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Spatial, momentum and energy separation of electronic spins in condensed-matter systems guides the development of new devices in which spin-polarized current is generated and manipulated1-3. Recent attention on a set of previously overlooked symmetry operations in magnetic materials4 leads to the emergence of a new type of spin splitting, enabling giant and momentum-dependent spin polarization of energy bands on selected antiferromagnets5-10. Despite the ever-growing theoretical predictions, the direct spectroscopic proof of such spin splitting is still lacking. Here we provide solid spectroscopic and computational evidence for the existence of such materials. In the noncoplanar antiferromagnet manganese ditelluride (MnTe2), the in-plane components of spin are found to be antisymmetric about the high-symmetry planes of the Brillouin zone, comprising a plaid-like spin texture in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state. Such an unconventional spin pattern, further found to diminish at the high-temperature paramagnetic state, originates from the intrinsic AFM order instead of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Our finding demonstrates a new type of quadratic spin texture induced by time-reversal breaking, placing AFM spintronics on a firm basis and paving the way for studying exotic quantum phenomena in related materials.
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BACKGROUND: There is no consensus as to the origin of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens). Previous studies on yak mitochondria mainly focused on mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop), a region with low phylogenetic resolution. Here, we analyzed the entire mitochondrial genomes of 509 yaks to obtain greater phylogenetic resolution and a comprehensive picture of geographical diversity. RESULTS: A total of 278 haplotypes were defined in 509 yaks from 21 yak breeds. Among them, 28 haplotypes were shared by different varieties, and 250 haplotypes were unique to specific varieties. The overall haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of yak were 0.979 ± 0.0039 and 0.00237 ± 0.00076, respectively. Phylogenetic tree and network analysis showed that yak had three highly differentiated genetic branches with high support rate. The differentiation time of clades I and II were about 0.4328 Ma, and the differentiation time of clades (I and II) and III were 0.5654 Ma. Yushu yak is shared by all haplogroups. Most (94.70%) of the genetic variation occurred within populations, and only 5.30% of the genetic variation occurred between populations. The classification showed that yaks and wild yaks were first clustered together, and yaks were clustered with American bison as a whole. Altitude had the highest impact on the distribution of yaks. CONCLUSIONS: Yaks have high genetic diversity and yak populations have experienced population expansion and lack obvious phylogeographic structure. During the glacial period, yaks had at least three or more glacial refugia.
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Variação Genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Haplótipos , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Animais , Bovinos/genética , Herança Materna , Feminino , DNA Mitocondrial/genéticaRESUMO
A portable Hadamard-transform Raman spectrometer with excellent performance was fabricated consisting of a 785 nm laser, an optical filter, an optical system, a control system, and a signal processing system. As the core of the spectrometer, the optical system was composed of a slit, collimator, optical grating, reflector, digital micromirror devices (DMD), lens system, and InGaAs photodetector. Compared with a conventional dispersive Raman spectrometer, the proposed Raman spectrometer adopted the DMD and corresponding controlling device (DLPC350 control chip) to collect the Raman spectrum. Thus, in our design, the gratings are fixed, while the full Raman spectrum was collected by the deflection of the micromirror. This design can greatly improve the vibration resistance ability of the spectrometer since the gratings are not rotating during the spectrum collecting. More importantly, Hadamard-transform was used as signal processing technology, which has the ability of faster calculation, the merits of high energy input, single detector multichannel simultaneous detection (imaging) ability, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Hence, the Hadamard-transform portable Raman spectrometer has the potential to be applied in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT).
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The single-functionality of traditional chemodynamic therapy (CDT) reagents usually limits the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment. Synergistic nanocomposites that involve cascade reaction provide a promising strategy to achieve satisfactory anticancer effects. Herein, a cuprous-based nanocomposite (CCS@GOx@HA) is fabricated, which owns the tumor targeting ability and can undergo tumor microenvironment responsive cascade reaction to enhance the tumor therapeutic efficiency significantly. Surface modification of nanocomposite with hyaluronic acid enables the targeted delivery of the nanocomposite to cancer cells. Acid-triggered decomposition of nanocomposite in cancer cell results in the release of Cu+ , Se2- and GOx. The Cu+ improves the Fenton-like reaction with endogenous H2 O2 to generate highly toxic ⢠OH for CDT. While GOx can not only catalyze the inâ situ generation of endogenous H2 O2 , but also accelerate the consumption of intratumoral glucose to reduce nutrient supply in tumor site. In addition, Se2- further improves the therapeutic effects of CDT by upregulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. Meanwhile, the surface modification endows the nanocomposite the good water dispersibility and biocompatibility. Moreover, inâ vitro and inâ vivo experiments demonstrate satisfactory anti-cancer therapeutic performance by the synergistic cascade function of CCS@GOx@HA than CDT alone.
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Nanocompostos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Catálise , Glucose , Ácido Hialurônico , Nanocompostos/uso terapêutico , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Nanozymes have obvious advantages in improving the efficiency of cancer treatment. However, due to the lack of tissue specificity, low catalytic efficiency, and so on, their clinical applications are limited. Herein, the nanoplatform CeO2@ICG@GOx@HA (CIGH) with self-accelerated cascade reactions is constructed. The as-prepared nanozyme shows the superior oxidase (OXD)-like, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like, catalase (CAT)-like and peroxidase (POD)-like activities. At the same time, under 808â nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the photodynamic and photothermal capabilities are also significantly enhanced due to the presence of indocyanine green (ICG). We demonstrate that the nanozyme CIGH can efficiently accumulate in the tumor and exhibit amplified cascade antitumor effects with negligible systemic toxicity through the combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and starvation therapy. The nanozyme prepared in this study provides a promising candidate for catalytic nanomedicines for efficient tumor therapy.
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A cascade reaction sequence of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and lactamization for the synthesis of tetrahydropyrroloisoindolone derivatives is developed. This efficient one-pot synthesis generates four bonds and two heterocyclic rings in a diastereoselective manner. Only 2 equiv of H2O are produced as the side product.
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As a representative gas of food spoilage, the development of rapid hydrogen sulfide (H2S) analysis strategies for food safety control is in great demand. Despite traditional methods for H2S detection possessing great achievements, they are still incapable of meeting the requirement of portability and quantitative detection at the same time. Herein, a nanozyme catalysis pressure-powered sensing platform that enables visual quantification with the naked eye is proposed. In this methodology, Pt nanozyme inherits the catalase-like activity to facilitate the decomposition of H2O2 to O2, which can significantly improve the pressure in the closed container, further pushing the movement of indicator dye. Furthermore, H2S was found to effectively inhibit the catalytic activity of Pt nanozyme, indicating that the catalase-like activity of PtNPs may be regulated by varying concentrations of H2S. Therefore, by utilizing a self-designed pressure-powered microchannel device, the concentration of H2S was successfully converted into a distinct signal variation in distance. The effectiveness of the as-designed sensor in assessing the spoilage of red wine by H2S determination has been demonstrated. It exhibits a strong correlation between the change in dye distance and H2S concentration within the range of 1-250 µM, with a detection limit of 0.17 µM. This method is advantageous as it enhances the quantitative detection of H2S with the naked eye based on the portable pressure-powered sensing platform, as compared to traditional H2S biosensors. Such a pressure-powered distance variation platform would greatly broaden the application of H2S-based detection in food spoilage management.
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BACKGROUND: Yaks (Bos grunniens), prized for their ability to thrive in high-altitude environments, are indispensable livestock in the plateau region. Modifying their feeding systems holds significant promise for improving their growth and meat quality. Tenderness, a key determinant of yak meat quality and consumer appeal, is demonstrably influenced by dietary regimen. Indoor feeding regimes have been shown to enhance tenderness by lowering shear stress and optimizing pH values. CircRNAs, well-known modulators of circulatory function, also play a crucial role in skeletal muscle development across various animal species. However, their functional significance in yak skeletal muscle remains largely unexplored. RESULTS: In this study, we identified a total of 5,534 circRNAs within the longissimus dorsi muscle, and we found 51 differentially expressed circRNAs (20 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated) between the two feeding groups. Constructing a comprehensive ceRNA network illuminated intricate regulatory mechanisms, with PGP and circRNA_0617 converging on bta-miR-2285q, mirrored by KLF15/circRNA_0345/bta-miR-20b and CTSF/circRNA_0348/bta-miR-146a. These findings shed light on the potential of circRNAs to influence yak muscle development and meat quality, offering valuable insights for future research. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation unraveled a complex interaction network between circRNAsãmRNAs and miRNAs in yak skeletal muscle. We further elucidated the target genes regulated by these target genes within the network, offering valuable insights into the potential regulatory mechanisms governing muscle development and meat quality-related traits in yaks.
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MicroRNAs , RNA Circular , Bovinos/genética , Animais , RNA Circular/genética , RNA Endógeno Competitivo , MicroRNAs/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Carne/análiseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Malignant cerebral edema (MCE) is a serious complication and the main cause of poor prognosis in patients with large-hemisphere infarction (LHI). Therefore, the rapid and accurate identification of potential patients with MCE is essential for timely therapy. This study utilized an artificial intelligence-based machine learning approach to establish an interpretable model for predicting MCE in patients with LHI. METHODS: This study included 314 patients with LHI not undergoing recanalization therapy. The patients were divided into MCE and non-MCE groups, and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model was developed. A confusion matrix was used to measure the prediction performance of the XGBoost model. We also utilized the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method to explain the XGBoost model. Decision curve and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to evaluate the net benefits of the model. RESULTS: MCE was observed in 121 (38.5%) of the 314 patients with LHI. The model showed excellent predictive performance, with an area under the curve of 0.916. The SHAP method revealed the top 10 predictive variables of the MCE such as ASPECTS score, NIHSS score, CS score, APACHE II score, HbA1c, AF, NLR, PLT, GCS, and age based on their importance ranking. CONCLUSION: An interpretable predictive model can increase transparency and help doctors accurately predict the occurrence of MCE in LHI patients not undergoing recanalization therapy within 48 h of onset, providing patients with better treatment strategies and enabling optimal resource allocation.
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Inteligência Artificial , Edema Encefálico , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aprendizado de Máquina , Infarto Cerebral/etiologia , Infarto Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prognóstico , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
Lysozyme like 4 (LYZL4), lysozyme like 6 (LYZL6) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are implicated in the regulation of testicular function, but there was no research reported available on the expression patterns of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA genes at different developmental stages of yak testes. In this study, we used the qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry estimated the LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA gene expression and protein lo-calization at different developmental stages of yak testes. The qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA genes significantly increased with age in the testes of yaks. Western blot results showed that the protein abundance of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA in yak testes was significantly higher after puberty than before puberty. Furthermore, the results of immunohistochemistry indicated that LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may be involved in the regulation of spermatogonia proliferation and Leydig cell function in immature testis. In adult yak testes, LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may involve in the development of round spermatids and primary spermatocytes during testicular development. Our results indicated that LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may be involved in the development of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and gonocytes in yak testes.
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Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testículo/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/genética , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Envelhecimento , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/metabolismoRESUMO
Yak is an important dominant livestock species at high altitude, and the growth performance of yak has obvious differences under different feeding methods. This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of different feeding practices on growth performance and meat quality of yaks through combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. In terms of yak growth performance, compared with traditional grazing, in-house feeding can significantly improve the average daily weight gain, carcass weight and net meat weight of yaks; in terms of yak meat quality, in-house feeding can effectively improve the quality of yak meat. A combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed 31 co-enriched pathways, among which arginine metabolism, proline metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism may be involved in the development of the longissimus dorsi muscle of yak and the regulation of meat quality-related traits. The experimental results increased our understanding of yak meat quality and provided data materials for subsequent deep excavation of the mechanism of yak meat quality.
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Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Transcriptoma , Bovinos/genética , Animais , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Carne/análiseRESUMO
The Meiren yak is an important genetic resource in Gansu Province, China. In this study, we aimed to explore the evolutionary history and population structure of the genetic resource of Meiren yak and to mine the characteristic genes of Meiren yak. We analysed a total of 93 yaks of eight yak breeds based on whole genome resequencing combined with population genomics and used θπ ratio and Fst method to screen the selected sites in the genome region. The results proved that Meiren yak can be used as a potential genetic resource in Gansu Province. The genes in Meiren yak with positive selection in selection signal analysis were subjected to the Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses, which indicated that the genes were related to the adaptability to high altitude and hypoxic environment. By analysing the genetic variation of Meiren yak at the genome-wide level, this study provided a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of Meiren yak and for the development of high-quality yak resources.
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Genoma , Bovinos/genética , Animais , Genoma/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , ChinaRESUMO
Male reproductive health is largely determined already in the early development of the testis. Although much work has been carried out to study the mechanisms of testicular development and spermatogenesis, there was previously no information on the differences in the protein composition of yak testicles during early development. In this study, the protein profiles in the testicles of 6- (M6), 18- (M18), and 30-month-old (M30) yaks were comparatively analyzed using TMT proteomics. A total of 5521 proteins were identified, with 13, 1295, and 1397 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 30- vs. 18-, 18- vs. 6-, and 30- vs. 6-month-old testes, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that DEPs were mainly involved in signaling pathways related to testicular development and spermatogenesis, including the MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Wnt, mTOR, TGF-ß, and AMPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, we also identified eight potential proteins (TEX101, PDCL2, SYCP2, SYCP3, COL1A1, COL1A2, ADAM10, and ATF1) that may be related to the testicular development and spermatogenesis of yaks. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the testicular development and spermatogenesis of yaks.
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Proteômica , Espermatogênese , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Bovinos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteômica/métodos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Ontologia Genética , Transdução de Sinais , Mapas de Interação de ProteínasRESUMO
Radical reactions are powerful in the synthesis of diverse molecular scaffolds bearing functional groups. In previous review articles, we have presented 1,2-difunctionalizations, remote 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6- and 1,7-difunctionalizations, and addition followed by cyclization reactions. Presented in this paper is radical cyclization followed by the second functionalization reaction. The second functionalization could be realized by atom transfer reactions, radical or transition metal-assisted coupling reactions, and reactions with neutral molecules, cationic and anionic species.
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Synthetic radicals have intrinsic power for cascading and multifunctional reactions to construct diverse molecular scaffolds. In the previous review series, we covered 1,2-difunctionalizations, remote 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,7-difunctionalizations, addition followed by cyclization reactions, and cycloaddition-initiated difunctionalizations. Presented in this paper are radical addition-initiated trifunctionalization reactions of alkenes, alkynes, and their derivatives. After the initial radical addition, there are different pathways, such as group or hydrogen atom transfer, cyclization, and radical coupling, to complete the second and third functionalizations.
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A new method for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems containing tetrazole and tetrahydroisoquinoline is developed via the performance of one-pot Ugi-azide and Heck cyclization reactions. The integration of the multicomponent and post-condensation reactions in one-pot maximizes the pot-, atom-, and step-economy (PASE).
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Compared with all-small-molecule (ASM) and other types of organic solar cells (OSCs), the small molecule donor:polymer acceptor (SMD:PA) OSCs develop much slower due to the lack of material matching rules. Herein, by changing the end-cap substituent of the small molecule donor from ethyl (MPhS-C2) to benzyl (MPhS-Ph), the different selection rules of donor properties and thermal annealing (TA) treatment between the ASM and the SMD:PA system under tetrahydrofuran processing are thoroughly investigated. Therefore, MPhS-Ph exhibits more ordered molecular packing, leading to better adaptability in the SMD:PA system without TA; while the inferior molecular packing of MPhS-C2 after spin-coating performs better in the ASM system with TA. Whether spin-coating or TA process dominates morphological optimization also dominates their energy loss. Therefore, the MPhS-Ph:PYF-T-o and MPhS-C2:BTP-eC9 based devices achieve the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1% and 15.7%, respectively, both of which are cutting-edge PCEs in their own type of OSCs fabricated by non-halogen solvent. This result suggests that intrinsic strong crystallization independent of the thermal drive is hoped in SMD:PA-OSCs, while high miscibility after spin-coating and proper assembly under thermal drive is expected in ASM-OSCs, providing deep understanding and guidance in highly efficient materials design rules in both ASM-OSCs and SMD:PA-OSCs.
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BACKGROUND: Normal testicular development is highly crucial for male reproduction and is a precondition for spermatogenesis that is the production of spermatozoa in the testes. MiRNAs have been implicated in several testicular biological processes, including cell proliferation, spermatogenesis, hormone secretion, metabolism and reproductive regulation. In the present study, we used deep sequencing data to study the functions of miRNAs during testicular development and spermatogenesis, by analyzing the expression patterns of small RNAs in 6-, 18- and 30-month-old yak testis tissues. RESULTS: A total of 737 known and 359 novel miRNAs were obtained from 6-, 18- and 30-month-old yak testes. In all, we obtained 12, 142 and 139 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in 30- vs. 18-, 18- vs. 6-, and 30- vs. 6-month-old testes, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of all DE miRNA target genes revealed BMP2, TGFB2, GDF6, SMAD6, TGFBR2 and other target genes as participants in different biological processes, including TGF-ß, GnRH, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling pathways and several other reproductive pathways. In addition, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of seven randomly selected miRNAs in 6-, 18- and 30-month-old testes, and the results were consistent with the sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS: The differential expression of miRNAs in yak testes at different development stages was characterized and investigated using deep sequencing technology. We believe that the results will contribute to further understanding the functions of miRNAs in regulating the development of yak testes and improving the reproductive performance of male yaks.
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MicroRNAs , Masculino , Bovinos/genética , Animais , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismo , Espermatogênese/genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterináriaRESUMO
The intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 has attracted significant interest recently as a promising platform for exploring exotic quantum phenomena. Here we report that, when atomically thin MnBi2Te4 is deposited on a substrate such as silicon oxide or gold, there is a very strong mechanical coupling between the atomic layer and the supporting substrate. This is manifested as an intense low-frequency breathing Raman mode that is present even for monolayer MnBi2Te4. Interestingly, this coupling turns out to be stronger than the interlayer coupling between the MnBi2Te4 atomic layers. We further found that these low-energy breathing modes are highly sensitive to sample degradation, and they become drastically weaker upon ambient air exposure. This is in contrast to the higher energy optical phonon modes which are much more robust, suggesting that the low-energy Raman modes found here can be an effective indicator of sample quality.
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Testicular development is a tightly regulated process in mammals. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of yak testicular development will benefit the yak breeding industry. However, the roles of different RNAs, such as mRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in the testicular development of yak, are still largely unclear. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed on the expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in testis tissues of Ashidan yak at different developmental stages, including 6-months-old (M6), 18-months-old (M18), and 30-months-old (M30). A total of 30, 23, and 277 common differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs were identified in M6, M18, and M30, respectively. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis showed that the common DE mRNAs during the entire developmental process were mainly involved in gonadal mesoderm development, cell differentiation, and spermatogenesis processes. Additionally, co-expression network analysis identified the potential lncRNAs related to spermatogenesis, e.g., TCONS_00087394 and TCONS_00012202. Our study provides new information about changes in RNA expression during yak testicular development, which greatly improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating testicular development in yaks.