A Cyclical Magneto-Responsive Massage Dressing for Wound Healing.

Tissue development is mediated by a combination of mechanical and biological signals. Currently, there are many reports on biological signals regulating repair. However, insufficient attention is paid to the process of mechanical regulation, especially the active mechanical regulation in vivo, which has not been realized. Herein, a novel dynamically regulated repair system for both in vitro and in vivo applications is developed, which utilizes magnetic nanoparticles as non-contact actuators to activate hydrogels. The magnetic hydrogel can be periodically activated and deformed to different amplitudes by a dynamic magnetic system. An in vitro skin model is used to explore the impact of different dynamic stimuli on cellular mechano-transduction signal activation and cell differentiation. Specifically, the effect of mechanical stimulation on the phenotypic transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is investigated. Furthermore, in vivo results verify that dynamic massage can simulate and enhance the traction effect in skin defects, thereby accelerating the wound healing process by promoting re-epithelialization and mediating dermal contraction.

Ultra-compact and high-performance four-channel coarse wavelength-division (de)multiplexing filters based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers with Bezier-shape directional couplers.

Using cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers (CMZIs) provides an attractive option for realizing coarse wavelength-division (de)multiplexing (CWDM) filters with low losses, low crosstalk, flat tops, and high scalability. However, they usually have large footprints and insufficient fabrication tolerances, due to the inferior performance of conventional directional couplers (DCs) used for MZIs. Here, a four-channel CMZI wavelength-division (de)multiplexer based on novel Bezier-shape DCs with compact footprints, broad bandwidths and decent fabrication tolerances. For the fabricated (de)multiplexer with 20-nm channel spacing, the excess loss is less than 0.5 dB and the crosstalk is lower than -19.5 dB in the 1-dB bandwidth of 12.8 nm. For the case with a core-width deviation of ±20 nm, the device still performs very well with low losses and low crosstalk. Compared to the state-of-the-art MZI-based CWDM filters, the present device has slightly high performances and a footprint of 0.012 mm2 shrunk greatly by ∼3-folds. This work can be extended for more channels and other material platforms.

Randomized Controlled Study of Tenofovir versus Lamivudine Followed by Tenofovir in Severe Exacerbation of Hepatitis B.

Spontaneous severe acute exacerbation (SAE) is not uncommon in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Lamivudine (LAM) has the advantages of low price, quick onset, good efficacy, and no drug resistance within 24 weeks. This study aimed to compare the short-term efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and LAM for 24 weeks followed by TDF in the treatment of CHB with severe acute exacerbation. Consecutive patients of CHB with SAE were randomized to receive either TDF (19 patients) or LAM for 24 weeks, followed by TDF (18 patients). The primary endpoint was overall mortality or receipt of liver transplantation by week 24. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital (VGHKS12-CT5-10). The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. By week 24, seven (37%) and five (28%) patients in the TDF and LAM-TDF groups died or received liver transplantation (P = 0.487). Multivariate analysis showed that albumin level, prothrombin time (PT), and hepatic encephalopathy were independent factors associated with mortality or liver transplantation by week 24. Early reductions in HBV DNA of more than or equal to 2 log at 1 and 2 weeks were similar between the two groups. The biochemical and virological responses at 12, 24, and 48 weeks were also similar between the two groups. TDF and LAM for 24 weeks followed by TDF achieved a similar clinical outcome in CHB patients with SAE. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01848743).

Bacillus-derived probiotics: metabolites and mechanisms involved in bacteria-host interactions.

Bacillus probiotics have a sporulation capacity that makes them more suitable for processing and storage and for surviving passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic functions and regulatory mechanisms of different Bacillus have been exploited in many reports, but little is known about how various Bacillus probiotics perform different functions. This knowledge gap results in a lack of specificity in the selection and application of Bacillus. The probiotic properties are strain-specific and cell-type-specific, and are related to the germination potential and to the diversity of metabolites produced following intestinal germination, as this causes the variation in probiotic function and mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the Bacillus metabolites produced during germination and sporulation in the GI tract, as well as possible processes affecting intestinal homeostasis. We conclude that the oxygen-capturing capability and the production of antimicrobials, exoenzymes, competence and sporulation factors (CSF), exopolysaccharides, lactic acid, and cell components are specifically associated with the functional mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus. The aim of this review is to guide the screening of potential Bacillus strains for probiotics and their application in nutrition research. The information provided will also promote further research on Bacillus-derived functional metabolites in human nutrition.

Supplementation of citrus pectin with whole-cell pectinase PG5 on Pichia pastoris promotes recovery of colitis and enhances intestinal barrier function in DSS-treated mice.

A whole-cell biocatalyst was developed by genetically engineering pectinase PG5 onto the cell surface of Pichia pastoris using Gcw12 as the anchoring protein. Whole-cell PG5 eliminated the need for enzyme extraction and purification, while also exhibiting enhanced thermal stability, pH stability, and resistance to proteases in vitro compared to free PG5. Magnetic resonance mass spectrometry analysis revealed that whole-cell PG5 efficiently degraded citrus pectin, resulting in the production of a mixture of pectin oligosaccharides. The primary components of the mixture were trigalacturonic acid, followed by digalacturonic acid and tetragalacturonic acid. Supplementation of citrus pectin with whole-cell PG5 resulted in a more pronounced protective effect compared to free PG5 in alleviating colitis symptoms and promoting the integrity of the colonic epithelial barrier in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Hence, this study demonstrates the potential of utilizing whole-cell pectinase as an effective biocatalyst to promote intestinal homeostasis in vivo.

Emerging patterns of substance abuse and related treatment in China.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The situation of China drug use has seen dramatic changes in recent years. The aim of this review is to give a perspective of the current situation of drug abuse, the problems associated with it, and the strategy to control it in China. RECENT FINDINGS: The number of registered drug users and newly discovered drug users had declined for 5 consecutive years, Moreover, the scaling down of drug trafficking and drug-related crimes had been seen for recent years. There are four main drug treatment modalities in China. The drug abuse and its related problems in China face new challenges, including the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the role of compulsory treatment is overemphasized, the voluntary treatment facilities and community treatment cannot meet the requirements of Chinese society, and the coordination among government departments in drug control and treatment in China need to improved. SUMMARY: With years of the joint efforts, the overall drug situation kept improving. The drug abuse and its related problems in China still is a problem, and require effective and immediate interventions.

Natural edible pigments: A comprehensive review of resource, chemical classification, biosynthesis pathway, separated methods and application.

Natural edible pigments, high safety and low toxicity, usually possess various nutritional and pharmacological effects, and they have huge practical application value in the market. However, until now, there is no systematic review about the resources, chemical classifications and application about them. Moreover, the extracted methods and biosynthesis pathways which are very important informations for obtaining high-yield and high-purity natural edible pigments from natural resources are still lacking. Therefore, It is necessary to make a comprehensive review of natural edible pigments. In this work, we systematically summarize the resources, chemical classifications, biosynthesis pathways, extraction and separation methods, as well as application of natural edible pigments for the first time. Our work will provide reference data and give the inspiration for further industrial application of natural edible pigments.

3D Prestress Bioprinting of Directed Tissues.

Many mammalian tissues adopt a specific cellular arrangement under stress stimulus that enables their unique function. However, conventional 3D encapsulation often fails to recapitulate the complexities of these arrangements, thus motivating the need for advanced cellular arrangement approaches. Here, an original 3D prestress bioprinting approach of directed tissues under the synergistic effect of static sustained tensile stress and molecular chain orientation, with an aid of slow crosslinking in bioink, is developed. The semi-crosslinking state of the designed bioink exhibits excellent elasticity for applying stress on the cells during the sewing-like process. After bioprinting, the bioink gradually forms complete crosslinking and keeps the applied stress force to induce cell-orientated growth. More importantly, multiple cell types can be arranged directionally by this approach, while the internal stress of the hydrogel filament is also adjustable. In addition, compared with conventional bioprinted skin, the 3D prestress bioprinted skin results in a better wound healing effect due to promoting the angiogenesis of granulation tissue. This study provides a prospective strategy to engineer skeletal muscles, as well as tendons, ligaments, vascular networks, or combinations thereof in the future.

High-quality assembly and methylome of a Tibetan wild tree peony genome (Paeonia ludlowii) reveal the evolution of giant genome architecture.

Tree peony belongs to one of the Saxifragales families, Paeoniaceae. It is one of the most famous ornamental plants, and is also a promising woody oil plant. Although two Paeoniaceae genomes have been released, their assembly qualities are still to be improved. Additionally, more genomes from wild peonies are needed to accelerate genomic-assisted breeding. Here we assemble a high-quality and chromosome-scale 10.3-Gb genome of a wild Tibetan tree peony, Paeonia ludlowii, which features substantial sequence divergence, including around 75% specific sequences and gene-level differentials compared with other peony genomes. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that Saxifragales and Vitales are sister taxa and, together with rosids, they are the sister taxon to asterids. The P. ludlowii genome is characterized by frequent chromosome reductions, centromere rearrangements, broadly distributed heterochromatin, and recent continuous bursts of transposable element (TE) movement in peony, although it lacks recent whole-genome duplication. These recent TE bursts appeared during the uplift and glacial period of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, perhaps contributing to adaptation to rapid climate changes. Further integrated analyses with methylome data revealed that genome expansion in peony might be dynamically affected by complex interactions among TE proliferation, TE removal, and DNA methylation silencing. Such interactions also impact numerous recently duplicated genes, particularly those related to oil biosynthesis and flower traits. This genome resource will not only provide the genomic basis for tree peony breeding but also shed light on the study of the evolution of huge genome structures as well as their protein-coding genes.

Varying mechanical forces drive sensory epithelium formation.

The mechanical cues of the external microenvironment have been recognized as essential clues driving cell behavior. Although intracellular signals modulating cell fate during sensory epithelium development is well understood, the driving force of sensory epithelium formation remains elusive. Here, we manufactured a hybrid hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties for the cochlear organoids culture and revealed that the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives sensory epithelium formation through shifting stiffness in a stage-dependent pattern. As the driving force, moderate ECM stiffness activated the expansion of cochlear progenitor cell (CPC)-derived epithelial organoids by modulating the integrin α3 (ITGA3)/F-actin cytoskeleton/YAP signaling. Higher stiffness induced the transition of CPCs into sensory hair cells (HCs) through increasing the intracellular Ca2+ signaling mediated by PIEZO2 and then activating KLF2 to accomplish the cell specification . Our results identify the molecular mechanism of sensory epithelium formation guided by ECM mechanical force and contribute to developing therapeutic approaches for HC regeneration.

Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring.

Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics (IHB) can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases. However, achieving biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB. Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues. This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film (GCF) with mechanical programmability. The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics, an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa, and a Poisson's ratio from - 0.25 to 0.52. The negative Poisson's ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces. The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability. Notably, the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration. The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.

Perfusable Vessel-on-a-Chip for Antiangiogenic Drug Screening with Coaxial Bioprinting.

Vessel-on-a-chips, which can be used to study microscale fluid dynamics, tissue-level biological molecules delivery and intercellular communication under favorable three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix microenvironment, are increasingly gaining traction. However, not many of them can allow for long-term perfusion and easy observation of angiogenesis process. Since angiogenesis is necessary for the expansion of tumor, antiangiogenic drugs play a significant role in cancer treatment. In this study, we established an innovative and reliable antiangiogenic drug screening chip that was highly modularly integrated for long-term perfusion (up to 10 days depending on the hydrogel formula) and real-time monitoring. To maintain an unobstructed flow of cell-laden tubes for subsequent perfusion culture on the premise of excellent bioactivities, a polycaprolactone stent inspired by coronary artery stents was introduced to hold up the tubular lumen from the inside, while the perfusion chip was also elaborately designed to allow for convenient observation. After 3 days of perfusion screening, distinct differences in human umbilical vein endothelial cell sprouting were observed for a gradient of concentrations of bevacizumab, which pointed to the effectiveness and reliability of the drug screening perfusion system. Overall, a perfusion system for antiangiogenic drug screening was developed, which can not only conduct drug evaluation, but also be potentially useful in other vessel-mimicking scenarios in the area of tissue engineering, drug screening, pharmacokinetics, and regenerative medicine.

3D Printing of Physical Organ Models: Recent Developments and Challenges.

Physical organ models are the objects that replicate the patient-specific anatomy and have played important roles in modern medical diagnosis and disease treatment. 3D printing, as a powerful multi-function manufacturing technology, breaks the limitations of traditional methods and provides a great potential for manufacturing organ models. However, the clinical application of organ model is still in small scale, facing the challenges including high cost, poor mimicking performance and insufficient accuracy. In this review, the mainstream 3D printing technologies are introduced, and the existing manufacturing methods are divided into "directly printing" and "indirectly printing", with an emphasis on choosing suitable techniques and materials. This review also summarizes the ideas to address these challenges and focuses on three points: 1) what are the characteristics and requirements of organ models in different application scenarios, 2) how to choose the suitable 3D printing methods and materials according to different application categories, and 3) how to reduce the cost of organ models and make the process simple and convenient. Moreover, the state-of-the-art in organ models are summarized and the contribution of 3D printed organ models to various surgical procedures is highlighted. Finally, current limitations, evaluation criteria and future perspectives for this emerging area are discussed.

Genomic basis of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan Prunus fruit trees.

The Great Himalayan Mountains and their foothills are believed to be the place of origin and development of many plant species. The genetic basis of adaptation to high plateaus is a fascinating topic that is poorly understood at the population level. We comprehensively collected and sequenced 377 accessions of Prunus germplasm along altitude gradients ranging from 2,067 to 4,492 m in the Himalayas. We de novo assembled three high-quality genomes of Tibetan Prunus species. A comparative analysis of Prunus genomes indicated a remarkable expansion of the SINE retrotransposons occurred in the genomes of Tibetan species. We observed genetic differentiation between Tibetan peaches from high and low altitudes and that genes associated with light stress signaling, especially UV stress signaling, were enriched in the differentiated regions. By profiling the metabolomes of Tibetan peach fruit, we determined 379 metabolites had significant genetic correlations with altitudes and that in particular phenylpropanoids were positively correlated with altitudes. We identified 62 Tibetan peach-specific SINEs that colocalized with metabolites differentially accumualted in Tibetan relative to cultivated peach. We demonstrated that two SINEs were inserted in a locus controlling the accumulation of 3-O-feruloyl quinic acid. SINE1 was specific to Tibetan peach. SINE2 was predominant in high altitudes and associated with the accumulation of 3-O-feruloyl quinic acid. These genomic and metabolic data for Prunus populations native to the Himalayan region indicate that the expansion of SINE retrotransposons helped Tibetan Prunus species adapt to the harsh environment of the Himalayan plateau by promoting the accumulation of beneficial metabolites.

Insights on seed abortion (endosperm and embryo development failure) from the transcriptome analysis of the wild type plant species Paeonia lutea.

Paeonia lutea is a wild peony (an endangered flowering plant species) found in China. Seed abortion (endosperm and embryo development failure) is linked to several endangered plant species. Therefore, it is of interest to complete a comparative analysis of transcriptome between the normal active seeds (Population A) and the endangered abortion seeds (Population H). Data from GO assignments of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that "metabolic process", "binding", "cellular process", "catalytic activity", "cell" and "cell part" are commonly prevalent in these popuations. DEGs between the populations are found to be connected with metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, purine metabolism and ribosome. We used quantitative RT-PCR to validate 16 DEGs associated with these populations. It is found that histone genes and proline-rich extensin genes are predominant in the common groups. Histone genes (H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and linker histone H1) show 3 to 4 folds log2FC higher expession in population A than in population H in stage I unlike in stage II and III. Increased activity of proline-rich extensin genes in population A than in population H corresponding to seed abortion in the later population is implied. These preliminary data from the transcriptome analysis of the wild type plant species Paeonia lutea provide valuable insights on seed abortion.

[The analysis of HLA-A, B and DRB1 allelic polymorphism in Han race population in Lanzhou region of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the HLA-A, B and DRB1 allele polymorphism of the Han race population in Lanzhou area. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer was used to detect HLA-A, B and DRB1 alleles in 200 unrelated healthy Han individuals from Lanzhou region, Northwest China, and the results were compared with those of Han populations in North, South and Northwest China, and Hui, Uigur and Tibetan population in China. RESULTS: Fourteen of alleles were detected and identified for HLA-A; 32 for HLA-B; and 13 for HLA-DRB1. HLA- A*01, A*02,A*11,A*24, A*30, A*31, A*33; HLA- B*13, B*15, B*40, B*44, B*46, B*51, B*58, B*60; HLA- DRB1*04,. DRB1*07, DRB1*08, DRB1*09, DRB1*11, DRB1*12, DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 were the most common alleles. The frequencies of HLA-A, B and DRB1 genes of Lanzhou Han race were close to that of North China Hans and Hui population in Northwest China, and a little different to that of South China Hans. The HLA-DRB1 alleles were significantly different to those of Uigur and Tibetan race population of China. CONCLUSION: The allelic polymorphism of HLA-A,B and DRB1 loci of Han race population in Lanzhou area was between North and South Han race of China, close to Northwest China Hui, and markedly different to Northwest China Uigur and Tibetan race populations.