The inverted forest: Aboveground and notably large belowground carbon stocks and their drivers in Brazilian savannas.

Savannas contribute to ca. 30 % of the total terrestrial net primary productivity and are responsible for significant carbon storage. Savannas in South America are mostly found within the Cerrado Domain, which is very threatened and presents remarkable carbon pools. Herein, we used a unique dataset of 21 Cerrado sites spanning 144 permanent field plots in Southeastern Brazil to assess the general patterns of above and belowground carbon stocks. We identified the main environmental and tree diversity drivers of aboveground wood carbon and productivity, belowground carbon stocks (roots and soil), carbon ratios (root:shoot and above:below) and total carbon stocks in the Cerrado through a combination of climatic estimates, fire frequency data, field measurements of vegetation, roots, soil carbon, nutrients and texture, and assessment of different components of diversity (species, functional and phylogenetic). Our findings reveal average aboveground, root, and soil carbon stocks of 20.4, 14.24, and 123.13 Mg.ha-1, respectively. Average Root:Shoot and Above:Below confirm the "inverted forest" concept with values of 1.58 and 0.21, respectively. Total carbon was 145.62 Mg.ha-1, reinforcing the great amount of carbon storage in the Cerrado and its role in the carbon cycle and dynamics. Tree diversity variables (mainly species diversity and functional composition variables) had more significant effects over aboveground variables, whereas environmental variables had more significant effects over belowground variables. Ratios and total carbon mixed up these effects. The impressive values of carbon storage, especially belowground, point out the need to better manage and protect the Cerrado. Moreover, our findings might be particularly relevant for discussions on restoration programs focused on the trees-for­carbon idea that do not consider species diversity and belowground carbon stocks.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research.

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%-18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost.

Variegated tropical landscapes conserve diverse dung beetle communities.

BACKGROUND: Conserving biodiversity in tropical landscapes is a major challenge to scientists and conservationists. Current rates of deforestation, fragmentation, and land use intensification are producing variegated landscapes with undetermined values for the conservation of biological communities and ecosystem functioning. Here, we investigate the importance of tropical variegated landscapes to biodiversity conservation, using dung beetle as focal taxa. METHODS: The study was carried out in 12 variegated landscapes where dung beetles were sampled using six pitfall traps, 30 m apart from each other, along a transect in each studied landscape use and cover classes-LUCC (forest fragment and corridor, coffee plantation, and pasture). We baited each pitfall trap with 30 g of human feces and left open for a 48 h period. We also measured three environmental variables reflecting structural differences among the studied classes: canopy cover, local vegetation heterogeneity and soil sand content. RESULTS: We collected 52 species and 2,695 individuals of dung beetles. We observed significant differences in the mean species richness, abundance and biomass among classes, with forest fragments presenting the highest values, forest corridors and coffee plantations presenting intermediate values, and pastures the lowest values. Regarding community structure, we also found significant differences among classes. Canopy cover was the only variable explaining variation in dung beetle species richness, abundance, biomass, and community structure. The relative importance of spatial turnover was greater than nestedness-resultant component in all studied landscapes. DISCUSSION: This study evaluated the ecological patterns of dung beetle communities in variegated tropical landscapes highlighting the importance of these landscapes for conservation of tropical biodiversity. However, we encourage variegation for the management of landscapes that have already been fragmented or as a complementary initiative of current conservation practices (e.g., protection of natural habitats and establishment of reserves).