Donghicola mangrovi sp. nov., a member of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from mangrove forest in Thailand.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strains, designated B5-SW-15T and C2-DW-16, were isolated from water collected in mangrove forests in Ranong Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains B5-SW-15T and C2-DW-16 belonged to the genus Donghicola and were most closely related to Donghicola tyrosinivorans DSM 100212T (98.2 and 98.1 %, respectively) and Donghicola eburneus DSM 29127T (97.7 and 97.6 %, respectively). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain B5-SW-15T, strain C2-DW-16 and related species were 95.8 and 71.6 % (to strain C2-DW-16), 76.8 and 21.3 % (to D. tyrosinivorans DSM 100212T) and 80.3 and 24.2 % (to D. eburneus DSM 29127T), respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 1 3-OH. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the sole respiratory quinone. DNA G+C contents of the isolates were 61.0 and 61.2 mol% based on whole genome sequences. Strains B5-SW-15T and C2-DW-16 contained aminolipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strains B5-SW-15T and C2-DW-16 constitute a novel species of the genus Donghicola in the family Rhodobacteraceae for which the name Donghicola mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B5-SW-15T (=BCC 56522T=TBRC 9562T=KCTC 72743T).

Comparison of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Identification Time in the Lower Central Triangle during Thyroid Surgery Using Neurophysiological Mapping and Monitoring.

Background and Objectives: Preserving the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is important in thyroid surgery. However, no standardized surgical method for locating the RLN has been established. We defined a new anatomical definition termed "lower central triangle" (LCT) for consistent identification of RLN and used intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) to aid in identification and dissection of RLN. Materials and Methods: Patients undergone thyroidectomy were reviewed retrospectively in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January to September 2017. Patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular neoplasm, and Graves' Disease were included while right side non-RLN in arteriosus lusoria, cancer invasion, pre-existing vocal cord palsy, or under the age of 18 were excluded. RLNs were tested with IONM within LCT consisting of the lower pole as the apex and the common carotid artery as the opposite side. The samples were divided into two groups, IONM and non-IONM. Results: Forty lobes in total were included, 22 in IONM group and 18 in non-IONM group. Groups were not significantly different in age, cancer proportion, and accompanying thyroiditis while sex and nodule size differed. RLN detection time was 10.43 s shorter (p < 0.001), and confirmation time was 10.67 s shorter (p = 0.09) in IONM group than in non-IONM group. Both right and left RLNs were located predominately in the middle of LCT. No transient or permanent vocal cord palsy occurred. Conclusions: While IONM is an appropriate aid for thyroidectomy, our approach using LCT to locate the RLN is a novel definition of anatomy that provides prompt identification of the RLN in thyroid surgery.

Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes Using the da Vinci S, Si, X, and Xi Robotic Platforms for BABA Robotic Thyroidectomy.

Background and Objectives: Robotic thyroidectomy via the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA), first introduced in Korea in 2008, has become a standard method of thyroid removal worldwide. The introduction of robotic surgical systems has enabled more patients to benefit from BABA robotic thyroidectomy, with good postoperative and excellent cosmetic results. To date, no studies have compared the benefits of the four currently available da Vinci robotic systems (S, Si, X, and Xi) for BABA robotic thyroidectomy. To determine the da Vinci model most suitable for BABA robotic thyroidectomy, the present study compared the perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy using the four da Vinci models. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated outcomes in patients (n = 750) who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy using the four da Vinci systems from 2013 to 2019. The clinicopathologic data, including operation time, were compared. Substudy A compared the da Vinci models S and Si from 2013 to 2017, and substudy B compared models Si, X, and Xi from 2018 to 2019. Results: Substudy A, comparing the da Vinci S and Si systems, found no statistically significant differences between the two groups, whereas substudy B found that operation time was shorter in patients who underwent BABA robotic thyroidectomy with the da Vinci Xi system than with the Si and X systems. Conclusions: The da Vinci model Xi system can benefit patients undergoing BABA robotic thyroidectomy by shortening the operation time.

Postoperative Chylothorax after Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Thyroid Carcinoma: A Missable Rare Complication of Thyroid Surgery.

Background and objectives: Currently, few studies have been conducted on postoperative chylothorax, specifically in total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection (MRND) in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. This study provides the actual incidence, etiology, and clinical features of postoperative chylothorax and reports the clinical outcomes after treatment, which were dependent upon the severity of the complications. Materials and Methods: The medical charts of 111 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection from January 2016 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The results were compared in three groups: the no chylothorax group, the subclinical (asymptomatic) group, and the clinical (symptomatic) group. Results: Chylothorax occurred in 23 patients (20.7%, 23/111). Nineteen (82.6%, 19/23) were subclinical chylothorax cases, which implies a small amount of chyle leakage with no respiratory symptoms. Four (17.4%, 4/23) were clinical, meaning they had either respiratory symptoms, such as dyspnea, desaturation, or a large amount of chylothorax in the images. The incidence was significantly higher in patients who underwent left modified radical neck dissection, and this corresponds to the side in which chylothorax occurred. There were also statistical differences in the drainage color, peak amount, or drain removal time. Conclusions: Postoperative chylothorax is a rare complication following neck dissection. However, it can be fatal if the condition progresses. Therefore, patients who undergo total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection, especially on the left side, should be monitored for respiratory symptoms, and serial chest x-ray images obtained.

Description of Lacinutrix salivirga sp. nov., a marine member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater.

A novel marine bacterium, designated KMU-57T, was isolated from seawater collected from the Republic of Korea, and it was characterized using polyphasic taxonomic methods. Strain KMU-57T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and dark-yellow-pigmented. Comparative analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the affiliation of the isolate with members of the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and it had the greatest sequence similarity (97.6%) to Lacinutrix jangbogonensis PAMC 27137T. The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain KMU-57T and L. jangbogonensis PAMC 27137T was 37.8 ± 2.2%. The DNA G + C content of strain KMU-57T was 29.9 mol%; MK-6 was the major menaquinone with; iso-C15:1 G (18.6%) and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c (15.8%) as the major (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The strain represents a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix for which the name Lacinutrix salivirga sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of L. salivirga sp. nov. is KMU-57T (= KCTC 52878T = NBRC 112845T).

Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a plant-growth-promoting bacterium in the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from rhizosphere soil.

Three novel bacterial strains, designated Vu-144(T), Vu-7 and Vu-35, were isolated on minimal medium from rhizosphere soil of field-grown cowpea and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid rods, and formed non-pigmented colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Vu-144(T) was affiliated with an uncultivated lineage of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Its closest phylogenetic neighbour was the recently described species Niastella populi, a member of the family Chitinophagaceae, with just 90.7 % sequence similarity to the type strain. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The fatty acid profiles showed large amounts of iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G and minor amounts of summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and other fatty acids, allowing the differentiation of the strains from other genera. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the three strains ranged from 43.1 to 44.3 mol%. In addition to phosphatidylethanolamine, the major polar lipids were three unidentified aminophospholipids (APL1-APL3), two unidentified phospholipids (PL1, PL2) and three unidentified lipids (UL1-UL3). Biochemical test patterns also differed from those of Niastella populi and members of other genera. All three isolates showed plant-growth-promoting properties, e.g. the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid and NH3 and to solubilize phosphate, utilized 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) as a sole source of nitrogen and possessed the ACC deaminase enzyme. The novel isolates readily colonized roots and stimulated growth of tomato and cowpea under glasshouse conditions. Inoculated plants showed a 45-60 % increase in dry matter weight with respect to uninoculated controls. On the basis of the evidence from our polyphasic study, isolate Vu-144(T) represents a novel genus and species in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae is Vu-144(T) ( = KCTC 22378(T) = NCIMB 14473(T)).

DEVELOPING AND INSTRUCTING PRE-PERFORMANCE ROUTINES FOR TENPIN BOWLING COMPETITIONS (1).

This preliminary study developed pre-performance routines for tenpin bowlers and instructed them. To develop the routine, the situations before throwing the ball were divided into four phases; participants were examined through interviews and observations. This study used an A-B design; the A stage included the development of the routines for 3 wk., while the B stage included the instruction and two evaluations of the routine consistency. Practice was implemented for 4 hr. per day for 9 wk. The participants noted they understood the developed routine easily and experienced an atmosphere similar to that of a competition during training through the routines. They found it difficult to practice the relaxation phase, but emphasized that the relaxation phase was helpful. Consistent routines were associated with an improved mental state and performance in a competition. This study suggests that pre-performance routines stabilize the mental state of the athletes, apparently giving them a competitive advantage.

Boseongicola aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and pleomorphic (coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped) bacterial strain, BS-W15(T), isolated from a tidal flat sediment at Boseong in South Korea, was characterized taxonomically. Strain BS-W15(T) grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that strain BS-W15(T) joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Profundibacterium mesophilum, Hwanghaeicola aestuarii, M. pelagius and M. salinus, showing 93.5-96.4% sequence similarities. Strain BS-W15(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(18 : 1)ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The polar lipid profile of strain BS-W15(T) contained phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol as major components, differentiating it from those of the type strains of P. mesophilum, H. aestuarii, M. pelagius and M. salinus. The DNA G+C content of strain BS-W15(T) was 58.7 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data, demonstrate that strain BS-W15(T) is distinct from type strains of P. mesophilum, H. aestuarii, M. pelagius and M. salinus. On the basis of the data presented, strain BS-W15(T) is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Boseongicola aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BS-W15(T) ( = KCTC 32576(T) = CECT 8489(T)).

Algoriphagus boseongensis sp. nov., a member of the family Cyclobacteriaceae isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, BS-R1(T), was isolated from a tidal flat at Boseong, South Korea. Strain BS-R1(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BS-R1(T) belongs to the genus Algoriphagus, clustering consistently with the type strain of Algoriphagus mannitolivorans, with which it exhibited 98.4 % sequence similarity. Sequence similarities between strain BS-R1(T) and the type strains of the other Algoriphagus species were between 92.7 and 97.0 %. Strain BS-R1(T) was found to contain MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain BS-R1(T) were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.3 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with A. mannitolivorans KACC 11349(T) was 17 ± 5 %. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain BS-R1(T) is distinguishable from the other Algoriphagus species as well as A. mannitolivorans. On the basis of the data presented, strain BS-R1(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name Algoriphagus boseongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BS-R1(T) (=KCTC 32580(T) = CECT 8446(T)).

Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated GYSW-15(T), was isolated from a seawater of Geoje island on the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain GYSW-15(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of approximately 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GYSW-15(T) belongs to the genus Polaribacter, clustering coherently with the type strain of Polaribacter porphyrae showing sequence similarity value of 97.0 %. Strain GYSW-15(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.3-96.4 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain GYSW-15(T) was found to contain MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile of strain GYSW-15(T) containing phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid as major components was similar to that of the type strain of P. porphyrae. The DNA G + C content of strain GYSW-15(T) was determined to be 31.2 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness with P. porphyrae LMG 26671(T) was 17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GYSW-15(T) is separated from recognized Polaribacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain GYSW-15(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter marinivivus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GYSW-15(T) ( = KCTC 42156(T) = CECT 8655(T)).

Algibacter undariae sp. nov., isolated from a brown algae reservoir.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain able to move by gliding, designated WS-MY9(T), was isolated from a brown algae reservoir in South Korea. Strain WS-MY9(T) grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY9(T) clustered with the type strain of Algibacter lectus with a bootstrap resampling value of 100 %. Strain WS-MY9(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.5 and 96.7 % to the type strains of A. lectus and Algibacter mikhailovii, respectively, and less than 96.1 % sequence similarity to other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain WS-MY9(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain WS-MY9(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY9(T) was 35.0 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness value with A. lectus KCTC 12103(T) was 15 %. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WS-MY9(T) is separate from the two recognized species of the genus Algibacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain WS-MY9(T) represents a novel species of the genus Algibacter, for which the name Algibacter undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY9(T) ( = KCTC 32259(T) = CCUG 63684(T)).

Formosa undariae sp. nov., isolated from a reservoir containing the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida.

A strain of Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacteria, designated WS-MY3(T), was isolated from a brown algae reservoir in South Korea. Strain WS-MY3(T) grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WS-MY3(T) fell within the cluster comprising the type strains of species of the genus Formosa, clustering coherently with the type strains of Formosa agariphila and Formosa algae. It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.7, 97.9 and 96.8 % to the type strains of F. agariphila, F. algae and Formosa spongicola, respectively. Strain WS-MY3(T) contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain WS-MY3(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain WS-MY3(T) was 37.3 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with F. agariphila KCTC 12365(T) and F. algae KCTC 12364(T) were 23 % and 17 %, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WS-MY3(T) is separate from the three recognized species of the genus Formosa. On the basis of the data presented, strain WS-MY3(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Formosa, for which the name Formosa undariae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WS-MY3(T) ( = KCTC 32328(T) = CECT 8286(T)).

Paraperlucidibaca wandonensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater, and emended description of the genus Paraperlucidibaca Oh et al. 2011.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated WT-RY4(T), was isolated from wood falls in the South Sea, South Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain WT-RY4(T) grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the absence of NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WT-RY4(T) clustered with the type strain of Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis with a bootstrap resampling value of 100 %. Strain WT-RY4(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.8 % and 96.3 % to Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis RL-2(T) and Perlucidibaca piscinae IMCC 1704(T), respectively and less than 91.5 % to the type strains of other species used in the phylogenetic analysis. The DNA G+C content of strain WT-RY4(T) was 52.4 mol% and the mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis RL-2(T) was 25 %. Strain WT-RY4(T) contained Q-11 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain WT-RY4(T) was distinguishable from Paraperlucidibaca baekdonensis RL-2(T). On the basis of the data presented, strain WT-RY4(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paraperlucidibaca, for which the name Paraperlucidibaca wandonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WT-RY4(T) ( = KCTC 32216(T) = CCUG 63419(T)). An emended description of the genus Paraperlucidibaca is also provided.

Litorisediminicola beolgyonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a coastal sediment.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod- or oval-shaped bacterial strain, BB-MW24(T), was isolated from a coastal sediment in South Korea. Strain BB-MW24(T) grew optimally at 30-37 °C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BB-MW24(T) clustered with Ponticoccus litoralis CL-GR66(T) and Roseivivax lentus S5-5(T), with which it exhibited 96.0 and 96.2% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. Strain BB-MW24(T) exhibited 85.2% gyrB sequence similarity with Sagittula stellata DSM 11524(T) and 83.3 and 83.2% gyrB sequence similarity with P. litoralis DSM 18986(T) and R. lentus S5-5(T), respectively. Strain BB-MW24(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The polar lipid profile in strain BB-MW24(T) was similar to those of members of the genera Ponticoccus and Roseivivax, but one unidentified phospholipid was found as a major polar lipid only in strain BB-MW24(T). The DNA G+C content was 68.9 mol%. The phylogenetic data and differential chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties revealed that strain BB-MW24(T) represents a novel species in a new genus within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Litorisediminicola beolgyonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain of Litorisediminicola beolgyonensis is BB-MW24(T) (=KCTC 32139(T) =CCUG 62953(T)).

Loktanella soesokkakensis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated DSSK1-5(T), was isolated from the junction between the North Pacific Ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain DSSK1-5(T) was found to grow optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DSSK1-5(T) fell within the clade comprising Loktanella species, clustering consistently with the type strains of Loktanella hongkongensis and Loktanella cinnabarina, with which it exhibited 98.9 and 98.4 % sequence similarity values, respectively. Sequence similarities to the type strains of the other recognized Loktanella species were 94.0-96.2 %. Strain DSSK1-5(T) was found to contain Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain DSSK1-5(T) were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain DSSK1-5(T) was determined to be 67.6 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with L. hongkongensis JCM 12479(T) and L. cinnabarina JCM 18161(T) were 19 and 23 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DSSK1-5(T) is separated from other Loktanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain DSSK1-5(T) is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella soesokkakensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DSSK1-5(T) (= KCTC 32425(T) = CECT 8367(T)).

Methylobacterium gossipiicola sp. nov., a pink-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium isolated from the cotton phyllosphere.

A pink, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic, motile, Gram-negative rod, designated Gh-105(T), was isolated from the phyllosphere of cotton from Coimbatore (Tamilnadu, India). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed clearly that the isolate belonged to the Methylobacterium cluster. Strain Gh-105(T) was most closely related to Methylobacterium adhaesivum AR27(T) (99% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Methylobacterium iners 5317S-33(T) (97.5%). The isolate grew with C(1) compounds such as methanol and dichloromethane, but not with formaldehyde, formate, methylamine, trimethylamine or methane, as sole carbon sources and carried mxaF, which encodes methanol dehydrogenase and supports methylotrophic metabolism. The major fatty acid was C(18:1)ω7c and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.2 mol%. Physiological and biochemical data and DNA-DNA relatedness with M. adhaesivum KACC 12195(T) and M. iners KACC 11765(T) revealed clear phenotypic and genotypic differences. For this reason, we propose that strain Gh-105(T) (=CCM 7572(T) =NRRL B-51692(T)) represents the type strain of a novel species, with the name Methylobacterium gossipiicola sp. nov.

Bacillus rhizosphaerae sp. nov., an novel diazotrophic bacterium isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere soil.

A Gram-positive, non-pigmented, rod-shaped, diazotrophic bacterial strain, designated SC-N012(T), was isolated from rhizosphere soil of sugarcane and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The strain exhibited phenotypic properties that included chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Bacillus. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of SC-N012(T) revealed the closest match (98.9% pair wise similarity) with Bacillus clausii DSM 8716(T). However, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated low levels of genomic relatedness (32%) with this strain. The major components of the fatty acid profile are iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(17:0) and anteiso-C(17:0). The diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 43.0 mol%. The lipids present in strain SC-N012(T) are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown phospholipids. Their predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. Studies of DNA-DNA relatedness, morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses and phylogenetic data based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing allowed strain SC-N012(T) to be described as members of novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SC-N012(T) (=DSM 21911(T) = NCCB 100267(T)).

Predicting Deviant Behaviors in Sports Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the deviant behaviors of young athletes the using extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) and impulsivity. About 536 middle and high school athletes in South Korea answered a set of questionnaires that measured their attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, ethical obligation, and impulsivity. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis revealed that the extended TPB model is adequate to explain deviant behaviors in sports. Further, the underlying intentions that motivate the deviant behaviors of athletes in sports were significantly predicted by perceived behavioral control and moral obligation. Findings also suggested that the intention for deviant behaviors in sports more readily manifests as an actual act when the impulsivity scores are high. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are addressed in the Discussion section.

The Mediating Effect of Disability Acceptance in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury Participating in Sport for All.

The purpose of this study is to examine the importance of disability acceptance among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) participating in the Sport for All program through self-help group activities with other individuals with SCI. This study investigated whether disability acceptance mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and life satisfaction and between sense of belonging and life satisfaction. Subjects were 142 individuals with SCI participating in the self-help group with other sports activities including para table tennis, swimming, wheelchair rugby, and weight training. A simple mediation effect analysis showed that disability acceptance significantly mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and life satisfaction (indirect effect, b = 0.219) and between the sense of belonging and life satisfaction (indirect effect, b = 0.289). The results suggest the importance of disability acceptance for individuals with SCI participating in "Sports for All" programs.

Tissue printing for engineering transplantable human parathyroid patch to improve parathyroid engraftment, integration, and hormone secretionin vivo.

During thyroid surgery, some parathyroid glands fail to maintain their function, therefore, they are unavoidably detached from the patient. For the purpose of re-preservation of the function, they are minced into small segments and transplanted into the fat or muscle layer. Yet, this method of auto-grafting the parathyroid glands is frequently unsuccessful due to its poor interaction and engraftment with the native tissue, eventually leading to the dysfunction of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. In this study, we suggest a methodology to restore parathyroid activity through the introduction of the 'tissue printing' concept. Parathyroid glands of patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were minced into the fragments smaller than 0.5 × 0.5 mm, which is in common with the traditional surgical method. These parathyroid tissues (PTs) were uniformly mixed with the adipose-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (adECM) bioink that protects the PTs from hostilein vivoenvironments and promote initial engraftment. PTs-encapsulated adECM bioink (PTs-adECM) was then printed onto the pre-designed polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh to produce patch-type PTs construct, which functions as a mechanical support to further enhance long-termin vivostability. The engineered patch was transplanted subcutaneously into rats and harvested after 4 weeks.In vivoresults showed that the engineered patches were well engrafted and stabilized in their original position for 4 weeks as compared with PTs only. Immunohistochemistry results further revealed that the concentration of PTH was approximately 2.5-fold greater in rats engrafted in the patch. Taken together, we envision that the novel concept 'tissue printing' over cell printing could provide a closer step towards clinical applications of 3D bioprinting to solve the unmet need for parathyroid surgery method.