Phloretin inhibits transmissible gastroenteritis virus proliferation via multiple mechanisms.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry, with 100% mortality in piglets aged 2 weeks and intestinal injury in pigs of other ages. However, there is still a shortage of safe and effective anti-TGEV drugs in clinics. In this study, phloretin, a naturally occurring dihydrochalcone glycoside, was identified as a potent antagonist of TGEV. Specifically, we found phloretin effectively inhibited TGEV proliferation in PK-15 cells, dose-dependently reducing the expression of TGEV N protein, mRNA, and virus titer. The anti-TGEV activity of phloretin was furthermore refined to target the internalization and replication stages. Moreover, we also found that phloretin could decrease the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines induced by TGEV infection. In addition, we expanded the potential key targets associated with the anti-TGEV effect of phloretin to AR, CDK2, INS, ESR1, ESR2, EGFR, PGR, PPARG, PRKACA, and MAPK14 with the help of network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Furthermore, resistant viruses have been selected by culturing TGEV with increasing concentrations of phloretin. Resistance mutations were reproducibly mapped to the residue (S242) of main protease (Mpro). Molecular docking analysis showed that the mutation (S242F) significantly disrupted phloretin binding to Mpro, suggesting Mpro might be a potent target of phloretin. In summary, our findings indicate that phloretin is a promising drug candidate for combating TGEV, which may be helpful for developing pharmacotherapies for TGEV and other coronavirus infections.

Stereovision-Based Ego-Motion Estimation for Combine Harvesters.

Ego-motion estimation is a foundational capability for autonomous combine harvesters, supporting high-level functions such as navigation and harvesting. This paper presents a novel approach for estimating the motion of a combine harvester from a sequence of stereo images. The proposed method starts with tracking a set of 3D landmarks which are triangulated from stereo-matched features. Six Degree of Freedom (DoF) ego motion is obtained by minimizing the reprojection error of those landmarks on the current frame. Then, local bundle adjustment is performed to refine structure (i.e., landmark positions) and motion (i.e., keyframe poses) jointly in a sliding window. Both processes are encapsulated into a two-threaded architecture to achieve real-time performance. Our method utilizes a stereo camera, which enables estimation at true scale and easy startup of the system. Quantitative tests were performed on real agricultural scene data, comprising several different working paths, in terms of estimating accuracy and real-time performance. The experimental results demonstrated that our proposed perception system achieved favorable accuracy, outputting the pose at 10 Hz, which is sufficient for online ego-motion estimation for combine harvesters.

Novel Long Non-coding RNA lncAMPC Promotes Metastasis and Immunosuppression in Prostate Cancer by Stimulating LIF/LIFR Expression.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). We aimd to identify a novel lncRNA, named lncRNA activated in metastatic PCa (lncAMPC), and investigate its mechanisms and clinical significance in PCa. First, the biological capacity of lncAMPC in PCa was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The lncAMPC was overexpressed in tumor tissue and urine of metastatic PCa patients and promoted PCa tumorigenesis and metastasis. Then, a mechanism study was conducted to determine how the lncAMPC-activated pathway contributed to PCa metastasis and immunosuppression. In the cytoplasm, lncAMPC upregulated LIF expression by sponging miR-637 and inhibiting its activity. In the nucleus, lncAMPC enhanced LIFR transcription by decoying histone H1.2 away from the upstream sequence of the LIFR gene. The lncAMPC-activated LIF/LIFR expressions stimulated the Jak1-STAT3 pathway to simultaneously maintain programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein stability and promote metastasis-associated gene expression. Finally, the prognostic value of the expression of lncAMPC and its downstream genes in PCa patients was evaluated. High LIF/LIFR levels indicated shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival among patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Therefore, the lncAMPC/LIF/LIFR axis plays a critical role in PCa metastasis and immunosuppression and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.

Down-regulation of MANNANASE7 gene in Brassica napus L. enhances silique dehiscence-resistance.

KEY MESSAGE: MANNANASE7 gene in Brassica napus L. encodes a hemicellulose which located at cell wall or extracellular space and dehiscence-resistance can be manipulated by altering the expression of MANNANASE7. Silique dehiscence is an important physiological process in plant reproductive development, but causes heavy yield loss in crops. The lack of dehiscence-resistant germplasm limits the application of mechanized harvesting and greatly restricts the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production. Hemicellulases, together with cellulases and pectinases, play important roles in fruit development and maturation. The hemicellulase gene MANNANASE7 (MAN7) was previously shown to be involved in the development and dehiscence of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) siliques. Here, we cloned BnaA07g12590D (BnMAN7A07), an AtMAN7 homolog from rapeseed, and demonstrate its function in the dehiscence of rapeseed siliques. We found that BnMAN7A07 was expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs and significantly highly expressed in leaves, flowers and siliques where the abscission or dehiscence process occurs. Subcellular localization experiment showed that BnMAN7A07 was localized in the cell wall. The biological activity of the BnMAN7A07 protein isolated and purified through prokaryotic expression system was verified to catalyse the decomposition of xylan into xylose. Phenotypic studies of RNA interference (RNAi) lines revealed that down-regulation of BnMAN7A07 in rapeseed could significantly enhance silique dehiscence-resistance. In addition, the expression of upstream silique development regulators is altered in BnMAN7A07-RNAi plants, suggesting that a possible feedback regulation mechanism exists in the regulation network of silique dehiscence. Our results demonstrate that dehiscence-resistance can be manipulated by altering the expression of hemicellulase gene BnMAN7A07, which could provide an available genetic resource for breeding practice in rapeseed which is beneficial to mechanized harvest.

The previously uncharacterized lncRNA APP promotes prostate cancer progression by acting as a competing endogenous RNA.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion and castration resistance in prostate cancer (PCa). Understanding the inherited molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs contribute to the progression of PCa to a lethal disease could have an important impact on cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis. In our study, PCa-associated lncRNA transcripts from RNA-seq data were identified and screened via bioinformatics analysis, NCBI annotations and literature review. We identified a novel lncRNA, lncAPP (lncRNA activated in PCa progression), which activates in PCa progression and is expressed in primary tumor tissues and urine samples of patients with localized or advanced PCa. Urinary-based lncAPP is a promising biomarker for predicting PCa progression. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that lncAPP enhanced cell proliferation and promoted migration and invasion. The underlying mechanism of lncRNA was investigated by RNA immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase reporter system assay, etc. Upregulation of lncAPP promoted cell migration and invasion via competitively binding miR218 to facilitate ZEB2/CDH2 expression. In addition, in vivo subcutaneous tumor xenograft models and tail intravenously injection metastatic models were constructed to evaluate lncRNA function. Targeting lncAPP/miR218 axis in cell lines and tumor xenografts restrained tumor progression properties both in vitro and in vivo. These results establish that lncAPP/miR218 axis plays a critical role in PCa progression, and they also suggest new strategies to prevent tumor progression for therapeutic purposes.

Antiviral and virucidal effects of curcumin on transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro.

Emerging coronaviruses represent serious threats to human and animal health worldwide, and no approved therapeutics are currently available. Here, we used Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as the alpha-coronavirus model, and investigated the antiviral properties of curcumin against TGEV. Our results demonstrated that curcumin strongly inhibited TGEV proliferation and viral protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed that curcumin exhibited direct virucidal abilities in a dose-, temperature- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, time-of-addition assays showed that curcumin mainly acted in the early phase of TGEV replication. Notably, in an adsorption assay, curcumin at 40 µM resulted in a reduction in viral titres of 3.55 log TCID50 ml-1, indicating that curcumin possesses excellent inhibitory effects on the adsorption of TGEV. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that curcumin has virucidal activity and virtual inhibition against TGEV, suggesting that curcumin might be a candidate drug for effective control of TGEV infection.

Annual ecosystem respiration is resistant to changes in freeze-thaw periods in semi-arid permafrost.

Warming in cold regions alters freezing and thawing (F-T) of soil in winter, exposing soil organic carbon to decomposition. Carbon-rich permafrost is expected to release more CO2 to the atmosphere through ecosystem respiration (Re) under future climate scenarios. However, the mechanisms of the responses of freeze-thaw periods to climate change and their coupling with Re in situ are poorly understood. Here, using 2 years of continuous data, we test how changes in F-T events relate to annual Re under four warming levels and precipitation addition in a semi-arid grassland with discontinuous alpine permafrost. Warming shortened the entire F-T period because the frozen period shortened more than the extended freezing period. It decreased total Re during the F-T period mainly due to decrease in mean Re rate. However, warming did not alter annual Re because of reduced soil water content and the small contribution of total Re during the F-T period to annual Re. Although there were no effects of precipitation addition alone or interactions with warming on F-T events, precipitation addition increased total Re during the F-T period and the whole year. This decoupling between changes in soil freeze-thaw events and annual Re could result from their different driving factors. Our results suggest that annual Re could be mainly determined by soil water content rather than by change in freeze-thaw periods induced by warming in semi-arid alpine permafrost.

Proteomic analysis of a clavata-like phenotype mutant in Brassica napus.

Rapeseed is one of important oil crops in China. Better understanding of the regulation network of main agronomic traits of rapeseed could improve the yielding of rapeseed. In this study, we obtained an influrescence mutant that showed a fusion phenotype, similar with the Arabidopsis clavata-like phenotype, so we named the mutant as Bnclavata-like (Bnclv-like). Phenotype analysis illustrated that abnormal development of the inflorescence meristem (IM) led to the fused-inflorescence phenotype. At the stage of protein abundance, major regulators in metabolic processes, ROS metabolism, and cytoskeleton formation were seen to be altered in this mutant. These results not only revealed the relationship between biological processes and inflorescence meristem development, but also suggest bioengineering strategies for the improved breeding and production of Brassica napus.

Monoclonal antibody against EV71 3Dpol inhibits the polymerase activity of RdRp and virus replication.

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus A 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic virus that may lead to acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, cardiopulmonary failure or even death. No vaccine and defensive drug controlling EV71 is currently available, novel and efficient antiviral drug or vaccine is therefore urgently needed. 3Dpol (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)) has been an important target for anti-EV71 drug development. METHODS: A panel of monoclonal IgG antibodies (mAbs) against EV71 3Dpol were generated by traditional cell fusion methods. And the antibody affinity and specificity to EV71 3Dpol were evaluated by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Indirect Fluorescent Assay (IFA) and Western blotting. Antiviral activities of these antibodies were also determined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Two mAbs towards EV71 3Dpol were able to effectively suppress EV71 replication in Vero-1008 cell when intracellarly delivered. And they also dampened the RNA polymerase activity of 3Dpol in vitro. More importantly, these mAbs provided partial protection in EV71-challenged neonatal murine challenge model. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that two of mAbs against EV71 3Dpol inhibited EV71 replication and could be utilized as promising therapeutic drug candidate.

Microbial community responses reduce soil carbon loss in Tibetan alpine grasslands under short-term warming.

Changes in labile carbon (LC) pools and microbial communities are the primary factors controlling soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh ) in warming experiments. Warming is expected to initially increase Rh but studies show this increase may not be continuous or sustained. Specifically, LC and soil microbiome have been shown to contribute to the effect of extended warming on Rh . However, their relative contribution is unclear and this gap in knowledge causes considerable uncertainty in the prediction of carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change. In this study, we used a two-step incubation approach to reveal the relative contribution of LC limitation and soil microbial community responses in attenuating the effect that extended warming has on Rh . Soil samples from three Tibetan ecosystems-an alpine meadow (AM), alpine steppe (AS), and desert steppe (DS)-were exposed to a temperature gradient of 5-25°C. After an initial incubation period, soils were processed in one of two methods: (a) soils were sterilized then inoculated with parent soil microbes to assess the LC limitation effects, while controlling for microbial community responses; or (b) soil microbes from the incubations were used to inoculate sterilized parent soils to assess the microbial community effects, while controlling for LC limitation. We found both LC limitation and microbial community responses led to significant declines in Rh by 37% and 30%, respectively, but their relative contributions were ecosystem specific. LC limitation alone caused a greater Rh decrease for DS soils than AMs or ASs. Our study demonstrates that soil carbon loss due to Rh in Tibetan alpine soils-especially in copiotrophic soils-will be weakened by microbial community responses under short-term warming.

Fungal pathogens pose a potential threat to animal and plant health in desertified and pika-burrowed alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau.

Intact Tibetan meadows provide significant defense against soil-borne pathogen dispersal. However, dramatic meadow degradation has been observed due to climate change and pika damage, but their impacts on soil-borne pathogens are still unclear. With approximately 40% of the world's population living in Tibetan Plateau and its downstream watersheds, this lack of knowledge should be of great concern. Here, we used Illumina amplicon sequencing to characterize the changes in potential human, domestic animal, plant, and zoonotic bacterial and fungal pathogens in nondegraded, desertified, and pika-burrowed meadows. The relative abundance of bacterial domestic animal pathogens and zoonotic pathogens were significantly increased by desertification. Pika burrowing significantly increased the relative abundance of bacterial human pathogens and zoonotic pathogens. The species richness and relative abundance of fungal pathogens was significantly increased by desertification and pika burrowing. Accordingly, fungal plant and animal pathogens categorized by FUNGuid significantly increased in desertified and pika-burrowed meadows. Soil chemical and plant properties explained 38% and 64% of the bacterial and fungal pathogen community variance, respectively. Therefore, our study indicates for the first time that both alpine meadow desertification and pika burrowing could potentially increase infectious disease risks in the alpine ecosystem, especially for fungal diseases.

A novel germline ARMC5 mutation in a patient with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS). BMAH is predominantly believed to be caused by two mutations, a germline and somatic one, respectively, as described in the two-hit hypothesis. In many familial cases of BMAH, mutations in armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5), a putative tumor suppressor gene, are thought to induce the disorder. The objective of this study was to report a case in which the patient presented with BMAH induced by a novel heterozygous germline ARMC5 mutation (c. 517C > T, p. Arg173*) alone rather than a two-hit mutation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 51-year-old woman was identified with masses in the bilateral adrenals. Serum cortisol levels were increased significantly both in the morning (08:00 AM) and late at night (24:00 AM), while plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone was normal. The patient underwent a left adrenalectomy and histopathology substantiated the BMAH diagnosis. WES of the germline DNA discovered a novel heterozygous germline ARMC5 mutation (c. 517C > T, p. Arg173*) and in silico analysis predicted that the mutation significantly impaired protein function, resulting in inactivated ARMC5. Subsequently, WES of the tumor specimen identified 79 somatic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/insertion-deletion (indel) mutations, including 32 missense/nonsense/splice/stop-loss mutations. None of these mutations were CS-related. CONCLUSIONS: A novel germline ARMC5 mutation (c. 517C > T, p. Arg173*) was identified that induced BMAH alone without a second mutation. ARMC5 sequencing may improve the identification of clinical forms of BMAH and allow earlier diagnosis of this disease.

Distribution, source analysis, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the typical topsoil of the Issyk-Kul Lake Basin.

The concentration, distribution, compositional characteristics, and pollution sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the topsoil of Issyk-Kul Lake Basin were studied, and their ecological risks were evaluated in this paper. The total concentration of the 16 PAHs was 68.58-475.95 ng g-1, with an average of 134.45 ng g-1. Four-ring PAHs accounted for 43.2% of the total PAHs, two- and three-ring PAHs accounted for 39.4%, and five- and six-ring PAHs accounted for 15.8%. The total concentration of the seven carcinogenic PAHs was 7.66-76.04 ng g-1, with an average of 30.97 ng g-1. An analysis of the PAH sources through diagnostic ratio analysis and principal component analysis was carried out. The results showed that the regional soil PAHs were mainly derived from coal, wood, and grass combustion, while traffic and regional industry also had small contributions to the PAHs. The pollution-free samples accounted for 75% and the slightly polluted samples accounted for 25% based on the total concentration of the 16 PAHs. An ecological risk assessment showed that 26.7% of Ac and 3.3% of Pyr and DahA might occasionally produce ecological risks. The toxicity was calculated on the basis of benzo[a]pyrene, and the toxicity equivalent was between 2.48 and 13.78 ng g-1 with an average of 6.23 ng g-1, which currently does not pose any health risk to human life.

Androgen receptor regulated microRNA miR-182-5p promotes prostate cancer progression by targeting the ARRDC3/ITGB4 pathway.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important endogenous gene regulators that play key roles in prostate cancer development and metastasis. However, specific miRNA expression patterns in prostate cancer tissues from Chinese patients remain largely unknown. In this study, we compared miRNA expression patterns in 65 pairs of prostate cancer and para-cancer tissues by RNA sequencing and found that miR-182-5p was the most up-regulated miRNA in prostate cancer tissues. The result was validated using realtime PCR in 18 pairs of prostate cancer and para-cancer tissues. In in vitro analysis, it was confirmed that miR-182-5p promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration and inhibit apoptosis. In addition, the androgen receptor directly regulated the transcription of miR-182-5p, which could target to the 3'UTR of ARRDC3 mRNA and affect the expression of ARRDC3 and its downstream gene ITGB4. For the in vivo experiment, miR-182-5p overexpression also promoted the growth and progression of prostate cancer tumors. In this regard, we suggest that miR-182-5p may be a key androgen receptor-regulated factor that contributes to the development and metastasis of Chinese prostate cancers and may be a potential target for the early diagnosis and therapeutic studies of prostate cancer.

A novel urinary long non-coding RNA transcript improves diagnostic accuracy in patients undergoing prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) PCA3 has been a well-established urine biomarker for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa). Our previous study showed a novel LncRNA FR0348383 is up-regulated in over 70% of PCa compared with matched benign tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of urinary FR0348383 for men undergoing prostate biopsy due to elevated PSA (PSA > 4.0 ng/ml) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE). METHODS: Post-DRE first-catch urine specimens prior to prostate biopsies were prospectively collected. After the whole transcriptome amplification, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was applied to quantify urine FR0348383 and PSA levels. The FR0348383 score was calculated as the ratio of PSA and FR0348383 mRNA (PSA mRNA/FR0348383 mRNA × 1000). The diagnostic value of FR0348383 score was evaluated by logistic regression and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: 213 cases with urine samples containing sufficient mRNA were included, 94 cases had serum PSA level 4.0-10.0 ng/ml. PCa was identified in 72 cases. An increasing FR0348383 score was correlated with an increasing probability of a positive biopsy (P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic analysis indicated FR0348383 score (P < 0.001), PSA (P = 0.004), age (P = 0.007), prostate volume (P < 0.001) were independent predictors of PCa. ROC analysis demonstrated FR0348383 score outperformed PSA, %free PSA, and PSA Density in the prediction of PCa in the subgroup of patients with grey area PSA (AUC: 0.815 vs. 0.562 vs. 0.599 vs. 0.645). When using a probability threshold of 30% in the grey zone cohort, The FR0348383 score would save 52.0% of avoidable biopsies without missing any high grade cancers. CONCLUSIONS: FR0348383 transcript in post-DRE urine may be a novel biomarker for detection of PCa with great diagnostic value, especially in the grey zone cohort. The application of FR0348383 score in clinical practice might avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies and increase the specificity of PCa diagnosis.

Structure optimization of a grain impact piezoelectric sensor and its application for monitoring separation losses on tangential-axial combine harvesters.

Grain separation losses is a key parameter to weigh the performance of combine harvesters, and also a dominant factor for automatically adjusting their major working parameters. The traditional separation losses monitoring method mainly rely on manual efforts, which require a high labor intensity. With recent advancements in sensor technology, electronics and computational processing power, this paper presents an indirect method for monitoring grain separation losses in tangential-axial combine harvesters in real-time. Firstly, we developed a mathematical monitoring model based on detailed comparative data analysis of different feeding quantities. Then, we developed a grain impact piezoelectric sensor utilizing a YT-5 piezoelectric ceramic as the sensing element, and a signal process circuit designed according to differences in voltage amplitude and rise time of collision signals. To improve the sensor performance, theoretical analysis was performed from a structural vibration point of view, and the optimal sensor structural has been selected. Grain collide experiments have shown that the sensor performance was greatly improved. Finally, we installed the sensor on a tangential-longitudinal axial combine harvester, and grain separation losses monitoring experiments were carried out in North China, which results have shown that the monitoring method was feasible, and the biggest measurement relative error was 4.63% when harvesting rice.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that display norovirus P induce both systemic and mucosal neutralizing antibodies.

The human norovirus (HuNov) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) in the gastrointestinal tract interrupts the interaction between host cells and HuNov, thus inhibiting viral infection. In this study, we constructed a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) expressing the HuNov P protein (GII. 4) and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice after oral delivery. First, the recombinant S. cerevisiae (EBY100/pYD1-P) efficiently expressed P, as evidenced by western blotting and indirect fluorescent assay. Second, after oral administration, EBY100/pYD1-P, especially the high-dose group (5 × 109 clone formation units), elicited systemic and mucosal immune responses characterized by significant sera IgG, IgA, and mucosal sIgA. More importantly, these antibodies showed a substantial neutralization effect against P. Lastly, EBY100/pYD1-P induced significant P-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells and IL4-secreting T cells. Collectively, the recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing HuNov P is a promising mucosal vaccine candidate against HuNov.

Two Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Subdomains of Human Norovirus P Protein.

The human norovirus (HuNov) major capsid VP1comprises an S (shell) and a P (protruding) domain; the latter is responsible for virus attachment and infection. The dimeric formation of P (containing P1 and P2 subdomains) is indispensable for forming a receptor-binding pocket, enabling HuNov to dock to attachment factor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on the host cell. Thus, the P-specific antibody may hamper the engagement of P and HBGA, thereby inhibiting virus infection. In this study, we developed and characterized two HuNov P-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), namely, 5C6 and 1H12. They can bind to P protein with high affinity, as evidenced by the results of indirect fluorescent assay, western blot, and Biolayer interferometry assay. Particularly, the MAb 1H12 recognizes the P2 subdomain, whereas the 5C6 targets the distal P1. These MAbs may contribute to the exploration of novel epitopes on HuNov VP1 and to the development of new antivirals.

Spatial distribution and drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the Tibetan Plateau.

Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are pivotal in plant resource acquisition, mediating plant interactions, and influencing soil carbon dynamics. However, their biogeographical distribution in Tibetan alpine grasslands remains understudied. Methods: In this research, we examined the distribution pattern of AMF communities and their key determinants along a 2000-km transect across the Tibetan plateau, encompassing 7 alpine meadows and 8 alpine steppes. Results: Our findings indicate that AMF community diversity and composition exhibit similarities between alpine meadows and alpine steppes, primarily influenced by latitude and evapotranspiration. At the genus level, Glomus predominated in both alpine meadow (36.49%±2.67%) and alpine steppe (41.87%±2.36%) soils, followed by Paraglomus (27.14%±3.69%, 32.34%±3.28%). Furthermore, a significant decay relationship of AMF community was observed over geographical distance. Null model analyses revealed that random processes predominantly (>50%) drove the assembly of AMF communities. Discussion: In summary, our study elucidates the spatial distribution pattern of AMF in Tibetan plateau grasslands and underscores the significant influence of geographical and climatic factors on AMF community dynamics.

Historical variability of cotton yield and response to climate and agronomic management in Xinjiang, China.

Cotton is the primary fibre crop in the world with high economic value, and its yield can be affected by climate and agronomic management. Xinjiang, the largest cotton-producing province in China, contributes to approximately 90 % of the national and over 20 % of global production. Earlier studies focused on cotton yield variability and/or drivers on the site scale, for only one to several counties or cities within Xinjiang, in several years before 2000, or provincial production for a short period. It remains poorly understood how and why cotton yields change in Xinjiang. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal variability of cotton yields at the provincial and county (73 counties) levels from 1989 to 2017 using yield statistics, and identifies the dominant climate and agronomic management factors as well as their optimal ranges, historical states, and interaction effects using the geographical detector method (Geodetector). The results show that the Xinjiang cotton yield has increased markedly over the past decades, with the long-term trend outweighing the interannual variability. High yields are mostly found in southern and northwestern Xinjiang. Yield has increased significantly in over 95.6 % of cotton-planting areas, primarily in the west. Nitrogen fertilization is the leading driver of cotton yield changes, mainly impacting long-term trends. The combination of nitrogen fertilization and agricultural mechanization enhances the explanatory power in a bivariate way and is the strongest in the interaction effect between factors. Temperature variability has the greatest influence on detrended yield variability, and the explanatory power is enhanced and the highest when combined with precipitation. In addition, historical states of these factors are generally lower than their optimal ranges, indicating potential for cotton yield enhancement through improved agronomic management practices and in the context of global warming. This study could enhance understanding of cotton Xinjiang yield variability and drivers, and provides scientific guidance for local cotton cultivation.