RESUMO
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interfere with normal hormone signaling to increase health risks to the maternal-fetal system, yet few studies have been conducted on the currently used chiral EDCs. This work tested the hypothesis that pyrethroids could enantioselectively interfere with trophoblast cells. Cell viability, hormone secretion, and steroidogenesis gene expression of a widely used pyrethroid, bifenthrin (BF), were evaluated in vitro, and the interactions of BF enantiomers with estrogen receptor (ER) were predicted. At low or noncytotoxic concentrations, both progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin secretion were induced. The expression levels of progesterone receptor and human leukocyte antigen G genes were significantly stimulated. The key regulators of the hormonal cascade, GnRH type-I and its receptor, were both upregulated. The expression levels of selected steroidogenic genes were also significantly altered. Moreover, a consistent enantioselective interference of hormone signaling was observed, and S-BF had greater effects than R-BF. Using molecular docking, the enantioselective endocrine disruption of BF was predicted to be partially due to enantiospecific ER binding affinity. Thus, BF could act through ER to enantioselectively disturb the hormonal network in trophoblast cells. These converging results suggest that the currently used chiral pesticides are of significant concern with respect to maternal-fetal health.
Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Feto/metabolismo , Saúde , Hormônios/metabolismo , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Trofoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Disruptores Endócrinos/química , Feminino , Feto/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/genética , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Antígenos HLA-G/genética , Antígenos HLA-G/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Praguicidas/química , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Piretrinas/química , Receptores de Estrogênio/química , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Estereoisomerismo , Trofoblastos/citologia , Trofoblastos/metabolismoRESUMO
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been emerging as a worldwide issue due to their detrimental effect to water quality and the threat to ecological health. However, there were scarcely reports on whether existing agrochemicals such as herbicides have potential effects on Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) which may form large surface blooms. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of glufosinate, a widely use herbicide in the world, on the growth of M. aeruginosa. The change of the content of intracellular (intra-) and extracellular (extra-) levels of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were also determined by HPLC. The mRNA level of mcyA, mcyD, mcyH related to the production of MC-LR was detected after 48h exposure to glufosinate. Our results revealed that low concentrations of glufosinate exposure (0.5mg/L, 1mg/L) would promote the growth of M. aeruginosa. It was worth noting intra-MC-LR contents of algal cells were also significantly increased at low concentrations of glufosinate exposure (1mg/L). While at high concentrations (5mg/L, 10mg/L), glufosinate could induce the MDA level and inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa that would limit the production of MC-LR to the water body. At last, the transcription levels of algae toxin synthesis related genes mcyA and mcyD were increased significantly at environmentally relevant concentrations of glufosinate, which may affect the MC production. This study not only illuminated effects of glufosinate on growth of and MC-LR synthesis of M. aeruginosa at environmentally relevant concentrations, but also reminding us the potential risk caused by herbicide use should arouse concerns.