ZDHHC5-mediated NLRP3 palmitoylation promotes NLRP3-NEK7 interaction and inflammasome activation.

The nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), and pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical mediator of the innate immune response. How NLRP3 responds to stimuli and initiates the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome is not fully understood. Here, we found that a cellular metabolite, palmitate, facilitates NLRP3 activation by enhancing its S-palmitoylation, in synergy with lipopolysaccharide stimulation. NLRP3 is post-translationally palmitoylated by zinc-finger and aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine 5 (ZDHHC5) at the LRR domain, which promotes NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. Silencing ZDHHC5 blocks NLRP3 oligomerization, NLRP3-NEK7 interaction, and formation of large intracellular ASC aggregates, leading to abrogation of caspase-1 activation, IL-1ß/18 release, and GSDMD cleavage, both in human cells and in mice. ABHD17A depalmitoylates NLRP3, and one human-heritable disease-associated mutation in NLRP3 was found to be associated with defective ABHD17A binding and hyper-palmitoylation. Furthermore, Zdhhc5-/- mice showed defective NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal an endogenous mechanism of inflammasome assembly and activation and suggest NLRP3 palmitoylation as a potential target for the treatment of NLRP3 inflammasome-driven diseases.

GRP/GRPR enhances alcohol-associated liver injury through the IRF1-mediated Caspase-1 inflammasome and NOX2-dependent ROS pathway.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The common characteristics of alcohol-associated liver injury (ALI) include abnormal liver function, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and generation of oxidative stress. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is activated by its neuropeptide ligand, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). GRP/GRPR appears to induce the production of cytokines in immune cells and promotes neutrophil migration. However, the effects of GRP/GRPR in ALI are unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We found high GRPR expression in the liver of patients with alcohol-associated steatohepatitis and increased pro-GRP levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these patients compared with that of the control. Increased expression of GRP may be associated with histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation induced by alcohol, which promotes the expression of GRP and then GRPR binding. Grpr-/- and Grprflox/floxLysMCre mice alleviated ethanol-induced liver injury with relieved steatosis, lower serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels, reduced neutrophil influx, and decreased expression and release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conversely, the overexpression of GRPR showed opposite effects. The pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress roles of GRPR might be dependent on IRF1-mediated Caspase-1 inflammasome and NOX2-dependent reactive oxygen species pathway, respectively. In addition, we verified the therapeutic and preventive effects of RH-1402, a novel GRPR antagonist, for ALI. CONCLUSIONS: A knockout or antagonist of GRPR during excess alcohol intake could have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative roles, as well as provide a platform for histone modification-based therapy for ALI.

PGD 2 /DP1 axis promotes liver regeneration by secreting Wnt2 in KCs in mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity in response to injuries or viral infections. Various growth factors and cytokines are involved in regulating liver regeneration. Prostaglandin D 2 , a pro-resolution lipid mediator, is the most abundant hepatic prostanoid. However, the role of prostaglandin D 2 in the injury-induced liver regeneration remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Two-thirds partial hepatectomy (70% PH), massive hepatectomy (85% resection), and carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic injury were performed in mice to study the mechanisms of live regeneration. Hepatic prostaglandin D 2 production was elevated in mice after PH. Global deletion of D prostanoid receptor (DP) 1, but not DP2, slowed PH-induced liver regeneration in mice, as evidenced by lower liver weight to body weight ratio, less Ki67 + hepatocyte proliferation, and G2/M phase hepatocytes. In addition, DP1 deficiency, specifically in resident KCs, and not in endothelial cells or HSCs, retarded liver regeneration in mice after PH. Conversely, the overexpression of exogenous DP1 in KCs accelerated liver regeneration in mice. Mechanistically, DP1 activation promoted Wnt2 transcription in a PKA/CREB-dependent manner in resident KCs and mediated hepatocyte proliferation through Frizzled8/ß-catenin signaling. Adeno-associated virus vector serotype 8-mediated Frizzled8 knockdown in hepatocytes attenuated accelerated liver regeneration in KC-DP1 transgenic mice after PH. Treatment with the DP1 receptor agonist BW245C promotes PH-induced liver regeneration in mice. CONCLUSIONS: DP1 activation mediates crosstalk between KCs and hepatocytes through Wnt2 and facilitates liver regeneration. Hence, DP1 may serve as a novel therapeutic target in acute and chronic liver diseases.

Genome-wide DNA N6-methyladenosine in Aeromonas veronii and Helicobacter pylori.

BACKGROUND: DNA N6-methyladenosine (6mA), as an important epigenetic modification, widely exists in bacterial genomes and participates in the regulation of toxicity, antibiotic resistance, and antioxidant. With the continuous development of sequencing technology, more 6mA sites have been identified in bacterial genomes, but few studies have focused on the distribution characteristics of 6mA at the whole-genome level and its association with gene expression and function. RESULTS: This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the 6mA in the genomes of two pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas veronii and Helicobacter pylori. The results showed that the 6mA was widely distributed in both strains. In A. veronii, 6mA sites were enriched at 3' end of protein-coding genes, exhibiting a certain inhibitory effect on gene expression. Genes with low 6mA density were associated with cell motility. While in H. pylori, 6mA sites were enriched at 5' end of protein-coding genes, potentially enhancing gene expression. Genes with low 6mA density were closely related to defense mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: This study elucidated the distribution characteristics of 6mA in A. veronii and H. pylori, highlighting the effects of 6mA on gene expression and function. These findings provide valuable insights into the epigenetic regulation and functional characteristics of A. veronii and H. pylori.

Crosstalk between metabolism and cell death in tumorigenesis.

It is generally recognized that tumor cells proliferate more rapidly than normal cells. Due to such an abnormally rapid proliferation rate, cancer cells constantly encounter the limits of insufficient oxygen and nutrient supplies. To satisfy their growth needs and resist adverse environmental events, tumor cells modify the metabolic pathways to produce both extra energies and substances required for rapid growth. Realizing the metabolic characters special for tumor cells will be helpful for eliminating them during therapy. Cell death is a hot topic of long-term study and targeting cell death is one of the most effective ways to repress tumor growth. Many studies have successfully demonstrated that metabolism is inextricably linked to cell death of cancer cells. Here we summarize the recently identified metabolic characters that specifically impact on different types of cell deaths and discuss their roles in tumorigenesis.

Gastrodin regulates the expression of renin-angiotensin system-SIRT3 and proinflammatory mediators in reactive astrocytes via activated microglia.

Gastrodin, an anti-inflammatory herbal agent, is known to suppress microglia activation. Here, we investigated whether it would exert a similar effect in reactive astrocytes and whether it might act through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Angiotensinogen (ATO), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptor and SIRT3 expression was detected in TNC-1 astrocytes treated with BV-2 microglia conditioned medium (CM) with or without gastrodin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-treatment by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis. Expression of C3 (A1 astrocyte marker), S100A10 (A2 astrocyte marker), proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors was then evaluated. The results showed a significant increase of ATO, ACE, AT1, SIRT3, C3, proinflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors expression in TNC-1 astrocytes incubated in CM + LPS when compared with cells incubated in the CM, but AT2 and S100A10 expression was reduced. TNC-1 astrocytes responded vigorously to BV-2 CM treated with gastrodin + LPS as compared with the control. This was evident by the decreased expression of the abovementioned protein markers, except for AT2 and S100A10. Interestingly, SIRT3, IGF-1 and BDNF expression was enhanced, suggesting that gastrodin inhibited the expression of RAS and proinflammatory mediators but promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors. And gastrodin regulated the phenotypic changes of astrocytes through AT1. Additionally, azilsartan (a specific inhibitor of AT1) inhibited the expression of C3 and S100A10, which remained unaffected in gastrodin and azilsartan combination treatment. These findings provide evidence that gastrodin may have a therapeutic effect via regulating RAS-SIRT3.

Overexpression of VEGFA mediated by HIF-1 is associated with higher rate of spread through air spaces in resected lung adenocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Spread through air spaces (STAS), a newly identified pattern of invasion in lung adenocarcinomas (LACs), is an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with LAC, but the molecular characteristics and mechanisms underlying STAS have not been adequately explored. METHODS: In total, 650 pathologically confirmed invasive LAC patients who underwent curative resection between December 2019 and April 2020 were reviewed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. A comparative deep sequencing analysis was conducted to explore the molecular characteristics underlying STAS. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression was evaluated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis using fresh tumor tissue and tissue microarray. RESULTS: STAS was more prevalent in patients with a smoking history (p < 0.001), high pathological TNM stage (p < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001), visceral pleural invasion (p < 0.001) and micropapillary/solid histological subtypes (p < 0.001). STAS-negative patients had better DFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p = 0.003) compared to STAS-positive patients with invasive LACs, especially in the lymph node-negative population (p < 0.001). After RNA-sequencing analysis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling was enriched and appeared to be strongly correlated with STAS, and more STAS-positive individuals were detected in the higher VEGFA-expressing group (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that STAS was an independent prognostic marker of poor clinical outcome, especially in lymph node-negative patients, and that higher VEGFA expression mediated by HIF-1 signaling was associated with an increased STAS rate.

Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase enhances the dentin-pulp complex regeneration mediated by crosstalk between vascular endothelial cells and dental pulp stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Revascularization and restoration of normal pulp-dentin complex are important for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration. Recently, a unique periodontal tip-like endothelial cells subtype (POTCs) specialized to dentinogenesis was identified. We have confirmed that TPPU, a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor targeting epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) metabolism, promotes bone growth and regeneration by angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling. We hypothesized that TPPU could also promote revascularization and induce POTCs to contribute to pulp-dentin complex regeneration. Here, we in vitro and in vivo characterized the potential effect of TPPU on the coupling of angiogenesis and odontogenesis and investigated the relevant mechanism, providing new ideas for pulp-dentin regeneration by targeting sEH. METHODS: In vitro effects of TPPU on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cocultured DPSCs and HUVECs were detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) assay, wound healing, transwell, tube formation and RT-qPCR. In vivo, Matrigel plug assay was performed to outline the roles of TPPU in revascularization and survival of grafts. Then we characterized the VEGFR2 + POTCs around odontoblast layer in the molar of pups from C57BL/6 female mice gavaged with TPPU. Finally, the root segments with DPSCs mixed with Matrigel were implanted subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice treated with TPPU and the root grafts were isolated for histological staining. RESULTS: In vitro, TPPU significantly promoted the migration and tube formation capability of cocultured DPSCs and HUVECs. ALP and ARS staining and RT-qPCR showed that TPPU promoted the osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of cultured cells, treatment with an anti-TGF-ß blocking antibody abrogated this effect. Knockdown of HIF-1α in HUVECs significantly reversed the effect of TPPU on the expression of angiogenesis, osteogenesis and odontogenesis-related genes in cocultured cells. Matrigel plug assay showed that TPPU increased VEGF/VEGFR2-expressed cells in transplanted grafts. TPPU contributed to angiogenic-odontogenic coupling featured by increased VEGFR2 + POTCs and odontoblast maturation during early dentinogenesis in molar of newborn pups from C57BL/6 female mice gavaged with TPPU. TPPU induced more dental pulp-like tissue with more vessels and collagen fibers in transplanted root segment. CONCLUSIONS: TPPU promotes revascularization of dental pulp regeneration by enhancing migration and angiogenesis of HUVECs, and improves odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by TGF-ß. TPPU boosts the angiogenic-odontogenic coupling by enhancing VEGFR2 + POTCs meditated odontoblast maturation partly via upregulating HIF-1α, which contributes to increasing pulp-dentin complex for tissue-engineered pulp regeneration.

TRPV1 Dysfunction Impairs Gastric Nitrergic Neuromuscular Relaxation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Gastroparesis Mice.

Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is characterized by delayed gastric emptying of solid food. Nitrergic neuron-mediated fundus relaxation and intragastric peristalsis are pivotal for gastric emptying and are impaired in DGP. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels are expressed in gastrointestinal vagal afferent nerves and have a potential role in relevant gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), associated with gastroparesis, were used to determine the role of TRPV1 in DGP. After feeding with HFD, mice exhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and delayed gastric emptying. Cholinergic- and nitrergic neuron-mediated neuromuscular contractions and relaxation were impaired. The antral tone of the DGP mice was attenuated. Interestingly, activating or suppressing TRPV1 facilitated or inhibited gastric fundus relaxation in normal mice. These effects were neutralized by using a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Activation or suppression of TRPV1 also increased or reduced NO release. TRPV1 was specifically localized with neuronal NOS in the gastric fundus. These data suggest that TRPV1 activation facilitates gastric fundus relaxation by regulating neuronal NOS and promoting NO release. However, these effects and mechanisms disappeared in mice with DGP induced by HFD diet. TRPV1 expression was only marginally decreased in the fundus of DGP mice. TRPV1 dysfunction may be a potential mechanism underlying the dysfunction of DGP gastric nitrergic neuromuscular relaxation.

A jasmonate-mediated regulatory network modulates diurnal floret opening time in rice.

Diurnal floret opening time (DFOT) is a pivotal trait for successful fertilization and hybrid breeding in rice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this trait is poorly understood in rice. In this study, we combined the cytological, genetic and molecular studies to demonstrate that jasmonic acid (JA) regulates DFOT in rice through modulating the turgor and osmotic pressure of the lodicules. We show that lodicules undergo dramatic morphologic changes, accompanied by changes in water and sugar contents during the process of floret opening. Consistently, a large set of genes associated with cell osmolality and cell wall remodeling exhibits distinct expression profiles at different time points in our time-course transcriptomes of lodicules. Notably, a group of JA biosynthesis and signaling genes is continuously upregulated, accompanied by a gradual increase in JA accumulation as floret opening approaching. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the JA biosynthesis gene OsAOS1 is required for endogenous JA biosynthesis in lodicules and promoting rice DFOT. Moreover, OsMYC2, a master regulator of JA signaling, regulates rice DFOT by directly activating OsAOS1, OsSWEET4, OsPIP2;2 and OsXTH9. Collectively, our findings establish a core regulatory network mediated by JA for modulating rice DFOT and provide effective gene targets for the genetic improvement of DFOT in rice.

Monitoring of parasite Orobanche cumana using Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging combining with physio-biochemical parameters on host crop Helianthus annuus.

KEY MESSAGE: This study provided a non-destructive detection method with Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging combining with physio-biochemical parameters in Helianthus annuus in response to Orobanche cumana infection that took insights into the monitoring of sunflower weed. Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is an obligate weed that attaches to the host roots of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leading to a significant reduction in yield worldwide. The emergence of O. cumana shoots after its underground life-cycle causes irreversible damage to the crop. In this study, a fast visual, non-invasive and precise method for monitoring changes in spectral characteristics using visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was developed. By combining the bands sensitive to antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GR), non-antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GSH + GSSG), MDA, ROS (O2-, OH-), PAL, and PPO activities obtained from the host leaves, we sought to establish an accurate means of assessing these changes and conducted imaging acquisition using hyperspectral cameras from both infested and non-infested sunflower cultivars, followed by physio-biochemical parameters measurement as well as analyzed the expression of defense related genes. Extreme learning machine (ELM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) models using 3-band images were built to classify infected or non-infected plants in three sunflower cultivars, achieving accuracies of 95.83% and 95.83% for the discrimination of infestation as well as 97.92% and 95.83% of varieties, respectively, indicating the potential of multi-spectral imaging systems for early detection of O. cumana in weed management.

A systematic review for prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using different hydration protocols and meta-analysis for magnesium hydrate supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity remains the most serious side effect of cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) limits the use of this drug and affects up to 20% of patients. Several possible interventions such as magnesium supplementation may prevent CIN. This study aimed to review different types of hydration protocols and we conducted a meta-analysis of magnesium supplementation to understand its effect in protecting against CIN. METHODS: A search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed. Trials were eligible if they enrolled patients who received cisplatin and different hydration protocols to prevent CIN. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the efficacy of different protocols. RESULTS: We initially identified 1113 different studies and included 33 of them which met the selection criteria. A meta-analysis of 11 retrospective studies that examined magnesium supplementation during hydration showed that this treatment provided significant protection against CIN (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.35). CONCLUSION: There has been uncertainty regarding the best method to prevent CIN. Our results highlight the potentially protective effect of magnesium supplementation during hydration. This study is registered in PROSPERO, CRD42020212682.

Prevalence of childhood hypertension and associated factors in Zhejiang Province: a cross-sectional analysis based on random forest model and logistic regression.

With childhood hypertension emerging as a global public health concern, understanding its associated factors is crucial. This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among Chinese children. This cross-sectional investigation was conducted in Pinghu, Zhejiang province, involving 2,373 children aged 8-14 years from 12 schools. Anthropometric measurements were taken by trained staff. Blood pressure (BP) was measured in three separate occasions, with an interval of at least two weeks. Childhood hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ age-, sex-, and height-specific 95th percentile, across all three visits. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect demographic, socioeconomic, health behavioral, and parental information at the first visit of BP measurement. Random forest (RF) and multivariable logistic regression model were used collectively to identify associated factors. Additionally, population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated. The prevalence of childhood hypertension was 5.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1-5.9%). Children with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile were grouped into abnormal weight, and those with waist circumference (WC) > 90th percentile were sorted into central obesity. Normal weight with central obesity (NWCO, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 5.04, 95% CI: 1.96-12.98), abnormal weight with no central obesity (AWNCO, aOR = 4.60, 95% CI: 2.57-8.21), and abnormal weight with central obesity (AWCO, aOR = 9.94, 95% CI: 6.06-16.32) were associated with an increased risk of childhood hypertension. Childhood hypertension was attributable to AWCO mostly (PAF: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50-0.75), followed by AWNCO (PAF: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19-0.51), and NWCO (PAF: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.30). Our results indicated that obesity phenotype is associated with childhood hypertension, and the role of weight management could serve as potential target for intervention.

Bbhox2 is a key regulator for conidiation and virulence in Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana, a well-known filamentous biocontrol fungus, is the main pathogen of numerous field and forest pests. To explore the potential factors involved in the fungal pathogenicity, Bbhox2, an important and conserved functional transcription factor containing homeodomain was carried out by functional analysis. Homologous recombination was used to disrupt the Bbhox2 gene in B.bassiana. The conidia yield of the deletant fungal strain was significantly reduced. The conidial germination was faster, and stress tolerance to Congo red and high osmotic agents were decreased compared with that in the wildtype. Additionally, ΔBbhox2 showed a dramatic reduction in virulence no matter in topical inoculations or in intra-hemolymph injections against Galleria mellonella larvae, which is likely due to the failure of appressorium formation and the defect in producing hyphal body. These results indicate that the Bbhox2 gene markedly contributes to conidiation and pathogenicity in B. bassiana.

DPP3 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis by stabilizing FASN and promoting lipid synthesis.

DPP3, a dipeptidyl peptidase, participates in a variety of pathophysiological processes. DPP3 is upregulated in cancer and might serve as a key factor in the tumorigenesis and progression of various malignancies. However, its specific role and molecular mechanism are still unknown. In this study, the expression of DPP3 in breast cancer tissues is analyzed using TCGA database. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis is performed to estimate the effect of DPP3 on the survival outcomes. To explore the biological function and mechanisms of DPP3 in breast cancer, biochemical and cell biology assays are conducted in vitro. DPP3 expresses at a higher level in breast cancer tissues than that in adjacent tissues in both TCGA database and clinical samples. Patients with high expression of DPP3 have poor survival outcomes. The proliferation and migration abilities of tumor cells with stable DPP3 knockout in breast cancer cell lines are significantly inhibited, and apoptosis is increased in vitro. GSEA analysis shows that DPP3 can affect lipid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis in tumors. Subsequent experiments show that DPP3 could stabilize FASN expression and thus promote fatty acid synthesis in tumor cells. The results of the metabolomic analysis also confirm that DPP3 can affect the content of free fatty acids. This study demonstrates that DPP3 plays a role in the reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. These findings will provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.

The Role of Left Ventricular Pressure-strain Loop in Evaluating Myocardial Work in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: To quantitatively analyze the myocardial work of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) by use of the pressure-strain loop and to investigate the clinical factors that affect myocardial work in the left ventricle. Methods: We analyzed data from 50 control patients and 180 case patients, with 70 cases in group A (T2D only), 40 cases in group B (T2D + high blood pressure), 33 cases in group C (T2D + coronary heart disease), and 37 cases in group D (T2D + high blood pressure + coronary heart disease). Each patient received conventional ultrasonography and 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, and the pressure-strain loop technique was applied to measure the left ventricular myocardial work parameters to compare the control and case groups. Results: Systolic blood pressure was dramatically higher in groups B and D than in the control group and in groups A and C. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide was markedly higher in group D than in the control group, and the disease duration was markedly higher in groups C and D than in group A. The left ventricular global longitudinal strain of the epicardium (LVGLSepi) was substantially lower in groups B, C, and D than in the control group. The LVGLSepi of groups C and D was significantly lower than group A, and the LVGLSepi of group D was significantly lower than group B. The LVGLS, LVGLS of the endocardium, global work index, and global constructive work progressively reduced among the control and case groups. LVGLS strongly correlated with global work index (r = -0.886; P < .001) and global constructive work (r = -0.880; P < .001). Body mass index, duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin A1c independently associated with global work index (Body mass index: P = .04; duration of diabetes: P < .001; glycated hemoglobin A1c: P = .02) . In addition to the above three indicators, systolic blood pressure independently associated with global constructive work (systolic blood pressure: P = .04). Conclusion: Pressure-strain loop technology can quantitatively, accurately, and sensitively monitor the variations in left ventricular myocardial contractile function of patients with T2D and detect subclinical cardiac injury at an early disease stage.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum Dermatophyte Biofilms in Response to Photodynamic Therapy.

Dermatophyte biofilms frequently count for inadequate responses and resistance to standard antifungal treatments, resulting in refractory chronic onychomycosis infection. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has clinically proven to exert significant antifungal effects or even capable of eradicating dermatophyte biofilms, considerably less is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying aPDT and the potential dysregulation of signaling networks that could antagonize its action. The aim of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlining aPDT combat against dermatophyte biofilm in recalcitrant onychomycosis and to decipher the potential detoxification processes elicited by aPDT, facilitating the development of more effective photodynamic interventions. We applied genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate how aPDT disrupting onychomycosis biofilm formed by three distinct dermatophytes, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum, the most frequently occurring pathogenic species. In total, 352.13 Gb of clean data were obtained for the transcriptomes of dermatophyte biofilms with or without aPDT treatment, resulting in 2,422.42 million reads with GC content of 51.84%, covering 99.9%, 98.5% and 99.4% of annotated genes of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, respectively. The genome-wide orthologous analysis identified 6624 transcribed single-copy orthologous genes in all three species, and 36.5%, 6.8% and 17.9% of which were differentially expressed following aPDT treatment. Integrative orthology analysis demonstrated the upregulation of oxidoreductase activities is a highly conserved detoxification signaling alteration in response to aPDT across all investigated dermatophyte biofilms. This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underneath anti-dermatophyte biofilm effects of aPDT and successfully identified a conserved detoxification regulation upon the aPDT application.

The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on surgical site wound infection after immediate breast reconstruction in patients with breast cancer: A meta-analysis.

Using a meta-analysis approach, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) on the incidence of surgical site wound infection during immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following breast cancer. The aim was to provide evidence-based support for the prevention of wound surgical site infection during IBR after breast cancer surgery. Relevant literature on the effects of NACT on IBR in patients with breast cancer published up until May 2023, was retrieved from various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang databases, and China Biology Medicine Database. Two researchers performed the literature screening, data collection, and quality assessment of the included studies independently. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata version 17.0. Fourteen studies involving 3401 patients (599 in the intervention group and 2802 in the control group) were included in the analysis. The incidence of surgical site infection in the NACT group was higher than that in the control group, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (7.17% vs. 4.85%, odds ratio: 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.70-1.50, p = 0.902). These findings suggest that NACT does not increase the risk of surgical site infection during IBR. However, owing to the variation in sample size and literature quality among the included studies, randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm the safety of IBR in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

In Situ Polymerization-Mediated Antigen Presentation.

Activating antigen-presenting cells is essential to generate adaptive immunity, while the efficacy of conventional activation strategies remains unsatisfactory due to suboptimal antigen-specific priming. Here, in situ polymerization-mediated antigen presentation (IPAP) is described, in which antigen-loaded nanovaccines are spontaneously formed and efficiently anchored onto the surface of dendritic cells in vivo through co-deposition with dopamine. The resulting chemically bound nanovaccines can promote antigen presentation by elevating macropinocytosis-based cell uptake and reducing lysosome-related antigen degradation. IPAP is able to prolong the duration of antigen reservation in the injection site and enhance subsequent accumulation in the draining lymph nodes, thereby eliciting robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. IPAP is also applicable for different antigens and capable of circumventing the disadvantages of complicated preparation and purification. By implementation with ovalbumin, IPAP induces a significant protective immunity against ovalbumin-overexpressing tumor cell challenge in a prophylactic murine model. The use of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 subunit also remarkably increases the production of S1-specific immunoglobulin G in mice. IPAP offers a unique strategy for stimulating antigen-presenting cells to boost antigen-specific adaptive responses and proposes a facile yet versatile method for immunization against various diseases.

Berberine Ameliorates Abnormal Lipid Metabolism via the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase/Sirtuin 1 Pathway in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease.

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is an early stage of alcohol-related liver disease characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. To date, to our knowledge, there have been no effective strategies for preventing or treating alcohol-related liver disease besides alcohol abstinence. Berberine (BBR) is the main bioactive ingredient extracted from traditional Chinese medicines, such as Coptis and Scutellaria, which protect liver function and relieve liver steatosis. However, the potential role of BBR in AFLD remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effects of BBR against Gao-binge model-induced AFLD in 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice in vivo and ethyl alcohol (EtOH)-induced alpha mouse liver 12 (AML-12) cells in vitro. The results showed that BBR (200 mg/kg) attenuated alcoholic liver injury and suppressed lipid accumulation and metabolism disorders in vivo. Consistently, BBR effectively inhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1C, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2, fatty acid synthase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoenzymeA reductase in EtOH-stimulated AML-12 cells in vitro and promoted the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in EtOH-fed mice and EtOH-treated AML-12 cells. Furthermore, SIRT1 silencing attenuated the hepatic steatosis alleviation potential of BBR treatment. Mechanistically, molecular docking revealed the binding effect of BBR and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The results of further studies showed that a decrease in AMPK activity was accompanied by a significant inhibition of SIRT1 expression. SIRT1 silencing attenuated the protective effect of BBR, whereas the inhibition of its expression had no apparent effect on AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting that SIRT1 acts downstream of AMPK in AFLD. Collectively, BBR ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and alleviated EtOH-induced liver injury via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in AFLD mice.