A large-scale microRNA transcriptome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility microRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, for colorectal cancer risk.

Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) have identified many putative susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, susceptibility miRNAs, critical dysregulators of gene expression, remain unexplored. We genotyped DNA samples from 313 CRC East Asian patients and performed small RNA sequencing in their normal colon tissues distant from tumors to build genetic models for predicting miRNA expression. We applied these models and data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 23 942 cases and 217 267 controls of East Asian ancestry to investigate associations of predicted miRNA expression with CRC risk. Perturbation experiments separately by promoting and inhibiting miRNAs expressions and further in vitro assays in both SW480 and HCT116 cells were conducted. At a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 4.5 × 10-4, we identified two putative susceptibility miRNAs, miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p, located in regions more than 500 kb away from any GWAS-identified risk variants in CRC. We observed that a high predicted expression of miR-1307-5p was associated with increased CRC risk, while a low predicted expression of miR-192-3p was associated with increased CRC risk. Our experimental results further provide strong evidence of their susceptible roles by showing that miR-1307-5p and miR-192-3p play a regulatory role, respectively, in promoting and inhibiting CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was consistently observed in both SW480 and HCT116 cells. Our study provides additional insights into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

Extrachromosomal circular MiR-17-92 amplicon promotes HCC.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are prevalent in cancer genomes and emerge as a class of crucial yet less characterized oncogenic drivers. However, the structure, composition, genome-wide frequency, and contribution of eccDNAs in HCC, one of the most fatal and prevalent cancers, remain unexplored. In this study, we provide a comprehensive characterization of eccDNAs in human HCC and demonstrate an oncogenic role of microRNA (miRNA)-17-92-containing eccDNAs in tumor progression. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Using the circle-sequencing method, we identify and characterize more than 230,000 eccDNAs from 4 paired samples of HCC tumor and adjacent nontumor liver tissues. EccDNAs are highly enriched in HCC tumors, preferentially originate from certain chromosomal hotspots, and are correlated with differential gene expression. Particularly, a series of eccDNAs carrying the miRNA-17-92 cluster are validated by outward PCR and Sanger sequencing. Quantitative PCR analyses reveal that miRNA-17-92-containing eccDNAs, along with the expression of their corresponding miRNAs, are elevated in HCC tumors and associated with poor outcomes and the age of HCC patients. More intriguingly, exogenous expression of artificial DNA circles harboring the miR-17-92 cluster, which is synthesized by the ligase-assisted minicircle accumulation method, can significantly accelerate HCC cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS: These findings delineate the genome-wide eccDNAs profiling of HCC and highlight the functional significance of miRNA-containing eccDNAs in tumorigenesis, providing insight into HCC pathogenesis and cancer therapy, as well as eccDNA and miRNA biology.

Roles of non-coding RNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

In recent years, the incidence of diabetes has been increasing rapidly, posing a serious threat to human health. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, apoptosis, ventricular remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction in individuals with diabetes, ultimately leading to heart failure and mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to DCM remain incompletely understood. With advancements in molecular biology technology, accumulating evidence has shown that numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) crucial roles in the development and progression of DCM. This review aims to summarize recent studies on the involvement of three types of ncRNAs (micro RNA, long ncRNA and circular RNA) in the pathophysiology of DCM, with the goal of providing innovative strategies for the prevention and treatment of DCM.

Differential Signal-Amplitude-Modulated Multi-Beam Remote Optical Touch Based on Grating Antenna.

As screen sizes are becoming larger and larger, exceeding human physical limitations for direct interaction via touching, remote control is inevitable. However, among the current solutions, inertial gyroscopes are susceptible to positional inaccuracies, and gesture recognition is limited by cameras' focus depths and viewing angles. Provided that the issue of ghost points can be effectively addressed, grating antenna light-trapping technology is an ideal candidate for multipoint inputs. Therefore, we propose a differential amplitude modulation scheme for grating antenna-based multi-beam optical touch, which can recognize different incidence points. The amplitude of the incident beams was first coded with different pulse widths. Then, following the capture of incident beams by the grating antenna and their conversion into electrical currents by the aligned detector arrays, the incident points of the individual beams were recognized and differentiated. The scheme was successfully verified on an 18-inch screen, where two-point optical touch with a position accuracy error of under 3 mm and a response time of less than 7 ms under a modulation frequency of 10 kHz on both incident beams was achieved. This work demonstrates a practical method to achieve remote multi-point touch, which can make digital mice more accurately represent the users' pointing directions by obeying the natural three-point one-line aiming rule instantaneously.

Multi-omics analysis to identify susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer.

Most genetic variants for colorectal cancer (CRC) identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are located in intergenic regions, implying pathogenic dysregulations of gene expression. However, comprehensive assessments of target genes in CRC remain to be explored. We conducted a multi-omics analysis using transcriptome and/or DNA methylation data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression, The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Colonomics projects. We identified 116 putative target genes for 45 GWAS-identified variants. Using summary-data-based Mendelian randomization approach (SMR), we demonstrated that the CRC susceptibility for 29 out of the 45 CRC variants may be mediated by cis-effects on gene regulation. At a cutoff of the Bonferroni-corrected PSMR < 0.05, we determined 66 putative susceptibility genes, including 39 genes that have not been previously reported. We further performed in vitro assays for two selected genes, DIP2B and SFMBT1, and provide functional evidence that they play a vital role in colorectal carcinogenesis via disrupting cell behavior, including migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our study reveals a large number of putative novel susceptibility genes and provides additional insight into the underlying mechanisms for CRC genetic risk loci.

Emergency Treatment and Photoacoustic Assessment of Spinal Cord Injury Using Reversible Dual-Signal Transform-Based Selenium Antioxidant.

Spinal cord injury (SCI), following explosive oxidative stress, causes an abrupt and irreversible pathological deterioration of the central nervous system. Thus, preventing secondary injuries caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as monitoring and assessing the recovery from SCI are critical for the emergency treatment of SCI. Herein, an emergency treatment strategy is developed for SCI based on the selenium (Se) matrix antioxidant system to effectively inhibit oxidative stress-induced damage and simultaneously real-time evaluate the severity of SCI using a reversible dual-photoacoustic signal (680 and 750 nm). Within the emergency treatment and photoacoustic severity assessment (ETPSA) strategy, the designed Se loaded boron dipyrromethene dye with a double hydroxyl group (Se@BDP-DOH) is simultaneously used as a sensitive reporter group and an excellent antioxidant for effectively eliminating explosive oxidative stress. Se@BDP-DOH is found to promote the recovery of both spinal cord tissue and locomotor function in mice with SCI. Furthermore, ETPSA strategy synergistically enhanced ROS consumption via the caveolin 1 (Cav 1)-related pathways, as confirmed upon treatment with Cav 1 siRNA. Therefore, the ETPSA strategy is a potential tool for improving emergency treatment and photoacoustic assessment of SCI.

A circular RNA, circPTPN14, increases MYC transcription by interacting with FUBP1 and exacerbates renal fibrosis.

Fibrosis is a relentlessly progressive and irreversible cause of organ damage, as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We found that a circular RNA, circPTPN14, is highly expressed in human kidneys with biopsy-proved chronic interstitial fibrosis, mouse kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) or unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and TGFß1-stimulated renal tubule epithelial cells (TECs). The intrarenal injection of circPTPN14 shRNA alleviated the progression of fibrosis in kidneys subjected to IR or UUO. Knockdown of circPTPN14 in TECs inhibited TGFß1-induced expression of profibrotic genes, whereas overexpressing circPTPN14 increased the profibrotic effect of TGFß1. The profibrotic action of circPTPN14 was ascribed to an increase in MYC transcription. The binding of circPTPN14 to the KH3 and KH4 domains of far upstream element (FUSE) binding protein 1 (FUBP1) enhanced the interaction between FUBP1 and FUSE domain, which was required for the initiation of MYC transcription. In human kidneys (n = 30) with biopsy-proved chronic interstitial fibrosis, the expression of circPTPN14 positively correlated with MYC expression. Taken together these studies show a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, mediated by circPTPN14, which can be a target in the diagnosis and treatment of CKD.

Transcriptome analysis of the muscle of fast- and slow-growing phoenix barb (Spinibarbus denticulatus denticulatus).

Growth rate is a commercial trait in aquaculture that is influenced by multiple factors, among which genetic composition plays a fundamental role in the growth rate of species. The phoenix barb (Spinibarbus denticulatus denticulatus) is a widely distributed freshwater fish species in South China. Although S. d. denticulatus is reared in South China, the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth rate of the species remain unclear. Here, the authors performed transcriptome analysis of muscle tissues from fast-growing (FG) and slow-growing (SG) S. d. denticulatus at 90, 150, and 300 days after hatch (DAH) to elucidate its growth mechanism. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were enriched in pathways related to muscle growth, glycolysis, and energy and lipid metabolism. Nonetheless, a higher number of DEGs were identified in the FG vs. SG groups at 90 and 300 DAH compared with 150 DAH. DEGs identified at 90 DAH were mainly enriched in the GH/IGF axis, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, AMPK signalling pathway and lipid metabolism highly expressed in FG individuals. DEGs identified at 300 DAH were mainly enriched in PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, gene translation and lipid metabolism. In addition, some genes were expressed during the early growth stage in FG individuals but expressed during the late stage in SG individuals, indicating considerable variations in the expression profiles of growth-related genes at different developmental stages. Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of the growth mechanism of S. d. denticulatus, which would be useful for the propagation of fast-growing breeds.

Identifying Novel Susceptibility Genes for Colorectal Cancer Risk From a Transcriptome-Wide Association Study of 125,478 Subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Susceptibility genes and the underlying mechanisms for the majority of risk loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remain largely unknown. We conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) to identify putative susceptibility genes. METHODS: Gene-expression prediction models were built using transcriptome and genetic data from the 284 normal transverse colon tissues of European descendants from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and model performance was evaluated using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 355). We applied the gene-expression prediction models and GWAS data to evaluate associations of genetically predicted gene-expression with CRC risk in 58,131 CRC cases and 67,347 controls of European ancestry. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and knockdown experiments in CRC cells and tumor xenografts were conducted. RESULTS: We identified 25 genes associated with CRC risk at a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of P < 9.1 × 10-6, including genes in 4 novel loci, PYGL (14q22.1), RPL28 (19q13.42), CAPN12 (19q13.2), MYH7B (20q11.22), and MAP1L3CA (20q11.22). In 9 known GWAS-identified loci, we uncovered 9 genes that have not been reported previously, whereas 4 genes remained statistically significant after adjusting for the lead risk variant of the locus. Through colocalization analysis in GWAS loci, we additionally identified 12 putative susceptibility genes that were supported by TWAS analysis at P < .01. We showed that risk allele of the lead risk variant rs1741640 affected the promoter activity of CABLES2. Knockdown experiments confirmed that CABLES2 plays a vital role in colorectal carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals new putative susceptibility genes and provides new insight into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

An Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-MicroRNA-26a Feedback Circuit in NAFLD.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an adaptive response to excessive ER demand and contributes to the development of numerous diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is hallmarked by the accumulation of lipid within hepatocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an indispensable role in various stress responses, but their implications in ER stress have not yet been systemically investigated. In this study, we identify a negative feedback loop consisting of hepatic ER stress and miR-26a in NAFLD pathogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Combining miRNA dot blot array and quantitative PCR, we find that miR-26a is specifically induced by ER stress in liver cells. This induction of miR-26a is critical for cells to cope with ER stress. In human hepatoma cells and murine primary hepatocytes, overexpression of miR-26a markedly alleviates chemical-induced ER stress, as well as palmitate-triggered ER stress and lipid accumulation. Conversely, deficiency of miR-26a exhibits opposite effects. Mechanistically, miR-26a directly targets the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, a core ER stress effector controlling cellular translation. Intriguingly, miR-26a is reduced in the livers of patients with NAFLD. Hepatocyte-specific restoration of miR-26a in mice significantly mitigates high-fat diet-induced ER stress and hepatic steatosis. In contrast, deficiency of miR-26a in mice exacerbates high-fat diet-induced ER stress, lipid accumulation, inflammation and hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest ER stress-induced miR-26a up-regulation as a regulator for hepatic ER stress resolution, and highlight the ER stress/miR-26a/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α cascade as a promising therapeutic strategy for NAFLD.

Atmospheric conditioning: Airport automation, labour and the COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper contributes to debates on human-technologies relations and labour geographies. It thinks through how the adoption of automation is mediated by the conditioning effects of atmospheres in space. Taking the occassion of the COVID-19 pandemic, the paper presents a case of how atmospheres are capable of determining the trajectories of automation, and providing the guiding backdrop for technological (un)development. Drawing on 40 semi-structured interviews conducted with airport labour in Singapore in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the paper offers an analysis of how airport workers variously and viscerally capitulate to, abandon, and/or desire to collaborate with automation, in ways that are both unstable and atmospherically implicated. To the extent that these affective responses have the potential to change the course of technological and labour futures in airport infrastructures, atmospheres - especially those deliberately advocated by the state and airport management - are also a political force to be reckoned with. The paper concludes with a discussion on how a focus on atmospheres can push geographic research on automation in productive and interesting directions. It views automation not just as a collection of abstract artefacts, but projects constantly subject to the conditioning effects of invisible atmospheres.

A Comprehensive cis-eQTL Analysis Revealed Target Genes in Breast Cancer Susceptibility Loci Identified in Genome-wide Association Studies.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 150 common genetic loci for breast cancer risk. However, the target genes and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We conducted a cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) analysis using normal or tumor breast transcriptome data from the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We identified a total of 101 genes for 51 lead variants after combing the results of a meta-analysis of METABRIC and TCGA, and the results from GTEx at a Benjamini-Hochberg (BH)-adjusted p < 0.05. Using luciferase reporter assays in both estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) cell lines, we showed that alternative alleles of potential functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs11552449 (DCLRE1B), rs7257932 (SSBP4), rs3747479 (MRPS30), rs2236007 (PAX9), and rs73134739 (ATG10), could significantly change promoter activities of their target genes compared to reference alleles. Furthermore, we performed in vitro assays in breast cancer cell lines, and our results indicated that DCLRE1B, MRPS30, and ATG10 played a vital role in breast tumorigenesis via certain disruption of cell behaviors. Our findings revealed potential target genes for associations of genetic susceptibility risk loci and provided underlying mechanisms for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Calcineurin inhibitors ameliorate PAN-induced podocyte injury through the NFAT-Angptl4 pathway.

Podocyte injury plays a vital role in proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Calcineurin (CaN) inhibitors are effective in reducing proteinuria. However, their molecular mechanism is still not fully understood. Angiopoietin-like-4 (ANGPTL4) is a secreted protein that mediates proteinuria in podocyte-related nephropathy. In this study, we established a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced minimal-change disease (MCD) rat model and a cultured podocyte injury model. We found that CaN inhibitors protected against PAN-induced podocyte injury, accompanied by an inhibition of Nfatc1 and Angptl4 both in vivo and in vitro. Nfatc1 overexpression and knockdown experiments indicated that Angptl4 was regulated by Nfatc1 in podocytes. ChIP assays further demonstrated that Nfatc1 increased Angptl4 expression by binding to the Angptl4 promoter. In addition, overexpression and knockdown of Angptl4 revealed that Angptl4 directly induced rearrangement of the cytoskeleton of podocytes, reduced the expression of synaptopodin, and enhanced PAN-induced podocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, in a cohort of 83 MCD and 94 membranous nephropathy (MN) patients, we found increased expression of serum ANGPTL4 compared to 120 healthy controls, and there were close correlations between serum ANGPTL4 and Alb, urinary protein, urinary Alb, eGFR, Scr, and BUN in MCD patients. No obvious correlation was found in MN patients. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that increased ANGPTL4 in MCD and MN patients was located mostly in podocytes. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CaN inhibitors ameliorate PAN-induced podocyte injury by targeting Angptl4 through the NFAT pathway, and Angptl4 plays a vital role in podocyte injury and is involved in human podocyte-related nephropathy. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Correlation between the subchondral bone marrow lesions and cartilage repair tissue after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation in the knee: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The contribution of the subchondral bone in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) has long been recognized, but its role in cartilage repair procedures has only recently attracted more attention. PURPOSE: To explore the correlation between the cartilage repair tissue (RT) and the subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) in the knee joint. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients who underwent MACI in the knee from January 2015 to June 2018 and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were recruited in this study. The MRI results of cartilage RT were evaluated using T2* relaxation time. Subchondral BMLs were also qualitatively evaluated by use of the two-dimensional proton density-weighted fat-suppressed (2D-PD-FS) and three-dimensional dual-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) sequences. RESULTS: The univariate analysis displayed a significant negative correlation between subchondral BMLs and cartilage RT (P < 0.01). In the minimally adjusted model (only age, sex, and body mass index [BMI] adjusted), the results did not show obvious changes (ß = -6.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -10.99 to -2.09; P = 0.008). After adjustment for the full models (age, sex, BMI, defect size, combined injury, and preoperative duration of symptoms adjusted), the connection was also detected (ß = -6.66, 95% CI -11.82 to -1.50; P = 0.019). CONCLUSION: After MACI, the subchondral BMLs are significantly correlated with cartilage RT-T2* relaxation time. The role of subchondral bone in cartilage repair procedures should not be underestimated.

Circular RNAs in renal cell carcinoma: implications for tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapy.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant kidney tumor and has a high incidence rate. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with widespread distribution and diverse cellular functions. They are highly stable and have organ- and tissue-specific expression patterns. CircRNAs have essential functions as microRNA sponges, RNA-binding protein- and transcriptional regulators, and protein translation templates. Recent reports have shown that circRNAs are abnormally expressed in RCC and act as important regulators of RCC carcinogenesis and progression. Moreover, circRNAs have emerged as potential biomarkers for RCC diagnosis and prognosis and targets for developing new treatments. However, further studies are needed to better understand the functions of circRNAs in RCC. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent research progress on RCC-associated circRNAs, with a focus on their potential for RCC diagnosis and targeted therapy.

Investigation of the genetic variation in ACE2 on the structural recognition by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), through its surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) recognition on the receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in humans. However, it remains unclear how genetic variations in ACE2 may affect its function and structure, and consequently alter the recognition by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: We have systemically characterized missense variants in the gene ACE2 using data from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD; N = 141,456). To investigate the putative deleterious role of missense variants, six existing functional prediction tools were applied to evaluate their impact. We further analyzed the structural flexibility of ACE2 and its protein-protein interface with the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 using our developed Legion Interfaces Analysis (LiAn) program. RESULTS: Here, we characterized a total of 12 ACE2 putative deleterious missense variants. Of those 12 variants, we further showed that p.His378Arg could directly weaken the binding of catalytic metal atom to decrease ACE2 activity and p.Ser19Pro could distort the most important helix to the S-protein. Another seven missense variants may affect secondary structures (i.e. p.Gly211Arg; p.Asp206Gly; p.Arg219Cys; p.Arg219His, p.Lys341Arg, p.Ile468Val, and p.Ser547Cys), whereas p.Ile468Val with AF = 0.01 is only present in Asian. CONCLUSIONS: We provide strong evidence of putative deleterious missense variants in ACE2 that are present in specific populations, which could disrupt the function and structure of ACE2. These findings provide novel insight into the genetic variation in ACE2 which may affect the SARS-CoV-2 recognition and infection, and COVID-19 susceptibility and treatment.

From tobacco smoking to cancer mutational signature: a mediation analysis strategy to explore the role of epigenetic changes.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is associated with a unique mutational signature in the human cancer genome. It is unclear whether tobacco smoking-altered DNA methylations and gene expressions affect smoking-related mutational signature. METHODS: We systematically analyzed the smoking-related DNA methylation sites reported from five previous casecontrol studies in peripheral blood cells to identify possible target genes. Using the mediation analysis approach, we evaluated whether the association of tobacco smoking with mutational signature is mediated through altered DNA methylation and expression of these target genes in lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissues. RESULTS: Based on data obtained from 21,108 blood samples, we identified 374 smoking-related DNA methylation sites, annotated to 248 target genes. Using data from DNA methylations, gene expressions and smoking-related mutational signature generated from ~ 7700 tumor tissue samples across 26 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found 11 of the 248 target genes whose expressions were associated with smoking-related mutational signature at a Bonferroni-correction P < 0.001. This included four for head and neck cancer, and seven for lung adenocarcinoma. In lung adenocarcinoma, our results showed that smoking increased the expression of three genes, AHRR, GPR15, and HDGF, and decreased the expression of two genes, CAPN8, and RPS6KA1, which were consequently associated with increased smoking-related mutational signature. Additional evidence showed that the elevated expression of AHRR and GPR15 were associated with smoking-altered hypomethylations at cg14817490 and cg19859270, respectively, in lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissues. Lastly, we showed that decreased expression of RPS6KA1, were associated with poor survival of lung cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide novel insight into the contributions of tobacco smoking to carcinogenesis through the underlying mechanisms of the elevated mutational signature by altered DNA methylations and gene expressions.

MCC-SP: a powerful integration method for identification of causal pathways from genetic variants to complex disease.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified genetic susceptible variants for complex diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of such association remains largely unknown. Most disease-associated genetic variants have been shown to reside in noncoding regions, leading to the hypothesis that regulation of gene expression may be the primary biological mechanism. Current methods to characterize gene expression mediating the effect of genetic variant on diseases, often analyzed one gene at a time and ignored the network structure. The impact of genetic variant can propagate to other genes along the links in the network, then to the final disease. There could be multiple pathways from the genetic variant to the final disease, with each having the chain structure since the first node is one specific SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) variant and the end is disease outcome. One key but inadequately addressed question is how to measure the between-node connection strength and rank the effects of such chain-type pathways, which can provide statistical evidence to give the priority of some pathways for potential drug development in a cost-effective manner. RESULTS: We first introduce the maximal correlation coefficient (MCC) to represent the between-node connection, and then integrate MCC with K shortest paths algorithm to rank and identify the potential pathways from genetic variant to disease. The pathway importance score (PIS) was further provided to quantify the importance of each pathway. We termed this method as "MCC-SP". Various simulations are conducted to illustrate MCC is a better measurement of the between-node connection strength than other quantities including Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation, distance correlation, mutual information, and maximal information coefficient. Finally, we applied MCC-SP to analyze one real dataset from the Religious Orders Study and the Memory and Aging Project, and successfully detected 2 typical pathways from APOE genotype to Alzheimer's disease (AD) through gene expression enriched in Alzheimer's disease pathway. CONCLUSIONS: MCC-SP has powerful and robust performance in identifying the pathway(s) from the genetic variant to the disease. The source code of MCC-SP is freely available at GitHub ( https://github.com/zhuyuchen95/ADnet ).

Impact of initial dialysis modality on the survival of patients with ESRD in eastern China: a propensity-matched study.

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting research results about the survival differences between hemodialysis(HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). The present study estimated the survival and the relative mortality hazard for incident HD and PD patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in eastern China. METHODS: This study examined a cohort of patients with ESRD who initiated dialysis therapy in Zhejiang province between Jan of 2010 and Dec of 2014, followed up until the end of 2015. PD patients were matched in a 1:1 fashion with HD patients, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to explore the survival of them. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was applied to identify the factors that predict survival by treatment modality. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying patients according to gender, age, causes of ESRD and comorbidities. RESULTS: Among a total of 22,379 enrolled patients (17,029 HD patients and 5350 PD patients), 5350 matched pairs were identified, and followed for a median of 29 months (3 ~ 72 months). Kaplan-Meier survival curve revealed that overall mortality rate was significantly higher in HD patients than in PD patients (log-rank test, P < 0.001), after adjusting by gender, age, primary causes of ESRD and comorbidities. HD was consistently associated with an increased risk for morality compared with PD in the matched cohort (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 1.140, 95%CI: 1.023 ~ 1.271). In subgroup analyses, male, younger patients, or nondiabetic patients aged less than 65 years after adjustment of covariates, initiating with PD was associated with a significantly lower mortality compared with HD. In the multivariate Cox proportional risks model, age, diabetic nephropathy (DN), other/unknown causes of ESRD, and patients with a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer showed statistical significance in explaining survival of incident ESRD patients. CONCLUSIONS: ESRD patients who initiated dialysis with PD yielded superior survival rates compared to HD. Increased use of PD as initial dialysis modality in ESRD patients could be encouraged in Chinese population.

HDAC5-mediated deacetylation and nuclear localisation of SOX9 is critical for tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen resistance remains a significant clinical challenge for the therapy of ER-positive breast cancer. It has been reported that the upregulation of transcription factor SOX9 in ER+ recurrent cancer is sufficient for tamoxifen resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of SOX9 remain largely unknown. METHODS: The acetylation level of SOX9 was detected by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. The expressions of HDACs and SIRTs were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Cell growth was measured by performing MTT assay. ALDH-positive breast cancer stem cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Interaction between HDAC5 and SOX9 was determined by immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: Deacetylation is required for SOX9 nuclear translocation in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Furthermore, HDAC5 is the key deacetylase responsible for SOX9 deacetylation and subsequent nuclear translocation. In addition, the transcription factor C-MYC directly promotes the expression of HDAC5 in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells. For clinical relevance, high SOX9 and HDAC5 expression are associated with lower survival rates in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that HDAC5 regulated by C-MYC is essential for SOX9 deacetylation and nuclear localisation, which is critical for tamoxifen resistance. These results indicate a potential therapy strategy for ER+ breast cancer by targeting C-MYC/HDAC5/SOX9 axis.