with those from femoral arterial catheterization (FAC). For the comparison and analysis of ClearSight™ and the reference method, Bland-Altman analysis was used to analyze accuracy while polar and four-quadrant plots were used to analyze the trending ability. RESULTS: From 27 patients, 189 pairs of ClearSight™ and reference values were analyzed. The CI and SVR performance errors (PEs) exhibited poor accuracy between the two methods (51.52 and 51.73%, respectively) in the Bland-Altman analysis. CI and SVR also exhibited unacceptable trending abilities in both the polar and four-quadrant plot analyses. SAP, MAP, and DAP PEs between the two methods displayed favorable accuracy (24.28, 21.18, and 26.26%, respectively). SAP and MAP exhibited acceptable trending ability in the four-quadrant plot between the two methods, but not in the polar plot analyses. CONCLUSIONS: During LDLT, CI and SVR demonstrated poor interchangeability, while SAP and MAP exhibited acceptable interchangeability between ClearSight™ and FAC.

Attention Recurrent Neural Network-Based Severity Estimation Method for Early-Stage Fault Diagnosis in Robot Harness Cable.

Cable is crucial to the control and instrumentation of machines and facilities. Therefore, early diagnosis of cable faults is the most effective approach to prevent system downtime and maximize productivity. We focused on a "soft fault state", which is a transient state that eventually becomes a permanent fault -open-circuit and short-circuit. However, the issue of soft fault diagnosis has not been considered enough in previous research, which could not provide crucial information, such as fault severity, to support maintenance. In this study, we focused on solving soft fault problem by estimating fault severity to diagnose early-stage faults. The proposed diagnosis method comprised a novelty detection and severity estimation network. The novelty detection part is specially designed to deal with varying operating conditions of industrial applications. First, an autoencoder calculates anomaly scores to detect faults using three-phase currents. If a fault is detected, a fault severity estimation network, wherein long short-term memory and attention mechanisms are integrated, estimates the fault severity based on the time-dependent information of the input. Accordingly, no additional equipment, such as voltage sensors and signal generators, is required. The conducted experiments demonstrated that the proposed method successfully distinguishes seven different soft fault degrees.

Computational Investigation of Conformational Properties of Short Azapeptides: Insights from DFT Study and NBO Analysis.

Azapeptides have gained much attention due to their ability to enhance the stability and bioavailability of peptide drugs. Their structural preferences, essential to understanding their function and potential application in the peptide drug design, remain largely unknown. In this work, we systematically investigated the conformational preferences of three azaamino acid residues in tripeptide models, Ac-azaXaa-Pro-NHMe [Xaa = Asn (4), Asp (5), Ala (6)], using the popular DFT functionals, B3LYP and B3LYP-D3. A solvation model density (SMD) was used to mimic the solvation effect on the conformational behaviors of azapeptides in water. During the calculation, we considered the impact of the amide bond in the azapeptide models on the conformational preferences of models 4-6. We analyzed the effect of the HB between the side-chain main chain and main-chain main-chain on the conformational behaviors of azapeptides 4-6. We found that the predicted lowest energy conformation for the three models differs depending on the calculation methods. In the gas phase, B3LYP functional indicates that the conformers tttANP-1 and tttADP-1 of azapeptides 4 and 5 correspond to the type I of ß-turn, the lowest energy conformation with all-trans amide bonds. Considering the dispersion correction, B3LYP-D3 functional predicts the conformers tctANP-2 and tctADP-3 of azapeptide 4 and 5, which contain the cis amide bond preceding the Pro residue, as the lowest energy conformation in the gas phase. The results imply that azaAsx and Pro residues may involve cis-trans isomerization in the gas phase. In water, the predicted lowest energy conformer of azapeptides 4 and 5 differs from the gas phase results and depends on the calculational method. For azapeptide 6, regardless of calculation methods and phases, tttAAP-1 (ß-I turn) is predicted as the lowest energy conformer. The results imply that the effect of the side chain that can form HBs on the conformational preferences of azapeptides 4 and 5 may not be negligible. We compared the theoretical results of azaXaa-Pro models with those of Pro-azaXaa models, showing that incorporating azaamino acid residue in peptides at different positions can significantly impact the folding patterns and stability of azapeptides.

Ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in gastric cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy: a randomised-controlled double-blinded study.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery is unknown. We aimed to investigate its opioid-sparing and pain-relief effects in laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. METHOD: One hundred and twelve patients undergoing elective laparoscopic gastrectomy were randomised to the TAPB or control group. The TAPB group received ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAPB at the end of surgery, while the control group did not. We investigated fentanyl consumption administered via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia and as a rescue analgesic, the numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores at rest and during coughing, and the opioid-related side effects at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively. The primary outcome was cumulative fentanyl consumption at 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: The study included 53 patients in each group. The cumulative fentanyl consumption 24 h postoperatively was significantly lower in the TAPB group than in the control group (median difference -170 mcg, P = 0.03, 95% CI -360 to -15 mcg). Subcostal TAPB also significantly reduced the resting NRS score at 48 h postoperatively (median difference -1, 95% CI -1 to 0, P = 0.01) and coughing NRS score at all time points (all median difference -1, 95% CI -2 to 0, P < 0.01, P  = 0.02, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). However, it did not reduce the occurrence of opioid-related side effects, except the use of antiemetics during the first 6 h postoperatively (TAPB, 1.9% vs. Control, 15.1%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAPB provides efficient postoperative analgesia with an opioid-sparing effect after laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Can the Rhomboid Major Muscle Be Used to Identify the Thoracic Spinal Segment on Ultrasonography? A Prospective Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the thoracic segment corresponding to the inferior margin of the rhomboid major muscle (RMM) using ultrasound (US) to evaluate its potential as a reliable anatomic landmark for segment identification. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: An operating room. SUBJECTS: Patients who underwent procedures around the thoracic spine. METHODS: Four hundred segments corresponding to the RMM's inferior margin were identified through the use of paravertebral sagittal US and confirmed by fluoroscopy in 100 participants in the prone position with upward and downward shoulder rotation, comprising four datasets (up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left). The US identification of the RMM's inferior margin was dichotomously scored (clear vs ambiguous). Each dataset was divided into two groups (dominant segment group vs remaining segments group), which were compared. Factors relevant to the dominant segment associated with the RMM's inferior border were determined through univariable analyses. RESULTS: The T6 segment was observed most commonly (59.5%) along the RMM's inferior border on paravertebral sagittal US acquired in the prone position, followed by T5 (25.0%), T7 (12.8%), and T4 (2.7%). The segments corresponding to the RMM remained unchanged by shoulder posture in most participants (n = 74, 74%). The RMM's inferior border was clearly distinguishable in 330 cases (82.5%). When the RMM's inferior border was clearly identified, the corresponding segment was likely to match T6 in all datasets, with odds ratios ranging from 3.24 to 6.2. CONCLUSIONS: The RMM's inferior border over the transverse process corresponded to T6 most frequently on paravertebral sagittal US, and its deep fascia was clearly visible in most cases.

Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: A Nationwide, Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often accompanied by secondary infections, such as invasive aspergillosis. In this study, risk factors for developing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and their clinical outcomes were evaluated. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included critically ill COVID-19 patients from July 2020 through March 2021. Critically ill patients were defined as patients requiring high-flow respiratory support or mechanical ventilation. CAPA was defined based on the 2020 European Confederation of Medical Mycology and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology consensus criteria. Factors associated with CAPA were analyzed, and their clinical outcomes were adjusted by a propensity score-matched model. RESULTS: Among 187 eligible patients, 17 (9.1%) developed CAPA, which is equal to 33.10 per 10,000 patient-days. Sixteen patients received voriconazole-based antifungal treatment. In addition, 82.4% and 53.5% of patients with CAPA and without CAPA, respectively, received early high-dose corticosteroids (P = 0.022). In multivariable analysis, initial 10-day cumulative steroid dose > 60 mg of dexamethasone or dexamethasone equivalent dose) (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-13.79) and chronic pulmonary disease (adjusted OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.26-14.02) were independently associated with CAPA. Tendencies of higher 90-day overall mortality (54.3% vs. 35.2%, P = 0.346) and lower respiratory support-free rate were observed in patients with CAPA (76.3% vs. 54.9%, P = 0.089). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the dose of corticosteroid use might be a risk factor for CAPA development and the possibility of CAPA contributing to adverse outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Current Only-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for Industrial Robot Control Cables.

With the growth of factory automation, deep learning-based methods have become popular diagnostic tools because they can extract features automatically and diagnose faults under various fault conditions. Among these methods, a novelty detection approach is useful if the fault dataset is imbalanced and impossible reproduce perfectly in a laboratory. This study proposes a novelty detection-based soft fault-diagnosis method for control cables using only currents flowing through the cables. The proposed algorithm uses three-phase currents to calculate the sum and ratios of currents, which are used as inputs to the diagnosis network to detect novelties caused by soft faults. Autoencoder architecture is adopted to detect novelties and calculate anomaly scores for the inputs. Applying a moving average filter to anomaly scores, a threshold is defined, by which soft faults can be properly diagnosed under environmental disturbances. The proposed method is evaluated in 11 fault scenarios. The datasets for each scenario are collected when an industrial robot is working. To induce soft fault conditions, the conductor and its insulator in the cable are damaged gradually according to the scenarios. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method accurately diagnoses soft faults under various operating conditions and degrees of fault severity.

Interturn Short Fault Diagnosis Using Magnitude and Phase of Currents in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines.

With the increased demand for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in various industrial fields, interturn short fault (ITSF) diagnosis of PMSMs is under the limelight. In particular, to prevent accidents caused by PMSM malfunctions, it is difficult and greatly necessary to diagnose slight ITSF, which is a stage before the ITSF becomes severe. In this paper, we propose a novel fault indicator based on the magnitude and phase of the current. The proposed fault indicator was developed using analysis of positive-sequence current (PSC) and negative-sequence current (NSC), which means the degree of the asymmetry of the three-phase currents by ITSF. According to the analysis, as ITSF increases, the phase difference between PSC and NSC decreases and the magnitude of NSC increases. Therefore, the novel fault indicator is suggested as a product of the cosine value of the phase indicator and the magnitude indicator. The magnitude indicator is the magnitude of NSC, and the phase indicator means the phase difference between the PSC and the NSC. The suggested fault indicator diagnoses the degree of ITSF as well as slight ITSFs under various conditions by only measured three-phase currents. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method under various torque and speeds.

Severity Estimation for Interturn Short-Circuit and Demagnetization Faults through Self-Attention Network.

This study presents a novel interturn short-circuit fault (ISCF) and demagnetization fault (DF) diagnosis strategy based on a self-attention-based severity estimation network (SASEN). We analyze the effects of the ISCF and DF in a permanent-magnet synchronous machine and select appropriate inputs for estimating the fault severities, i.e., a positive-sequence voltage and current and negative-sequence voltage and current. The chosen inputs are fed into the SASEN to estimate fault indicators for quantifying the fault severities of the ISCF and DF. The SASEN comprises an encoder and decoder based on a self-attention module. The self-attention mechanism enhances the high-dimensional feature extraction and regression ability of the network by concentrating on specific sequence representations, thereby supporting the estimation of the fault severities. The proposed strategy can diagnose a hybrid fault in which the ISCF and DF occur simultaneously and does not require the exact model and parameters essential for the existing method for estimating the fault severity. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed fault diagnosis strategy are demonstrated through experimental results based on various fault cases and load torque conditions.

Efficacy of Enzalutamide plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer by Pattern of Metastatic Spread: ARCHES Post Hoc Analyses.

PURPOSE: Enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy has previously been shown to improve clinical outcomes in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (ARCHES; NCT02677896). Here, we assessed if and how the pattern of metastatic spread impacts efficacy of enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy in men enrolled in ARCHES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were randomized 1:1 to enzalutamide (160 mg/day) plus androgen deprivation therapy or placebo plus androgen deprivation therapy, stratified by disease volume and prior docetaxel treatment. The primary end point was radiographic progression-free survival. Secondary end points included time to prostate specific antigen progression, initiation of new antineoplastic therapy, first symptomatic skeletal event and castration resistance. Post hoc analyses were performed by pattern of metastatic spread based on study entry imaging. RESULTS: Of the overall population with metastases identified at enrollment (1,146), the largest patient subgroups were those with bone metastases only (513) and those with bone plus lymph node metastases (351); there were fewer men with lymph node metastases only (154) and men with visceral±bone or lymph node metastases (128). Enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy reduced the risk of radiographic progression vs placebo plus androgen deprivation therapy in men with bone metastases only (HR 0.33) and bone plus lymph node metastases (HR 0.31). Similar improvements in secondary end points were also observed in these subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that treatment with enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy provides improvements in men with bone and/or lymph node metastases but may be less effective in men with visceral patterns of spread.

Patients' and parents' satisfaction with, and preference for, haemophilia A treatments: a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Reports on patients' satisfaction and preferred characteristics for treatments would be worthwhile when choosing an optimal treatment reflecting patients' perspectives. AIM: To identify the characteristics and treatment patterns of patients with haemophilia A, or their caregivers, in Korea and explore patient preferences and satisfaction with their treatment. METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study was conducted from April 2018 to September 2019 at six nationwide hospitals and three Korea Hemophilia Foundation clinics. Patients aged ≥16 years, or legal caregivers of paediatric patients, who had used factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates for ≥1 month were enrolled. Satisfaction with treatment was measured using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM); preference was evaluated using discrete choice experiment (DCE), with 10 series of two hypothetical treatment options created from D-efficient block design, which varied across five attributes. RESULTS: Overall, 505 patients (mean age 31 years) were enrolled in the study. Patients had received FVIII concentrate for an average of 102.9 months (prophylaxis: 53.5%; on-demand: 22.2%). Mean TSQM scores were 64.6 (effectiveness domain), 97.9 (side effects), 57.1 (convenience) and 66.8 (global satisfaction). The number of vials per injection, and the frequency of drug administration, was significantly associated with treatment satisfaction. According to DCE, simpler treatment options were preferred by patients/caregivers. CONCLUSION: The lowest satisfaction levels were shown in the treatment convenience domain. Patients/parents preferred simpler and easier treatment characteristics. In an attempt to enhance the overall satisfaction of patients and caregivers with treatment, consideration of more convenient characteristics is required in future decisions regarding treatment selection.