[Prevention of thromboembolic complications in otorhinolaryngological surgery]. / Profilaktika tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii pri otorinolaringologicheskikh khirurgicheskikh vmeshatel'stvakh.

The article reviews current clinical guidelines and recent publications on the perioperative prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in ENT-HNS patients. The literature review is descriptive and includes foreign sources and national guidelines on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of VTE. The average risk of VTE in otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery is lower than in the other surgical specialties, not reaching 1% in total. Major oncologic head and neck surgery carries higher risk of VTE. When prescribing anticoagulants after ENT-HNS surgery, one should predict and compare the risk of postoperative bleeding with the risk of VTE.

The microbiome of the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis.

AIM: This multicenter study was focused on the identification of the microorganisms inhabiting the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis. METHODOLOGY: 112 middle meatus swabs and 112 maxillary sinus aspirates from 103 patients were available for culture. RESULTS: A total of 244 strains of microorganisms representing more than 50 families were identified in the maxillary sinus and middle nasal meatus (164 and 80, respectively). These included 154 (63.0%) strains of aerobic bacteria from 32 species and 90 (37.0%) strains of anaerobic bacteria from 23 species. Aerobes were more common than anaerobes in both the nasal cavity (78.7% vs. 21.3%) and in the maxillary sinus (55.2% vs. 44.8%). Species of Streptococci (28.8%) and Prevotella (17.8%) were the most common findings in the maxillary sinus aspirates. S. pneumonia, H. influenza, and S. aureus were relatively rare, and found in only 6.7%, 5.4%, and 8.9% of the samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that common upper airway pathogens do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The microbiome of inflamed sinonasal mucosa is extremely diverse and involves exotic species of bacteria that, to date, have not been considered as potential inhabitants of the paranasal sinuses.

[Spontaneous nasal liquorrhea and the Sternberg canal: scientific hypothesis and personal experience].

Spontaneous nasal liquorrhea (SNL) is a pathological condition previously regarded as a casuistic one but increasingly frequently described in the current literature. The present review is focused on the causes of SNL, such as the anomalous anatomical structure of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. One of the variants of the anatomical structure is the so-called Sternberg canal. Its anatomical structure and formation in the course of embryonic development are described. The presence of the Sternberg canal in the adult subjects is considered to be the main cause underlying SNL and meningoencephalocele originating from the lateral parts of the sphenoidal sinus. The main variants of the endoscopic endonasal approach for the treatment of the fluid fistulas located in the lateral parts of the sphenoidal sinuses are described. A series of the original authors' observations is reported including 173 patients presenting with SN l who were operated in 1999-2011.

[The results of the surgical treatment of otosclerosis in the elderly subjects].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the surgical treatment of otosclerosis in the subjects of advanced age. The medical histories of 19 patients aged above 65 years (20 ears) presenting with otosclerosis were available for the retrospective analysis. All of them had undergone surgical interventions (a total of 22 ones or 4.49% of the 489 operations performed between 2001 and 2012). The audiometric assessment was made at four wavelengths (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz). Primary surgery (n=18) was preceded by the determination of the high air and bone conductivity thresholds (76.18 dB and 42.15 dB respectively), with the mean bone to air interval (BAI) being 33.99 dB. The surgical treatment resulted in the improvement of hearing; in 83.33% of the cases, BAI was reduced to 10 dB or below this value. It is concluded that the surgical intervention on the stirrup bone for the treatment of otosclerosis in the patients above 65 years of age is a safe and efficacious method despite marked hearing impairment in this group of patients.

[Tonsillectomy in children: how it is performed in Europe and America?].

The objective of the present study was to analyse publications in European and American medical journals concerning the principles underlying planning and performing tonsillectomies (TE) in the children. The authors summarized the currently accepted indications for TE and technical conditions for its realization; in addition, they determined the necessary extent of preoperative studies and revealed peculiarities of postoperative treatment with special reference to the problem of primary and secondary postoperative complications. It is emphasized that the strategy of planning and performing TE in the children in western countries is not essentially different from that employed in Russian clinics. Further investigations are needed to develop scientifically sound clinical guidelines for the planning and performing of TE in the children for the use in outpatient facilities.

[Hemorrhage following tonsillectomy: analysis of the prevalence and risk factors].

The objective of the present study was to analyse the modern literature concerning the prevalence of hemorrhage following tonsillectomy (TE) and the factors responsible for its development. Chronic tonsillitis affects from 4% to 15% of the general population and accounts for 23.7% of all pharyngeal disorders. Despite the significant decrease in the frequency of TE during the last years, it remains a most popular surgical procedure in otorhinolaryngological clinics all over the world. Hemorrhage is the most frequent complication of TE registered in 2.5% to 9.2% of the patients on the average, with early (primary) hemorrhages occurring more frequently than late ones as shown in the majority of the studies. The possible risk factors of postoperative hemorrhage are described. The significance of some of these factors (male sex, age, surgeon's experience, surgical technique,techniques of intraoperative hemostasis, elevated arterial pressure) is estimated based on the analysis of results of many relevant studies; their influence on the frequency of hemorrhage following tonsillectomy is fairly well confirmed. The effects of other factors, such as the season, whether conditions at the time of TE, duration of surgery, smoking, etc. are hypothetical.

[Secondary operations for the treatment of nasal septum deformities].

The objective of the present retrospective study was to improve the methods of secondary surgical intervention for the treatment of nasal septum (NS) deformations and evaluate their immediate outcomes. A series of 56 re-operations on NS is represented. Two main approaches to the treatment of secondary deformation were applied: repeated septoplasty with autocartilage and bone re-implantation and tissue-preserving endoscopic submucous resection of deviated septal portions. Endoscopic studies, CT of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, anterior active rhinomanometry, and acoustic rhinometry were used to clarify the character of deformation and to objectively assess the resulting disorders of nasal breathing. The differential approach to the choice of the surgical correction strategy made it possible to restore nasal breathing in all 40 patients followed up during 3 months after re-operation. The results of anterior active rhinomanometry indicate that the mean total volumetric flow increased after the secondary treatment from the initial value of 467.7±89.1cm3/s to 901.1±115.4 cm3/s within the following three months. The cases of postoperative perforation or the development of other possible complications were not documented.

[The effectiveness of long-term treatment of polypous rhinosinusitis with low doses of macrolides].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the effectiveness of the long-term treatment with low doses of macrolides for the prevention of early relapses of polypous rhinosinusitis in the postoperative period. A total of 66 patients at the age from 18 to 77 years presenting with the clinical diagnosis of bilateral polypous rhinosinusitis were randomly allocated to 3 groups; fifty five patients completed the study. All the patients underwent endoscopic polysinusotomy. All of them were given basal therapy with mometasone furoate at a daily dose of 400 mcg throughout 6 month postoperative period. The patients of groups 1 (n=22) and 2 (n=14) additionally received daily doses of 25 mg clarithromycin during 6 and 3 months respectively. The patients of group 3 were given basal therapy alone. All the patients were followed up within 6, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery with the use of a visual-analog scale, SNOT-20 questionnaire, acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry, endoscopic study of the nasal cavity, computed tomography of paranasal sinuses, determination of saccharine transport time, evaluation of olfactorial sense, and measurement of the eosinophilic cationic protein level in the nasal secretion. It was demonstrated that the patients treated with clarithromycin show significantly better outcomes of therapy compared with controls (p<0.05), the effectiveness of the 6 month clarithromycin therapy being higher than that of the 3 month treatment. The exception was the results of estimation of clinical symptoms and signs based on the visual-analog scale and the acoustic rhinometric data that did not reveal significant differences between the groups. The patients of the control group given no clarithromycin significantly more frequently developed relapses of polypous rhinosinusitis (p=0.02).

[The evolution of adenoidectomy].

The critical analysis of publications concerning methods designed for the surgical treatment of adenoids is presented. Various surgical techniques are considered with special reference to their indications for use, invasiveness, effectiveness, and safety. Recent developments in this field give evidence that evolution of adenoidectomy brought about highly efficacious (up to 99%) mini-invasive and safe surgical procedures producing the minimal risk of relapses and postoperative complications. All these advancements became possible due to the introduction of endoscopic intraoperative control, general anesthesia, and the use of modern surgical instruments. Modern approaches make unnecessary radical removal of the lymphoid tissue.

[Peculiarities of the surgical treatment of nasal septum perforations].

The objective of the present study was the retrospective analysis of the results of nasal septum perforation (NSP) surgery. We report our experience with the operations on the perforated nasal septum based on the treatment of a total of 84 patients. Plastic repair of the perforated nasal septum was undertaken in 54 of them. The endonasal approach with the use of local tissue flaps was employed in 47 cases. Additional bucco-gingival flaps were used in another 4 patients and the open rhinoplastic approach in 3 cases. The complete closure of nasal septum perforations was achieved in 34 (63%) patients. The reduction of the size of perforations was documented in 17 (31%) patients whereas in the remaining three the perforation size slightly increased. The surgical technique and peculiarities of the postoperative management of the patients are described; the possible causes of NSP relapses following surgery are discussed.

[The influence of the surgical and medicamental treatment on the olfactory function in the patients presenting with polypous rhinosinusitis].

The objective of the present investigation was to study dynamics of the olfactory function in the patients presenting with polypous rhinosinusitis receiving medicamental therapy and in different periods after the surgical intervention. A total of 40 patients were available for the examination in the "Sniffin Sticks" test. The patients of group 1 (n=20) were treated with intramuscular injections of dexamethasone (8 mg twice daily) with gradual tapering the dose during 10 days. The patients comprising group 2 underwent bilateral endoscopic polysinusotomy. Both treatment modalities were followed by momethasone fuorate therapy 6 months in duration. Examination of the patients on the first control visit (i.e. within 1 month after the onset of the treatment) revealed the significant improvement of all measured olfactory parameters that were not significantly different between the two groups. On the second control visit (within 4 months after the onset of the treatment), the patients of group 1 showed a significantly impaired ability to identify smells although other olfactory parameters remained virtually unaltered as compared with those on the first visit. At the same time, no significant impairment of the olfactory function was apparent in the patients of group 2. It is concluded that the patients having non-obstructive polyps in the nasal cavity should be advised in the first place to undergo a course of glucocorticosteroid therapy rather than surgical treatment because the results of conservative therapy and endoscopic polysinusotomy do not differ significantly, at least within the first 4 months after the beginning of the treatment.

[The nasal valve. Part II. The modern methods for the conservative and surgical treatment of its pathology].

This literature review is focused on the methods for surgical correction of the nasal valve. Various surgical techniques are critically examined with reference to their application depending on the peculiar anatomical features of the nasal valve and mechanisms underlying its disorders. Conflicting opinions about the approaches to the correction of nasal valve insufficiency dictate the necessity of further search for the new methods for this purpose taking account of the peculiarities of the patients' clinical conditions and topographic level of the disorder.

[The nasal valve. Part I. Anatomical and physiological nature, clinical manifestations of dysfunction and methods for its diagnostics].

In this article, the critical analysis of the available publications concerning anatomical and physiological nature of the nasal valve, clinical manifestations of its dysfunction, and diagnostic methods is presented. Various diagnostic tools are considered with special reference to the anatomical features of the nasal valve and mechanisms of its disorders. The study revealed contradictory opinions as regards the causes underlying valvular insufficiency and the necessity of the objective evaluation of nasal breathing in the patients with this pathology. The need of the search for the new methods of topical diagnostics of nasal valve dysfunction is substantiated.

[Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology, classification, etiology, and pathogenesis. The current view of the problem].

The study of chronic rhinosinusitis is a challenging problem bearing in mind the ever-increasing morbidity and the lack of generally accepted criteria for diagnostics and treatment of this pathology. There is a great variety of factors predisposing to the development of chronic rhinosinusitis whereas its etiology remains controversial. Moreover, the pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis remain to be elucidated despite a wealth of publications devoted to this problem The results of many evidence-based investigations are different and even conflicting. Both diagnostic techniques and characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis vary in a broad range depending on the standards adopted in different countries.

[The state of the stirrup prosthesis estimated from the results of functional multispiral computed tomography].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the state of the stirrup prosthesis based on the results of functional multispiral computed tomography (fMSCT). A total of 30 patients suffering otosclerosis and treated by stapedoplasty were examined using the modified fMSCT technique developed by the authors. The data obtained were compared with the results of the audiologic study. It was shown that modified fMSCT makes it possible to objectively and visually estimate the state of the stirrup prosthesis, elucidate the causes of poor outcome of the surgical treatment and identify the indications for the second operation. The study has demonstrated that a more pronounced decrease of the air-bone gap (ABG) is associated with a rise in the amplitude of prosthesis movements whereas the degree of reduction of bone conduction does not significantly correlate with the depth to which the prosthesis reaches into the vestibulim.

[The potential of multislice computed tomography for the detection of specific anatomic and topographic features of the facial nerve canal prior to stapedoplasty].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the potential of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) for the detection of specific anatomic and topographic features in the structure of the middle ear and the oval window region prior to stapedoplasty. We analysed the results of MSCT of the temporal bones in 20 patients presenting with otosclerosis (40 observations). All these patients underwent stapedoplasty, and the intraoperative findings were compared with the MSCT data. Specificity and sensitivity of MSCT for the detection of structural abnormalities in the middle ear were estimated at 91.3% and 84.6% respectively. It is concluded that the preoperative MSCT examination of the temporal bones yields the data that allow for the more accurate planning of the succeeding surgical intervention as well as for choosing its optimal strategy and extent, proper instruments, the type and length of the implant (prosthesis), and thereby for avoiding the possible complications and improving the prognosis of the treatment.

[The assessment of the state of the immune system in the patients presenting with bronchial asthma and concomitant diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses].

The objective of the present investigation was to study the influence of diseases of the nasal cavity (NC) and paranasal sinuses (PNS) concomitant with bronchial asthma (BA) on the development of peculiar features of the patients' immune status. Phenotypic characteristics of the main lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood of 101 patients were obtained by means of flow cytometry with the use of fluorescein isocyanate- or phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Special emphasis was laid on the elucidation of characteristics of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in the patients presenting with BA and concomitant NC and PNS diseases and their comparison with the respective parameters in the patients with isolated lesions in the upper respiratory tract (allergic rhinitis and polypous rhinosinusitis) and lower respiratory tract (bronchial asthma). It was shown that the patients with concurrent lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tracts experience marked intensification of the immune reactions in the form of the elevated number of activated B-lymphocytes (CD23+), serum IgE level, and peripheral eosinophil count.

[Our experience with the application of collagen-based preparations in reconstructive surgery of the middle ear].

This paper summarizes our experience with the application of collagen-based preparations for reconstructive surgery of the middle ear. The best morphological results (88.46%) were obtained by the closure of extensive defects with the Oblecolum membrane as a temporary supporting structure and the outer atraumatic dressing for the tympanic transplant (in 30 patients) or by the use of the compact-porous explants from the "Sanguicol" preparation as an overlay on the transplant (in 22 patients). Twenty seven patients presenting with the so-called "operated ear disease" underwent mastoidoplasty with the use of the compact-porous preparation "Stimul-oss" as a supporting structure to induce the ingrowth of the bone tissue and the subsequent substitution of the defect. This treatment ensured the reduction of the volume of the bony trepanation cavity. In addition, we have obtained preliminary encouraging results of the application of collagene preparations for the surgical intervention on the stirrup in the patients suffering otosclerosis.

[The estimation of the efficacy of manual therapy included in the combined treatment of cochlear-vestibular disorders based on the results of computed stabilography].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the efficacy of the combined treatment of spondylogenic cochlear-vestibular disorders with the use of both medicamental and non-medicamental modalities. Computed static stabilometry was applied for diagnostics of postural disbalance and evaluation of the treatment outcomes. It was shown that the application of manual therapy for the management of 56 patients presenting with spondylogenic cochlear-vestibular disorders resulted in the decrease of tinnitus and the improvement of vestibular and cochlear functions.

[The use of functional multispiral computed tomography for differential diagnostics of otosclerosis and congenital malformation of the internal and middle ear (a case report)].

This paper reports a rare clinical observation of congenital malformation of the internal and middle ear diagnosed with the help of functional multispiral computed tomography (fMSCT). The patient presenting with conductive hearing loss was suspected to have otosclerosis. However, the use of fMSCT made it possible to arrive at a more precise diagnosis, that is congenital malformation of the internal and middle ear that clinically manifested itself as the conductive loss of hearing. It was decided to refrain from the surgical intervention: first, because its efficacy in this case was considered to be doubtful and second, it was fraught with the high risk of development of postoperative complications.